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The importance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and its cultivation in Hungary: A review
Get PDFClimate change today is no longer a question for the future. Climate change impacts not only human populations but also plant species, which are increasingly exposed to its negative effects. The increasing number of days of drought, the lack of precipitation and its unfavorable distribution are observed each year, which require adaptation. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a drought-tolerant species characterized by deep root system that enables it to withstand prolonged periods without precipitation. Additionally, it is a thermophilic crop and tolerates moderate increases in average temperature." There is no great tradition of its cultivation and use in Hungary, but it has been cultivated by the Iregszemcse Research Institute since the 1970s. In addition to the positive aspects of its cultivation, it also has good nutritional values, outperforming in some parameters the beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) what are popular in Hungary. Its high protein and crude fibre content allows it to be used not only for human consumption but also for animal feed. The aim of this review is to describe the importance of chickpea and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of its cultivation
Phytoplankton diversity and their relationship with water quality parameters in the middle basin of Ogun River, Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria
Get PDFPhytoplankton are crucial bioindicators for assessing freshwater ecosystem health. This study investigates the diversity and distribution of phytoplankton and key water quality parameters in the Ogun River. Monthly samples were collected from three sites along the river between February and August 2024. Phytoplankton samples were preserved with 4% formalin and analyzed microscopically, while water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, transparency, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity, and hardness, were measured using standard methods. Results showed temperature ranged from 27.3–31.9 °C, pH from 6.7–9.4, dissolved oxygen from 4.3–7.2 mgL-1, conductivity from 10.8–20.9 µS/cm, transparency from 0.27–1 m, and other parameters within specified ranges. Sixteen phytoplankton species from 10 families were identified, with the Bacillariophyceae family being the most dominant, representing 7 species. Lyngbya spp. was the most abundant species, followed by Pediastrum simplex. Species richness was 12 species at Site A, 13 at Site B, and 14 at Site C. Dominance values were 0.13, 0.11, and 0.12, respectively. Simpson’s diversity index ranged from 0.87 to 0.89, and the Shannon-Weiner index was 2.24 at Site A, 2.38 at Site B, and 2.35 at Site C. One-way ANOVA tests showed no statistically significant differences in diversity indices among the three sampling sites (p > 0.05), indicating relatively consistent phytoplankton diversity across the study area. These findings highlight the importance of integrated biological and physicochemical monitoring for effective water management and ecosystem conservation in the Ogun River
Az intellektuális tőke VAIC™-alapú hatékonysága és a jövedelmezőség kvantilis panel-elemzése a visegrádi országokban és Romániában (2015–2019)
Get PDFThe aim of the study is to examine the efficiency of intellectual capital in companies from the Visegrad Four countries and Romania. The study investigates the development of intellectual capital efficiency in large companies from five countries, focusing on the components of the VAIC indicator. Furthermore, using panel regression, the study analyzes the impact of the elements of the VAIC indicator on profitability indicators considered by investors. The results of the research indicate that most of the independent variables have an impact on profitability indicators. The effect was stronger for companies with lower profitability indicators, while smaller changes were observed in companies with higher profitability. Additionally, it was found that human capital had the greatest impact on profitability.A tanulmány célja az intellektuális tőke hatékonyságának vizsgálata a visegrádi négyek és romániai vállalatok vonatkozásában. A tanulmány öt ország nagy vállalatainál vizsgálja az intellektuális tőke hatékonyságának alakulását a VAIC-mutató összetevői tekintetében, illetve panelregresszió alkalmazásával a VAIC-mutató elemeinek hatását a befektetők által figyelembe vett jövedelmezőségi mutatókra. A kutatás eredményének tükrében megállapítható, hogy a legtöbb független változó hatással van a jövedelmezőségi mutatókra. A hatás erőteljesebb volt az alacsonyabb jövedelmezőségi mutatókkal rendelkező vállalatok esetében, míg a magasabb jövedelmezőségű cégeknél kisebb mértékű változás volt megfigyelhető. Eredményeink szerint a VAIC™ komponensek közül a humán tőke hatékonysága (HCE) mutatja a legerősebb pozitív kapcsolatot a jövedelmezőségi mutatókkal, míg az immateriális javak/eszközök aránya alacsonyabb kvantilisekben negatív. Az eredmények korrelációs jellegűek; oksági következtetéshez további azonosításra és robusztussági vizsgálatokra van szükség
ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL MARKET EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF VALUE CHAINS INTO TANZANIA’S AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY EXCHANGE AND WAREHOUSE RECEIPT SYSTEM
Get PDFEnhancement of small-scale agricultural performance is undoubtedly one of the Tanzanian government’s initiatives toward an industrialized economy as stipulated in “Intergrated Industrial Development Strategy 2025”. The coordination of agricultural commodity exchange market operations with those of warehouse receipt system was aimed at improving the forward market linkages for agricultural products from small-scale farming. However, due to the growth of the sector, it became imperative to review the marketing structure in place to align with the new changes. This study was conducted to assess a need of upgrading the marketing structure for small scale agribusinesses by focusing on sunflower sub-sector. Primary data were collected from 399 sunflower farmers from Kondoa and Itigi district councils based on cross-sectional survey design. The gross margin analysis revealed that, smallholder farmers engaged in sunflower oil business earned 5.085 times more than those who just sell unprocessed seeds. The secondary data from Tanzania corporation development commission (TCDC), Tanzania mercantile exchange (TMX) and warehouse receipt regulatory board (WRRB) showed that, the current marketing structure did not support the trading of processed agricultural products. It was therefore recommended to upgrade that system in place to have a designated window for trading the value added agricultural products for improved performance
THE CHANGES IN THE HUNGARIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM DURING THE CHANGE OF REGIME – THE SPREAD OF CHURCH AND FOUNDATION RUN INSTITUTIONS
Get PDFThis study examines the transformation of the Hungarian higher education system during the change of regime (1989-1990), with particular emphasis on the spread of church- and foundation-run institutions. It presents the legal framework that enabled the establishment of non-state institutions, highlighting Act XXIII of 1990 and subsequent legislation. It uses statistical data to support the significant increase in the number of institutions and students in the non-state sector. It illustrates the different development paths of these institutions through case studies of Károli Gáspár Reformed University and Kodolányi János University. The article analyzes the socio-economic impacts of the changes, including social mobility, economic development, and educational equality. Finally, it reflects on the current challenges and future prospects of Hungarian higher education
Rendkívüli idők rendkívüli intézkedéseket követelnek – avagy a Fed, az EKB és a BoE koronavírusválságra adott monetáris válasza
No full textThis journal describes the non-conventional measures used by the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank and the Bank of England during the coronavirus crisis. The pandemic followed a period of historically low interest rates, rendering the main monetary policy tools of central banks largely ineffective in further stimulating the economy. Consequently, central banks introduced socalled non-conventional measures. The primary aim of this study is to present the theoretical functioning of elements within the central banks’ toolkit, particularly focusing on nonconventional measures, as well as their intended economic objectives and associated risks and challenges. The article reviews crisis management measures implemented by central banks, such as asset purchases and liquidity-providing programs, aimed at mitigating the negative economic impacts of the coronavirus pandemic and preserving economic stability in an exceptionally challenging environment. Through a detailed examination of these measures, readers gain insight into why central banks resorted to these tools and how they became essential instruments during the crisis. Az alábbi folyóirat a Federal