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Garantía constitucional del debido proceso administrativo y su adaptación por parte de las autoridades ambientales de la región caribe, en los procedimientos sancionatorios ambientales
No full textEl presente trabajo de grado tiene como objeto primordial analizar las garantías constitucionales del debido proceso administrativo y su adaptación por parte de las autoridades ambientales de la región caribe, en los procedimientos sancionatorios ambientales. Es un trabajo bajo la metodología de revisión bibliográfica documental que permitió conocer las diferentes corporaciones autónomas regionales ambientales denominadas CAR y distintos casos que cada una ha presentado de procedimientos sancionatorios que han sido declarados nulos los actos
administrativos debido a la violación del derecho fundamental al debido proceso que se encuentra avalado por la constitución nacional colombiana.The main objective of this degree work is to analyze the constitutional guarantees of due administrative process and its adaptation by the environmental authorities of the Caribbean region, in environmental sanctioning procedures. It is a work under the methodology of documentary bibliographic review that allowed to know the different autonomous regional environmental corporations called CAR and different cases that each one has presented of sanctioning procedures that have been declared null and void administrative acts due to the violation of the fundamental right to due process that It is endorsed by the Colombian national constitution.Lista de Tablas y Figuras 7 -- Introducción 8 -- Capítulo I 9 -- Planteamiento Del Problema 9 --Formulación del problema 11 -- Objetivos 12 -- Objetivo General 12 -- Objetivos Específicos 12 --Justificación 13 -- Delimitación 15 -- Temporal 15 -- Espacial 15 -- Línea de investigación 15 --Sublínea 15 -- Capitulo II 16 -- Marco Teórico 16 -- Antecedentes de la Investigación 16 -- Bases Teóricas 21 -- Derecho ambiental en Colombia 21 -- Principio Del Que Contamina Paga 28 -- Debido Proceso Y Debido Proceso Administrativo 31 -- Proceso Sancionatorio Ambiental 42 -- Vicios Normativos Latente En El Proceso Sancionatorio Ambiental – Proceso Sancionatorio Ley 1333 De 2009- 59 -- Debido Proceso Del Presunto Infractor Afectado En El Proceso Sancionatorio Ambiental 66 -- Marco Legal 70 -- Leyes 70 Decretos 71 -- Resoluciones 72 -- Marco Conceptual 73 -- Capitulo III 75 -- Metodología 75 -- Tipo De Corte 75 -- Enfoque De La Investigación 76 -- Método 77 -- Paradigma De La Investigación 78 -- Nivel 78 -- Población 79 -- Técnica De Recolección De Datos 79 -- Discusión de resultados y Conclusiones 79 -- Datos Arrojados Del Análisis 84 -- Referencias 96 --Abogado(a)Pregrad
Evaluación del efecto del Covid-19 sobre la producción industrial en Colombia empleando herramientas de analítica de datos
No full textThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a severe impact on the global economy, and Latin America and the Caribbean were no exceptions. Colombia faced unprecedented economic and public health crises, leading to a significant reduction in its gross domestic product (GDP) and exportation rate of goods and services. In this study, we explore the pandemic's effect on the Colombian industrial sector using official data and statistics. We analyze the monthly Industrial Production Index (IPI) measurements taken by the Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, for its Spanish acronym) for 22 national industrial subsectors between January 2005 and December 2021. We apply multivariate statistics and time series techniques to compare forecasts with actual responses of the most affected subsectors after the COVID-19 outbreak. Our findings suggest that the Colombian industrial sector was not well-prepared to face the pandemic, leading to a significant financial loss. We also observe that the developing countries' industrial sectors, like Colombia's, are highly exposed and vulnerable. This information can help policymakers in Colombia to better understand the weaknesses of the industrial sector and develop strategies to mitigate the impact of future crises.La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) ha tenido un severo impacto