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EPH109 excess mortality from diabetes mellitus in the first year of the pandemic in Colombia
No full textObjectives: To describe the mortality from diabetes mellitus before and after the first year of the COVID 19 pandemic in Colombia. Methods: We conducted an ecological study to describe mortality from DM in Colombia by sex and age groups, before and in the first year of the pandemic in Colombia. We obtained DM mortality data from the national agency for population statistics (known as DANE for its initials in Spanish) which collects vital statistics in Colombia. We analyzed anonymized mortality records coded as DM (code 601 from causes of mortality grouped according to the list 6/67 of the PAHO for ICD, 10th revision) for 2019-2020 considering only the underlying cause of death. The variables considered were year of registration of death, number of deaths per year, sex, age, and underlying cause of death. Results: In 2019 and 2020 there were 244,355 and 300,853 deaths by all causes respectively. Out of 56,498 (23.1%) excess deaths, 46,019 were due to COVID-19 (code U071). Deaths from DM for were 7,967 (3.26% out of total; 2.71% men - 3.94% women) in 2019 and 10,198 (3.39% out of total; 2.82% men - 4.15% women) in 2020. The increase for deaths from DM was 28% (n=2,231) 32.7% for men(n=1,193) and 24% for women (n=1,038). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic increased deaths from DM in Colombia with a greater impact on men. Priority should be given to rebuild health care services for chronic disease
Factors associated with cognitive impairment in Latin American older adults: A cross-sectional observational study of COVID-19 confinement
No full textINTRODUCTION: The effects of COVID-19 confinement have been severe, espe-cially in older adults. Therefore, we analyzed the factors associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in Latin America (LA). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study with a total of 5245 older adults from 10 countries in LA. Measurement: We used the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) and the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia (AD8) scale. RESULTS: We found that age, depressive symptomatology, bone fractures, being wid-owed, having a family member with dementia, and unemployment were associated with an increased risk of CI. In contrast, higher education, hypertension with contin-uous treatment, quarantine, and keeping stimulating cognitive and physical activities were associated with a lower probability of CI. No significant association was found between suffering from diabetes or being retired and CI. DISCUSSION: It is essential to conduct follow-up studies on these factors, considering their relationship with CI and the duration of confinement
Peace agreement with the FARC and transitional justice process in Colombia: Rights to truth and justice
No full textEste artículo aborda los contenidos y resultados del proceso de justicia transicional pactado en el acuerdo de paz con las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) para determinar si este satisface los derechos a la verdad y a la justicia, y hasta qué punto lo hace. Para el efecto se estudian los orígenes del conflicto y se analizan otras experiencias de justicia transicional, buscando definir la naturaleza del proceso colombiano y sus diferencias respecto de experiencias anteriores, teniendo como base una metodología de derecho comparado que busca contrastar instituciones y marcos jurídicos. El estudio sirvió para determinar que el caso colombiano satisface los derechos a la justicia y a la verdad se aproxima más a los modelos basados en la memoria y la retribución que a los de perdón y olvido, considerando el fuerte énfasis en la creación de una comisión de la verdad, el condicionamiento de las sanciones alternativas a las confesiones, la ausencia de amnistías generales y las sanciones restrictivas de la libertad por delitos graves. Esta investigación contribuye en la comprensión del conflicto armado y de la justicia transicional en Colombia acordada en el proceso de paz con las FARC. El caso colombiano puede servir de modelo a procesos de justicia transicional surgidos en el marco de conflictos activos, a través de mecanismos de retribución moderada basados en la imposición de sanciones alternativas que permitan asegurar la garantía del derecho a la verdad y conservando la posibilidad de aplicar sanciones ordinarias cuando dicha garantía no se satisfaga.
