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Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021
No full textBackground: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Comparative effect between antidepressants and D-phenylalanine, a phenethylamine precursor, in an animal model of depression
No full textA relevant role has been attributed to phenethylamine in depressive disorders. It has been measured in human urine and rat brain in pathological conditions and after drug administration. Furthermore, a clinical correlation has been proposed between urinary elimination and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, its metabolic predecessor, D-phenylala-nine, has been used as an antidepressant drug in the treatment of depressive disorders. The use of this amino acid has been realized alone, or in combination with classical antidepressants. In the present study, we tried to characterize its behavioural profile comparing it with imipramine and fluoxetine. Antidepressant drugs have been studied using diverse animal models. We used here the Porsolt test, or Forced Swimming Test (FST), measuring times of climbing, swimming and resting. When a comparison was performed between groups in climbing behaviour, significant differences were observed between imipramine treated group and saline controls (p < 0.05), and imipramine versus fluoxetine and D-phe-nylalanine (p < 0.01). When swimming was evaluated, clear differences between D-phenylalanine and the other groups were observed (p < 0.001). Additionally, a significant difference was also observed between imipramine and fluoxetine (p < 0.01). When resting was evaluated, high differences between D-phenylalanine versus all other groups were shown (p < 0.001). Observed behavioural profile was according to serotonergic antidepressant drugs effects. It is supported by the fact that swimming behaviours were increased, and a correlative decrease in resting was also present. We conclude that D-phenylalanine showed higher antidepressant potency than other classical antidepressants, at least at the doses used
Enhanced adsorption of bisphenol - A from water through the application of isocyanurate based hyper crosslinked resin
No full textThe widespread utility of Bisphenol A (BPA) in the production of diverse plastic substances including mineral water bottles, food packets, toys, tickets, etc. leads to its release to the environment through industrial effluents that contaminate both the surface and underground water. Given its higher toxicity and harmful effects on both human health and aquatic life, the adsorption of BPA has been the subject of recent studies at present. Herein, we disclose the synthesis of a new hyper cross-linked resin (ICYN-PPA), derived from commercially available 3,3′-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)bis(propan-1-amine) and tris(2,3-epoxypropyl) isocyanurate in a single step reaction, and its adsorptive performance for the removal of BPA from aqueous solution. The thermally stable ICYN-PPA, which is porous and exhibits different sizes of particles on its surface, displayed optimum removal of BPA. The isothermal studies were well represented by the Koble-Corrigan model, where the capacity increased from 216.6 to 228.6 mg g−1 with an increasing temperature of 318 K. The linear driving force model (LDF) was efficient in representing the kinetic data. Whereas the system tends to reach equilibrium after 350 min. The surface diffusion coefficients were 1.301 × 10−16 and 1.859 × 10−16 cm2 s−1 for BPA adsorption on isocyanurate based hyper crosslinked resins. The thermodynamic parameters confirmed the endothermic nature of the process (ΔH0 = 35.83 kJ mol−1) based on physical interactions
Electroencephalographic alterations and cognitive complaint in older adults with neurocystecercosis in the city of Arequipa, Peru 2022
No full textLa neurocisticercosis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por la ingestión de huevos de Taenia solium que afecta el sistema nervioso central y cerebro, endémica en el Perú. Como objetivo, se propuso conocer Alteraciones electroencefalografías y queja cognitiva en adultos mayores con neurocistecercosis de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú 2022. El estudio fue descriptivo-transversal realizado en el segundo semestre, 2022. La muestra estuvo conformada por 21 adultos mayores procedentes de un Hospital de Arequipa, con edades entre 65-85 años, resultados Western Blot positivos, tomografía axial y resonancias magnéticas. Como instrumento de recolección de datos, se usaron fichas epidemiológicas, resultados del electroencefalograma y una encuesta compuesta por 30 ítems. Los datos se almacenaron en Microsoft Excel y se procesaron con estadístico Epidat 3.0 para conocer frecuencias, porcentajes (%), intervalos de confianza (IC 95%) y Chi cuadrado con p:< 0,05. Como resultado, se encontró alteración electroencefalográfica positiva en 19,05% (n=4), de los cuales 14,29% eran del sexo masculino cuya edad más afectada fue de 76-80 años con 9,52%, el foco EEG según el número de lesiones en la TAC fue 4,29% con lesiones múltiples y 4,76% con lesiones de dos a tres sin asociación estadística significactiva (X 2 : 3,0754; p: 0,2149), respecto a las alteraciones electroencefalográficas, 9,52% tuvieron patron EEG asimetría de voltaje con paroxismos polipunta POI, 9,52% presento alteración en elementos del lenguaje 80,95%, 4,76% en la orientación espacial y 4,76% recuerdo diferido. En conclusión, se necesitan más investigaciones para comprender mejor la relación entre la cisticercosis cerebral y las alteraciones electroencefalográficas.Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by the ingestion of Taenia solium eggs that affects the central nervous system and brain, endemic in Peru. As an objective, it was proposed to know electroencephalographic alterations and cognitive complaint in older adults with neurocystecercosis in the city of Arequipa, Peru 2022. The study was descriptive-cross-sectional, carried out in the second semester, 2022. The sample consisted of 21 older adults from a Arequipa Hospital, with ages between 65-85 years, positive Western Blot results, axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. As a data collection instrument, epidemiological records, electroencephalogram results and a survey composed of 30 items were used. The data was stored in Microsoft Excel and processed with the Epidat 3.0 statistic to find out frequencies, percentages (%), confidence intervals (95% CI) and Chi square with p:< 0.05. As a result, a positive electroencephalographic alteration was found in 19.05% (n=4), of which 14.29% were male whose most affected age was 76-80 years with 9.52%, the EEG focus according to the number of lesions in the CT scan was 4.29% with multiple lesions and 4.76% with lesions from two to three without significant statistical association (X2: 3.0754; p: 0.2149), regarding electroencephalographic alterations, 9.52% had an EEG pattern of voltage asymmetry with POI polypoint paroxysms, 9.52% presented alterations in language elements 80.95%, 4.76% in spatial orientation and 4.76% delayed recall. In conclusion, more research is needed to better understand the relationship between cerebral cysticercosis and electroencephalographic abnormalities