en la economía global, y América Latina y el Caribe no fueron la excepción. Colombia enfrentó crisis económicas y de salud pública sin precedentes, lo que llevó a una reducción significativa de su producto interno bruto (PIB) y de su tasa de exportación de bienes y servicios. En este estudio, exploramos el efecto de la pandemia en el sector industrial colombiano utilizando datos y estadísticas oficiales. Analizamos las mediciones mensuales del Índice de Producción Industrial (IPI) tomadas por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) de Colombia para 22 subsectores industriales nacionales entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2021. Aplicamos estadística multivariada y técnicas de series de tiempo para comparar. previsiones con respuestas reales de los subsectores más afectados tras el brote de COVID-19. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el sector industrial colombiano no estaba bien preparado para enfrentar la pandemia, lo que provocó una pérdida financiera significativa. También observamos que los sectores industriales de los países en desarrollo, como el de Colombia, están altamente expuestos y vulnerables. Esta información puede ayudar a los formuladores de políticas en Colombia a comprender mejor las debilidades del sector industrial y desarrollar estrategias para mitigar el impacto de futuras crisis.Introducción 10 --
Planteamiento del Problema 11 --
Justificación 15 --
Delimitación de la Investigación 16 --
Objetivos 17 --
Objetivo General 18 --
Objetivos Específicos 18 --
Estado del Arte 18 --
Marco Teórico 25 --
Impacto de la Pandemia COVID-19 26 --
Índice de Producción Industrial 27 --
Sectores Económicos en Colombia y su Importancia para la Economía del País 32 --
Analítica de Datos 33 --
Materiales y Métodos 34 --
Descripción del Conjunto de Datos 35 --
Análisis Multivariado de Datos Históricos 36 --
Comparación de Datos Pre-COVID-19 vs. Post-COVID-19 36 --
Identificación de los Subsectores más Afectados 37 --
Curvas de Pronóstico vs. Respuestas Reales Posteriores a COVID-19 37 --
Resultados 37 --
Caracterización del IPI 38 --
Efectos de COVID-19 sobre el IPI 47 --
Resultados del Análisis Multivariado de Datos Históricos 52 --
Subsectores más Afectados: Predicciones vs. Curvas Post-COVID-19 Reales 53 --
Discusión 54 --
Conclusión y Recomendaciones 56 --
Referencias 58 --Magíster en IngenieríaMaestrí
Estimación ancha de banda disponible en internet
No full textEl consumo de Internet ha tenido un crecimiento exponencial en la última década; debido a la utilización de servicios en la nube, donde se encuentran servicios básicos desde el email hasta de herramientas de aplicación multiplataformas. Para lograr la optimización de servicios de telecomunicaciones, que ofrezca altos niveles de Calidad de Servicio (QoS, por sus siglas en inglés), los administradores usan diferentes herramientas y técnicas; dentro de las que se destaca el monitoreo de red. Una de las técnicas de monitoreo de red, más usadas es la estimación del ancho de banda disponible de extremo a extremo (ab_disp); que es usada para ayudar a mejorar la administración de protocolos y aplicaciones Internet. Por lo anterior, este trabajo presenta como novedad la evaluación del rendimiento de herramientas de Estimación de ab_disp Traceband y TraceTCP basadas en el enfoque Probe Gap Model (PGM) sobre enlaces Internet en entornos reales. La evaluación permitió encontrar que, la herramienta tal TraceTCP presenta un rendimiento 85% con tráfico cruzado (TC) de 0%, y la herramienta Traceband de 90% con TC de 50%, tienen un comportamiento que es apropiado para servicios basados en la nube. Adicionalmente, que los enlaces Internet con alto tráfico tienen más vulnerabilidad en pérdida de paquetes cuando se evalúan con herramientas intrusivas de estimación de ab_disp.Internet consumption has grown exponentially in the last decade due to the use of cloud services, where basic services are found from email to multiplatform application tools. To achieve the optimization of telecommunications services, offering high levels of Quality of Service (QoS), administrators use different tools and techniques, among which network monitoring stands out. One of the most widely used network monitoring techniques