This article addresses the contents and results of the transitional justice process agreed with the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC), to determine whether it satisfies the rights to truth and justice, and to what extent it does so. For this purpose, the origins of the conflict are studied, and other experiences of transitional justice are analyzed, seeking to establish the nature of the Colombian process and how it differs from previous experiences, based on comparative legal research that contrasts a diverse array of institutions and legal frameworks. The study determined that the Colombian case largely satisfies the rights to justice and truth, and is closer to models based on memory and retribution than to those based on forgiveness and forgetting, taking into consideration its strong emphasis on the creation of a truth commission, the conditioning of alternative sanctions on confessions, the absence of general amnesties and the effective restriction of freedom for serious crimes. This research contributes to the understanding of the armed conflict and the transitional justice model applied in Colombia, which resulted after the peace process negotiated with the FARC. The Colombian case can be a model for other transitional justice processes that have arisen in the context of active conflicts, through moderate retribution mechanisms based on the imposition of alternative sanctions, as long as they serve to ensure the guarantee of the right to truth, and the possibility of applying ordinary sanctions is preserved when said guarantee is not satisfied.
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) as a methodology to strengthen mathematical skills —problem solving— in Basic Education
No full textIntroducción: La resolución de problemas es considerada una estrategia transversal que da sentido al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y a la configuración de nuevos ambientes que promueven el desarrollo de competencias en matemáticas. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia del ABP en el desarrollo de la competencia matemática resolución de problemas en estudiantes de básica secundaria. Metodología: Corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasi-experimental con prueba pretest y postest, desarrollado en tres fases: caracterización de la competencia resolución de problemas, experimentación a partir de la implementación de la metodología ABP, explicación de la valoración de fortalezas y dificultades en la competencia. Resultados: Se demuestra como la implementación de la metodología ABP logra mejorar el nivel de desempeño en la competencia optimizando el proceso en la fase 1 comprensión del problema y fase 3 ejecución del plan. Conclusiones: La competencia matemática resolución de problemas se potencia a partir de procesos que integren de manera complementaria la actividad cognitiva y procedimental en relación con el contexto particular y las estructuras formales que configuran el conocimiento matemático.Introduction: Problem solving is considered a cross-cutting strategy that gives meaning to the teaching-learning process and creates new environments that promote the development of mathematical skills. Objective: To analyze the influence of PBL in the development of mathematical problem-solving skills in middle school students. Methodology: A quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design involving pre-test and post-test, carried out in three phases: characterization of the problem-solving skills, experimentation based on implementation of the PBL methodology, explanation of the assessment of strengths and difficulties in acquiring the skills. Results: It is shown that the implementation of the PBL methodology manages to improve the skill performance levels by optimizing the processes of phase 1 (understanding of the problem) and phase 3 (execution of the plan). Conclusions: Mathematical problem-solving skills are enhanced through processes that combine complementary cognitive and procedural activities related to the particular context and the formal structures that comprise mathematical knowledge
Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026
No full textBackground. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods. In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings. In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the 43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, 37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation. There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained
Assessing the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the colombian industrial sector: a multivariate time series analysis