Reserve, az Európai Központi Bank és a Bank of England által alkalmazott nem-konvencionális intézkedéseket mutatja be a koronavírus válság alatt. A pandémiát a historikusan alacsony kamatok időszaka előzte meg, így annak kirobbanásakor a jegybankok fő monetáris politikai eszköze, az alapkamat hatástalannak bizonyult a gazdaság további élénkítésére, melyből adódóan a jegybankok úgynevezett nemkonvencionális intézkedéseket vezettek be. A tanulmány elsődleges célja, hogy bemutassa a jegybanki eszköztár elemeinek, azon belül is a nemkonvencionális intézkedések elméleti működését, valamint az általuk elérni kívánt gazdasági célok és a bennük rejlő kockázatok, akadályok ismertetése. A folyóirat sorra veszi az egyes jegybankok által implementált válságkezelő intézkedéseket, mint az eszközvásárlási és likviditást nyújtó programokat, melyek célja a koronavírus járvány negatív gazdasági hatásainak mérséklése és a gazdasági stabilitás megőrzése volt egy rendhagyó és rendkívül megpróbáltató helyzetben. Az intézkedések részletes bemutatásával az olvasó betekintést nyerhet abba, hogy a központi bankok miért szorultak rá ezen eszközökre és hogyan váltak végül a válságok során a jegybankok kulcsfontosságú eszközeivé
A Z generációs turisták élménymotivációi
Get PDFExperience motivations based on the hierarchy of needs receive different emphasis in different stages of the life cycle. The basis for the creation of experiences is variety, activity and connection, as travel motivations in addition to the need for relaxation and rest. From the perspective of tourism product development, it is increasingly difficult to form homogeneous demand groups and offer them segment-specific experiences. The examination of the tourism experience behavior of the recently entered generation Z, which is formulated as a research question, is an urgent problem. The analysis of the responses related to experience motivation from the medium-sized sample of the targeted generation provides an opportunity to identify and group the motivations and images from the experience behavior of the age group, and to determine segment specificity. Based on the value and intensity of the individual experience attitudes, four main segments can be distinguished in the surveyed generation Z sample: those who mainly seek calm, safe relaxation, those who mainly get to know each other, those who mainly seek relationships and those who mainly seek challenges. The results of the research contribute to a more precise definition of the experiential behavior of Generation Z tourists.A szükséglet-hierarchián alapuló élménymotivációk az életciklus különböző szakaszaiban különböző hangsúlyt kapnak. Az élmények keletkezésének alapja a változatosság, az aktivitás és a kapcsolatteremtés, mint utazási motiváció a kikapcsolódási, pihenési igény mellett. A turisztikai termékfejlesztés szempontjából egyre nehezebb homogén keresleti csoportokat kialakítani, számukra szegmensspecifikus élményeket kínálni, sürgető problémát jelent a közelmúltban piacra lépett Z generáció turisztikai élménymagatartásának vizsgálata, amely kutatási kérdésként fogalmazódik meg. A célzott generáció közepes elemszámú mintájából az élménymotivációhoz kapcsolódó válaszok elemzése lehetőséget ad a korosztály élménymagatartásából az motivációk és képzetek beazonosítására és csoportosítására, a szegmensspecifikusság megállapítására. Az egyes élményattitűdök értéke és intenzitása alapján négy fő szegmens különíthető el a megkérdezett Z generációs mintában, a főként nyugodt, biztonságos kikapcsolódásra törekvők, főként megismerők, főként kapcsolatkeresők és a főként kihívásokat keresők csoportja. A kutatás eredményei hozzájárulnak a Z generációs turisták élménymagatartásának pontosabb körülhatárolásához
The Definition of the Museum at the Intersection of Tradition and the Digital World
Get PDFThis study explores the evolving definition and role of museums in the digital age, focusing on the intersection of tradition and technological innovation. It illustrates the challenges of reaching a universally accepted concept by highlighting the historical development of the International Council of Museums’ (ICOM) definitions. The paper emphasizes that museums have always played a central role in preserving cultural heritage and facilitating education, but their tasks and methods have changed significantly over time. The 21st century has brought new expectations, including digital accessibility, audience engagement, and lifelong learning. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation, prompting museums to expand their online presence and educational offerings. The research discusses how virtual exhibitions, digital databases, and interactive technologies can enhance the relevance and outreach of museums. It also outlines the importance of international and national strategies in supporting digitisation efforts and cultural inclusion. Today, museums must adapt to societal needs while maintaining their core functions of preservation, education, and authenticity. The paper concludes that redefining museums requires balancing traditional knowledge mediation with modern, interactive approaches. Ultimately, museums are cultural hubs whose sustainability depends on their ability to innovate and connect with diverse audiences