is the end-to-end available bandwidth estimation (ab_disp), which is used to help improve the management of Internet protocols and applications. Therefore, this work presents as a novelty the performance evaluation of ab_disp Traceband and TraceTCP ab_disp estimation tools based on the Probe Gap Model (PGM) approach on Internet links in real environments. The evaluation allowed to find that, the TraceTCP tool presents a performance of 85% with cross traffic (CT) of 0%, and the Traceband tool of 90% with CT of 50%, have a behavior that is appropriate for cloud-based services. Additionally, high-traffic Internet links are more vulnerable to packet loss when evaluated with intrusive ab_disp estimation tools.Lista de Tablas y Figuras 6 -- Introducción 7 -- Planteamiento del problema 9 -- Pregunta de investigación 10 – Justificación 11 – Objetivos 12 -- Objetivo General 12 -- Objetivos Específicos 12 -- Estado del Arte 13 -- Marco teórico 16 -- Métricas de red 16 -- Ancho de Banda: Bandwidth 16 -- Ancho de banda disponible 18 -- Ancho de banda disponible de extremo a extremo (End to End 21 -- Latencia 22 – Jitter 23 -- Enfoques y técnicas 24 -- PRM (Probe Rate Model) 24 -- PGM (Packet Gap Model) 25 -- Herramientas activas de estimación 25 -- Servicios OTT 25 -- Calidad de experiencia (QoE) 26 -- Calidad de servicio en telecomunicaciones (QoS) 27 -- Herramientas de estimación de ab_disp 28 -- Testbed de red 32 -- Metodología 33 -- Tipo de Investigación y alcance 34 -- Caracterización de la funcionalidad de las herramientas de estimación de ab_disp en redes y servicios de Internet 34 -- Probe Gap Model 36 -- Diseño del Testbed de red 38 -- Diseño de Experimentos 41 -- Herramientas de Ab_disp evaluadas: 41 -- Resultados y análisis 42 -- Enlace troncal cableado 42 – Conclusiones 46 – Referencias 48 --Magíster en Gestión de las Tecnologías de la Información y la ComunicaciónMaestrí
A Variable Speed Synchronous Motor Approach for Smart Irrigation using Doubly Fed Induction Motor
No full textIntroducción— El Motor de Inducción de Doble Alimentación (DFIM) es una máquina muy utilizada en accionamientos de velocidad variable, y su robustez, fiabilidad y sencillez de control de velocidad lo convierten en un candidato idóneo para su uso en sistemas de riego inteligente.
Objetivo— En este trabajo se estudia y evalúa el rendimiento del DFIM en diferentes condiciones de funcionamiento y se demuestra que puede considerarse como un motor síncrono de velocidad variable.
Metodología— Se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático para optimizar el rendimiento del DFIM en sistemas de riego inteligentes, teniendo en cuenta las condiciones específicas de la aplicación. Además, se construyó y probó un montaje experimental para mejorar los resultados teóricos, que mostró una buena correlación entre los resultados teóricos y experimentales.
Resultados— Los resultados de la investigación revelan que el DFIM puede utilizarse para controlar el caudal de agua en sistemas de riego, ajustando la velocidad del motor para que coincida con el caudal deseado.
Conclusiones— Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran el potencial del uso del DFIM en sistemas de riego inteligentes para mejorar el rendimiento y la eficiencia del riego y proporcionar un mejor control y menores costes.Introduction— Doubly Fed Induction Motor (DFIM) is a popular machine used in variable speed drives, and its ruggedness, reliability and simplicity of speed control make it a suitable candidate for use in smart irrigation systems.
Objective— This paper studies and evaluates the performance of DFIM at different operating conditions and shows that it can be viewed as a variable speed synchronous motor.
Methodology— A mathematical model has been developed to optimize the performance of the DFIM in smart irrigation systems, taking into account the specific conditions of the application. In addition, an experimental setup was built and tested to enhance the theoretical results, which showed good correlation between the theoretical and experimental results.
Results— The research results reveal that DFIM can be used to control the flow rate of water in irrigation systems, by adjusting the speed of the motor to match the desired flow rate.