No full textThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a severe impact on the global economy, and Latin America and the Caribbean were no exceptions. Colombia faced unprecedented economic and public health crises, leading to a significant reduction in its gross domestic product (GDP) and exportation rate of goods and services. In this study, we explore the pandemic's effect on the Colombian industrial sector using official data and statistics. We analyze the monthly Industrial Production Index (IPI) measurements taken by the Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, for its Spanish acronym) for 22 national industrial subsectors between January 2005 and December 2021. We apply multivariate statistics and time series techniques to compare forecasts with actual responses of the most affected subsectors after the COVID-19 outbreak. Our findings suggest that the Colombian industrial sector was not well-prepared to face the pandemic, leading to a significant financial loss. We also observe that the developing countries' industrial sectors, like Colombia's, are highly exposed and vulnerable. This information can help policymakers in Colombia to better understand the weaknesses of the industrial sector and develop strategies to mitigate the impact of future crises
A eficácia da reabilitação cognitiva no comprometimento cognitivo leve usando tele neuropsicologia
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected the continuity of cognitive rehabilitation worldwide. However, the use of teleneuropsychology to provide cognitive rehabilitation has contributed significantly to the continuity of the treatment. Objectives: To measure the effects of cognitive telerehabilitation on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and memory strategies in a cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: A sample of 60 patients with mild cognitive impairment according to Petersen’s criteria was randomly divided into two groups: 30 treatment cases and 30 controls (waiting list group). Subjects were matched by age, sex, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The treatment group received ten cognitive telerehabilitation sessions of 45 minutes duration once a week. Pre-treatment (week 0) and post-treatment (week 10) measures were assessed for both groups. Different linear mixed models were estimated to test treatment effect (cognitive telerehabilitation vs. controls) on each outcome of interest over time (pre/post-intervention). Results: A significant group (control/treatment) x time (pre/post) interaction revealed that the treatment group at week 10 had better scores in cognitive variables: memory (RAVLT learning trials p=0.030; RAVLT delayed recall p=0.029), phonological fluency (p=0.001), activities of daily living (FAQ p=0.001), satisfaction with memory performance (MMQ satisfaction p=0.004) and use of memory strategies (MMQ strategy p=0.000), as well as, and a significant reduction of affective symptomatology: depression (GDS p=0.000), neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI-Q p=0.045), forgetfulness (EDO-10 p=0.000), and stress (DAS stress p=0.000). Conclusions: Our study suggests that CTR is an effective intervention.A pandemia do COVID-19 afetou a continuidade da reabilitação cognitiva em todo o mundo. No entanto, o uso de tele neuropsicologia para a reabilitação cognitiva tem contribuído significativamente para a continuidade do tratamento. Objetivos: Medir os efeitos da tele reabilitação cognitiva na cognição, nos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e nas estratégias de memória em uma coorte de pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve. Métodos: Uma amostra de 60 pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve de acordo com os critérios de Petersen foi dividida aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 30 casos de tratamento e 30 controles (grupo de lista de espera). Os assuntos foram pareados por idade, sexo e Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal. O grupo de tratamento recebeu dez sessões de tele reabilitação cognitiva de 45 minutos de duração uma vez por semana. As medidas pré-tratamento (semana 0) e pós-tratamento (semana 10) foram avaliadas para ambos os grupos. Diferentes modelos lineares mistos foram estimados para testar o efeito do tratamento (tele reabilitação cognitiva vs. controles) em cada desfecho de interesse ao longo do tempo (pré-/pós-intervenção). Resultados: Uma interação significativa grupo (controle/tratamento) x tempo (pré/pós) revelou que o grupo de tratamento teve melhores pontuações em variáveis cognitivas na semana 10: memória (ensaios de aprendizagem RAVLT p = 0,030; RAVLT recordação tardia p=0,029), fluência fonológica (p=0,001), atividades da vida diária (FAQ p=0,001), satisfação com o desempenho da memória (satisfação MMQ p=0,004) e uso de estratégias de memória (estratégia MMQ p=0,000), bem como uma significativa redução da sintomatologia afetiva: depressão (GDS p=0,000), sintomas neuropsiquiátricos (NPI-Q p=0,045), esquecimento (EDO-10 p=0,000) e estresse (DAS estresse p=0,000). Conclusões: Nosso estudo sugere que a CTR é uma intervenção eficaz. Palavras-chave: Neuropsicologia; COVID-19; Disfunção cognitiva; Memória