Adatok idegenhonos növényfajok ismeretéhez Magyarországon II. (7–12)
Get PDFIn the second part of our series providing data on alien plant species in Hungary, we address taxa belonging to the families Cabombaceae, Brassicaceae, Rubiaceae, Buxaceae, Violaceae and Compositae. We present new records of the distribution of Cabomba caroliniana on the Körös Plain: along the Élővíz Canal between the towns of Békés and Békéscsaba the species was found at 17 sites, covering a total area of more than 630 m² in slightly alkaline, low-conductivity water that remains unfrozen in winter. In Szentendre, we document a transient escape of Isatis tinctoria and several populations of Rubia tinctorum, some of which can be traced back to former cultivation. We report the first extra-garden, woodland occurrence of Pachysandra terminalis in Hungary and relate it to the dumping of green waste. We clarify the status of Viola prionantha in the Hungarian flora and list numerous occurrences mainly associated with urban pavements, parks and cemeteries. We detected a new occurrence of the Atlantic halophyte Cochlearia danica on the Great Hungarian Plain, near Karcag, along the Main Road 4. Finally, we describe the first Hungarian record of Symphyotrichum squamatum from pioneer silt surfaces along a canal near Szeged, highlighting its potential invasive role.A Magyarországon idegenhonos növények ismeretéhez adatokat szolgáltató cikksorozat második részében a tündérhínárfélék (Cabombaceae), keresztesvirágúak (Brassicaceae), galajfélék (Rubiaceae), puszpángfélék (Buxaceae), ibolyafélék (Violaceae) és fészkesvirágzatúak (Compositae) családjába tartozó fajokkal foglalkozunk. Új adatokat közlünk a karolinai tündérhínár (Cabomba caroliniana) magyarországi elterjedéséről a Körösmenti-síkon: az Élővíz-csatorna Békés és Békéscsaba közötti szakaszán 17 ponton, több mint 630 m²-en, enyhén lúgos kémhatású, alacsony vezetőképességű, 2022/2023 telén nem befagyó vízben talált állományait mutatjuk be. Szentendrén a festő csülleng (Isatis tinctoria) egy ideiglenes kivadulását, valamint a festő buzér (Rubia tinctorum) több, legalább részben termesztésre visszavezethető állományát dokumentáljuk. Elsőként ismertetjük a japán kövérke (Pachysandra terminalis) kerten kívüli, erdei előfordulását, amelyet zöldhulladék lerakásával hozunk összefüggésbe. Tisztázzuk a kínai ibolya (Viola prionantha) hazai státuszát, és számos, főként városi burkolatokhoz, parkokhoz és temetőkhöz kötődő előfordulását soroljuk fel. Az atlantikus elterjedésű, sótűrő Cochlearia danica új előfordulását észleltük Karcag közelében, a 4-es számú főút mentén. Bemutatjuk a kisfészkű őszirózsa (Symphyotrichum squamatum) első magyarországi lelőhelyét egy csatorna pionír iszapfelszínein
Narrazione della crisi e legittimazione dell’uso della legislazione d’emergenza: il reato politico come premessa dello Stato autoritario
No full textDuring the liberal era, from unification to the rise of fascism, many governments experimented with emergency legislation to control public order or repress the mobilization of opposing political groups. With the approval of the new penal code, political crimes remained an ill-defined offense. Consequently, Crispi and Di Rudinì implemented a state of siege on two separate occasions to condemn any attempt to spread values and principles contrary to the old constitutional foundations of the Albertine Statute.Durante l’età liberale, dal periodo dell’unificazione fino all’ascesa del fascismo, numerosi governi sperimentarono l’adozione di legislazioni d’emergenza al fine di controllare l’ordine pubblico o reprimere la mobilitazione di gruppi politici avversi. Con l’approvazione del nuovo codice penale, i reati politici continuarono a rappresentare un’infrazione giuridicamente poco definita. Di conseguenza, Crispi e Di Rudinì ricorsero in due occasioni distinte allo stato d’assedio per condannare qualsiasi tentativo di diffusione di valori e principi contrari ai fondamenti costituzionali dell’antico Statuto Albertino