Conclusions— The results of this research demonstrate the potential of using the DFIM in smart irrigation systems to improve the performance and efficiency of irrigation and to provide better control and lower costs
Fractal-like kinetic modelling for sorption of diclofenac onto graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite: Mechanism analysis and response surface methodology for optimization
No full textGraphene oxide/polypyrrole (GO/PPy) composite material was prepared to explore its utility in the removal of diclofenac from aqueous system. The characterization was achieved using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction analysis, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analyses, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Response surface methodology was exploited to optimize the process variables for the sorption of diclofenac onto GO/PPy. Three variables such as contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of diclofenac were selected for optimization to achieve maximum removal of diclofenac. All experiments were conducted at pH 5. The contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of diclofenac were examined in the ranges of 03–37 min, 13–147 mg/25 mL and 10–110 mg/L, respectively. The optimum values obtained were: contact time: 20 min; GO/PPy dose: 80 mg/25 mL and initial diclofenac concentration: 60 mg/L. The maximum sorption capacity and percent removal of diclofenac were found to be 29.50 mg/g and 98.50 %, respectively. The measured data (at equilibrium) were investigated using different isotherm models and best described by Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9943–0.9952, χ2 = 0.0062–0.0077, APE = 1.45–1.61). The experimental kinetic data were analyzed with the help of fractal-like kinetic models. The kinetic data are best fitted by fractal-like mixed 1,2 order (R2 = 0.9830–0.9886, χ2 = 0.0014–0.0036, APE = 0.6780–1.1059). Adsorption mechanism has been discussed based on kinetic, FTIR and molecular docking studies which indicated the participation of π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding on energetically heterogeneous surface. The adsorption/desorption test demonstrated that GO/PPy had excellent reusability performance up to 15 cycles
Insight into the biosorptive removal mechanisms of hexavalent chromium using the red macroalgae Gelidium sp
No full textHexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a highly toxic form of chromium, which can be found in industrial effluents from various sectors, such as the metallurgical, tanning, and pigment industries. The presence of Cr(VI) in the environment is a concern due to its negative effects on human health and the ecosystem since it is carcinogenic, mutagenic, and can cause damage to the respiratory, renal, hepatic, and dermatological systems. Adsorption is a sustainable alternative for the removal of Cr(VI) from the environment since it is an efficient, low-cost technique and can be adjusted according to specific environmental conditions. The use of algae biomass activated with chemical agents can be a promising solution to improve the adsorption capacity of the material and contribute to the mitigation of contamination by Cr(VI) and the protection of human health and the environment. The results of the study indicate that the activation of the red macroalgae Gelidium sp. with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) resulted in improvements in the adsorbent properties of the material for the removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions. The physical characteristics of the material were analyzed, and it was observed that the surface area increased from 2.90 to 3.12 m2 g−1 after activation with ZnCl2. Furthermore, changes in the surface structure of the material were observed, with the presence of irregularities, mainly after the adsorption of Cr(VI). The analysis of functional groups indicated that the main groups present in the native biomass remained after activation with zinc, and new diffraction peaks also appeared, indicating the chemical modification of the material. The adsorption experiments were carried out under different conditions, such as pH, dosage, temperature, Cr(VI) concentration, and contact time. It was observed that the adsorption was favored under acidic conditions, with a dose of 0.05 g L−1 of activated biomass. Equilibrium was reached quickly in the first few minutes, and the general kinetic model best fitted the experimental data. The kinetic adsorption capacity was higher for the activated material (226 mg g−1) compared to the native material (114 mg g−1). Increasing the concentration of Cr(VI) in the solution resulted in an increase in the adsorption capacity, indicating that the driving force gradient was greater at higher concentrations of the contaminating ion. The isothermal data were well fitted by the Koble-Corrigan heterogeneous surface model, and the maximum adsorption capacities were estimated at 126 mg g−1 and 240 mg g−1 for native and activated biomass, respectively, at the highest Cr(VI) concentration studied (150 mg L−1). The results indicate that the activation of the red macroalgae Gelidium sp. with zinc chloride improved its adsorbent properties for the removal of Cr(VI) ions, with high adsorption capacity and efficiency, demonstrating a high potential for application in the removal of Cr(VI) metal ions in aqueous solution