On the influence of cyclic preloadings on the liquefaction resistance of sands: A numerical study
No full textSoil deposits may be subjected to preloading episodes due to different factors such as previous earthquakes, excavations, refilling, compaction, construction of overlying structures, storms under onshore/offshore conditions, among many others. It is well-known that preloading episodes remarkably influence the subsequent soil mechanical behavior and liquefaction resistance. In order to accurately describe the influence of cyclic preloadings, advanced constitutive models which are able to realistically reproduce the soil mechanical behavior are necessary. In this work, a numerical study was carried out to investigate the influence of cyclic preloadings on the liquefaction resistance of sands. The numerical analyses were performed considering three advanced and well established constitutive models, namely: the hypoplastic model for sands by Von Wolffersdorf (1996) with the Intergranular Strain extension by Niemunis and Herle (1997), the same hypoplastic model for sands extended with Intergranular Strain Anisotropy by Fuentes et al. (2020), and the bounding surface plasticity model Sanisand by Dafalias and Manzari (2004). The simulations were performed based on the experimental databases on Zbraslav sand by Duque et al. (2023a,b). Remarks about the model capabilities and limitations on tests with different types of cyclic preloadings and their repercussion on boundary value simulations are given at the end
Electromechanical development of a plastic cap shredding machine for manufacture of animal shelters
No full textIntroducción— A diario se observa cómo los animales en condición de calle sufren todo tipo de necesidades por no tener un lugar refugiarse, comer o tener momentos de tranquilidad. De forma paralela, también se evidencia la alta contaminación causada por la gran cantidad de desechos de plástico. Objetivo— Buscando dar solución conjunta a estas dos problemáticas, se propone realizar el diseño y la implementación de una máquina trituradora de tapas plásticas tipo PET para la Fundación Paz, Amor y Vida (FundaPamVi). Metodología— Para el desarrollo de la máquina trituradora, se diseñará el sistema mecánico de la máquina de trituración, el cual tendrá un sistema de control para el proceso de producción y validación del funcionamiento de la máquina recicladora con la construcción de bloques. Resultados— Como resultado, se llevó a cabo un diseño electromecánico de la máquina trituradora que incorpora un sistema de protección y automatización mediante ciclos, permitiendo optimizar, verificar y poner en marcha su correcto funcionamiento. Conclusiones— Se logra una notable reducción en los tiempos de trituración de las tapas plásticas comparados con métodos manuales de trituración, pudiendo entonces acelerar la construcción de los albergues animalesIntroduction— Every day we observe how animals in street conditions suffer all kinds of needs because they do not have a place to shelter, eat or have moments of tranquility. At the same time, the high contamination caused by the large amount of plastic waste is also evident. Objetive— Seeking to provide a joint solution to these two problems, we propose the design and implementation of a PETtype plastic cap shredding machine for the Peace, Love and Life Foundation (FundaPamVi). Metodology— For the development of the shredding machine, we will design the mechanical system of the shredding machine, which will have a control system for the production process and validation of the operation of the recycling machine with the construction of blocks.. Results— As a result, an electromechanical design of the shredding machine was carried out, which incorporates a protection and automation system by means of cycles, allowing to optimize, verify and start up its correct operation. Conclusions— A significant reduction in the shredding time of plastic lids is achieved compared to manual shredding methods, thus speeding up the construction of animal shelters
Funciones ejecutivas, ira, agresión y variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en adolescentes con y sin conductas delictivas en un centro de atención especializada del departamento de Bolívar
No full textEn este trabajo, se analiza las diferencias entre las funciones ejecutivas, la ira, la agresión y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en adolescentes con y sin conductas delictivas en un Centro de Atención Especializada del departamento de Bolívar. Tomando como hipótesis general las diferencias significativas en las variables antes mencionadas en adolescentes con y sin conducta delincuencial. Se adopta una metodología cuantitativa, con un diseño no experimental de corte transversal y paradigma tipo empírico-analítico, permitiendo así, comprobar una hipótesis en un solo momento de experiencia observacional. La muestra del estudio es no probabilística y los participantes del estudio corresponden a 102 sujetos, siendo adolescentes entre 14 y 21 años con y sin conducta delictiva. Corresponde la muestra a dos grupos, el Grupo1-G1 con 51 participantes con conducta delictiva y Grupo2-G2 sin conducta delictiva. Para la medición de las variables se utilizaron; técnicas de observación asistida: Corsi Test, tarea de Simón y prueba de Wisconsin. Encuesta de tipo cuestionario: inventario multicultural latinoamericano y cuestionario de agresión Reactiva-Proactiva, y pulsómetro marca Corsense. Los resultados evidenciaron en la dimensión cognitiva, para memoria de trabajo se encontró una diferencia significativa con el grupo 1 respecto al grupo 2. Así mismo, respecto al control inhibitorio se indican diferencias marginales entre el grupo de menores infractores y los no infractores. En flexibilidad cognitiva el grupo 1 presenta un perfil más deficiente en comparación al grupo 2, y para las variables de ira, agresión se evidencian mayores niveles en el grupo 1. En variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca, se encontró mayores niveles de activación en el sistema nervioso parasimpático en el grupo 1.In this work, the differences between executive functions, anger, aggression and heart rate variability in adolescents with and without criminal behavior in a Specialized Care Center in the department of Bolívar are analyzed. Taking as a general hypothesis the significant differences in the aforementioned variables in adolescents with and without delinquent behavior. A quantitative methodology is adopted, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design and an empirical-analytical paradigm, thus allowing the testing of a hypothesis in a single moment of observational experience. The study sample is non-probabilistic and the study participants correspond to 102 subjects, being adolescents between 14 and 21 years old with and without criminal behavior. The sample corresponds to two groups, Group1-G1 with 51 participants with criminal behavior and Group2-G2 without criminal behavior. To measure the variables, they were used: assisted observation techniques: Corsi Test, Simón task, Wisconsin test. Questionnaire type survey: Latin American multicultural inventory and Reactive-Proactive aggression questionnaire and Corsense brand heart rate monitor. The results showed that in the cognitive dimension, for working memory, a significant difference was found with the group 1 compared to the group 2. Likewise, regarding inhibitory control, small differences are indicated between the group of minor offenders and non-offenders. In cognitive flexibility, the group of juvenile offenders presents a poorer profile compared to the group of non-offenders, for the variables of anger and aggression, higher levels are evident in the group of juvenile offenders. In heart rate variability, Higher levels of activation were found in the parasympathetic nervous system in group 1.Lista de Tablas y Figuras 6 -- Introducción 7 -- Problema de Investigación 11 -- Planteamiento del Problema 11 -- Pregunta problema 17 -- Objetivos 18 -- Objetivo -- General 18 -- Objetivos Específicos 18 -- Hipótesis 19 -- Hipótesis General 19 -- Hipótesis específicas 19 -- Justificación 21 -- Marco de Referencia 26 -- Dimensión cognitiva 26 -- Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) 26 -- Dimensión psicológica 33 -- Ira 34 -- ostilidad 38 -- Agresión 40 -- Diferencias entre agresión, ira y hostilidad 44 -- Dimensión fisiológica 46 -- Variabilidad de la Frecuencia Cardíaca (VFC) 46 -- Metodología 51 -- Epistemología, paradigma y diseño 51 -- Diseño de Investigación 52 -- Muestra y Participantes 53 -- Criterios de selección 53 -- Variables 54 -- Instrumentos 62 -- Procedimiento y consideraciones éticas 63 -- Resultados 64 -- Datos sociodemográficos 64 -- Estrato socioeconómico y sexo 64 -- Edad 64 -- Escolaridad 65 -- Comisión de delitos 68 -- Consumo de sustancia 69 -- Dimensión cognitiva 70 -- Función ejecutiva 70 -- Dimensión Psicológica 73 -- Complejo Ira, hostilidad, agresión 73 -- Dimensión Fisiológica 76 -- Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca 76 -- Discusión 80 -- Dimensión psicológica 82 -- Dimensión Fisiológica 84 -- Conclusiones 88 -- Futuras investigaciones 90 -- Referencias 91 --Doctor(a) en Neurociencia Cognitiva AplicadaDoctorad