Conceptual model for retail distribution in nanostores: the case of the southwest of Barranquilla, Colombia
No full textThis article designs a conceptual model for the procurement and distribution processes in nanostores in the southwest of Barranquilla, Colombia considering 256 nanostores. The data collection involved identifying the nanostores through a visit to the area and creating a data collection instrument with specific questions covering various variables. As a result of the model, the procurement process comprises stages such as ordering, order processing, preparation and dispatch, distribution, payment, return, and after-sales. The findings show that nanostores primarily use indirect distribution channels, establishing relationships with suppliers and placing orders directly or through sales agents. Based on the research findings, the article suggests implementing digital marketing platforms to facilitate order placement and delivery for nanostore owners, reducing their transportation costs and improving the condition of products received. This study contributes to understanding procurement and distribution dynamics in nanostores, providing valuable insights for nanostore owners, policymakers, and researchers, improving the operations and competitiveness of nanostores, benefiting both the local economy and the broader retail sector
Application of the fourier transform to improve the accuracy of gamma-based volume percentage detection system independent of scale thickness
No full textWith the passage of time, scale gradually forms inside the oil pipeline. The produced scale, which has a high density, strongly attenuates photons, which lowers the measurement accuracy of three-phase flow meters based on gamma radiation. It is worth mentioning that the need for multiphase flow metering arises when it is necessary or desirable to meter well stream(s) upstream of inlet separation and/or commingling. In this investigation, a novel technique based on artificial intelligence is presented to overcome the issue mentioned earlier. Initially, a detection system was comprised of two NaI detectors and a dual-energy gamma source (241 Am and 133 Ba radioisotopes) using Monte Carlo N particle (MCNP) code. A stratified flow regime with varying volume percentages of oil, water, and gas was modeled inside a pipe that included a scale layer with varying thicknesses. Two detectors record the attenuated photons that could travel through the pipe. Four characteristics with the names of the amplitude of the first and second dominant signal frequencies were extracted from the received signals by both detectors. The aforementioned obtained characteristics were used to train two Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks to forecast the volumetric percentages of each component. The RMSE value of the gas and oil prediction neural networks are equal to 0.27 and 0.29, respectively. By measuring two phases of fluids in the pipe, the volume of the third phase can be calculated by subtracting the volume of two phases from the total volume of the pipe. Extraction and introduction of suitable characteristics to determine the volume percentages, reducing the computational burden of the detection system, considering the scale value thickness the pipe, and increasing the accuracy in determining the volume percentages of oil pipes are some of the advantages of the current research, which has increased the usability of the proposed system as a reliable measuring system in the oil and petrochemical industry
Problemas del espectro autista, déficit de atención, sintomatología ansiosa y coeficiente intelectual en niños de 2 a 5 años
No full textThe aim of the study was to establish the relationship between autism spectrum problems, attention deficit, anxiety symptoms, and IQ in children aged 2 to 5 years, through a quantitative correlational methodology. The sample consisted of 189 children and their parents and/ or caregivers belonging to child development centers and children’s homes in the city of Sincelejo, Colombia. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Preschool and elementary school children - WPPSI IV and the Child Behavior Check List - CBCL were applied. The main result was that in the Pearson correlation coefficient, anxious symptomatology and attention deficit were not related to any IQ index, while autism spectrum problems were related to the processing speed index (-0.282*).El objetivo del estudio consistió en establecer la relación entre problemas del espectro autista, déficit de atención, sintomatología ansiosa y coeficiente intelectual en niños de 2 a 5 años, a través de una metodología cuantitativa de tipo correlacional. La muestra fue de 189 niños y sus padres de familia y/o cuidadores pertenecientes a centros de desarrollo infantil y hogares infantiles de la ciudad de Sincelejo, Colombia. Se aplicó la Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para preescolares y primarios – WPPSI IV y el Child Behavior Check List – CBCL. Como resultado principal sé obtuvo que en el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson la sintomatología ansiosa y el déficit de atención no se relacionaron con ningún índice del coeficiente intelectual, mientras que, los problemas del espectro autista se relacionaron con el índice de velocidad de procesamiento (-0,282*)