Impact of Transnational Economic Mobility on the Regulation of International Migration, Human Rights, and Social Policies
No full textLa migración internacional se ha convertido no solo en un medio importante para igualar las oportunidades económicas y sociales de las personas, sino también en una fuente de diversas amenazas para los derechos humanos. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de los procesos migratorios contemporáneos en el estatus socioeconómico de los migrantes, determinar las principales amenazas que enfrentan los migrantes económicos (laborales) y los desafíos consiguientes en materia de derechos humanos y política social, y analizar los mecanismos regionales y universales de protección internacional de los trabajadores migrantes adoptados hasta la fecha. Mediante métodos de recolección de datos cualitativos, los autores analizan las amenazas a los derechos humanos que experimentan los trabajadores migrantes. El documento también enumera las disposiciones legales esenciales que definen el estatus de los migrantes en las diferentes etapas del proceso migratorio, incluidas las convenciones universales de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la ONU, los documentos desarrollados en el marco de las estructuras de cooperación regional y la legislación nacional. El estudio define las tareas que enfrenta la política social del Estado para minimizar las consecuencias negativas de la migración. Se extraen conclusiones sobre la eficacia de los instrumentos jurídicos de protección de los migrantes adoptados hasta la fecha.
International migration has become not only an important means of equalizing economic and social opportunities for people, but also a source of various threats to human rights. The study aims to analyze the impact of contemporary migration processes on the socioeconomic status of migrants, identify the main threats faced by economic (labor) migrants and the resulting human rights and social policy challenges, and analyze the regional and universal mechanisms for international protection of migrant workers adopted to date. Using qualitative data collection methods, the authors analyze the threats to human rights experienced by migrant workers. The paper also lists the essential legal provisions that define the status of migrants at different stages of the migration process, including the universal conventions of the International Labor Organization and the UN, documents developed within the framework of regional cooperation structures, and national legislation. The study defines the tasks facing state social policy to minimize the negative consequences of migration. Conclusions are drawn on the effectiveness of legal instruments for the protection of migrants adopted to date.
Comparison of supervised techniques of artificial intelligence in the prediction of cardiovascular diseases.
No full textCardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality world-wide, its early prediction and early diagnosis are fundamental for patients with this mortal illness. Cardiovascular disease is a real threat for the Health Systems worldwide, mainly because it has become the diagnosis that claim a significant number of lives around the world. Currently, there is a growing need from health entities to integrate the use of technology. Cardiovascular disease identification systems allow the identification of diseases associated with the heart, allowing the early identification of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) for an improvement in the quality of life of patients. According to the above, the predictive models of CVD have become a common research field, where the implementation of feature selection techniques and models based on artificial intelligence provide the possibility of identifying, in advance, the trend of patients who may suffer from a disease associated with the heart. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of feature selection techniques (Information Gain) with the variation of artificial intelligence techniques, such as neural networks (Som, Ghsom), decision rules (ID3, J48) and Bayesian networks (Bayes net, Naive Bayes) with the purpose of identifying the hybrid model for the identification of cardiovascular diseases. It was used the data set “Heart Cleveland Disease Data Set” with the same test environment for all the cases, in order to establish which of the mentioned techniques achieves the higher value of the accuracy metric when it comes to identify patients with heart disease. For the development of the tests, 10-fold Cross-Validation was used as a data classification method and 91.3% of the accuracy was obtained under the hybridization of the selection technique “information gain” with the training technique J48
Digital maturity as a determinant of business resilience in microenterprises in Ibero-America: a post COVID-19 analysis
No full textThis paper examines the relationship between the level of digital maturity and business resilience in microenterprises in Ibero- America immediately after Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). The results of 7265 surveys of microbusinesses in 18 countries were analyzed. It was found that businesses with a higher level of digital maturity presented a higher level of resilience understood as an improvement in their sales after facing a crisis such as the pandemic
Exploring the history and culture of main square los tupes with augmented reality in San Diego, Cesar
No full textAugmented reality (AR) has gained popularity as a tool for exploring cultural heritage sites. This study investigates the use of AR technology to enhance the visitor experience at Plaza Principal Los Tupes in San Diego, Cesar. As an important cultural heritage site, the study aims to explore the potential of AR technology in providing visitors with an immersive and interactive experience of the site's history and culture. An AR application was developed, incorporating historical and cultural information about Plaza Principal Los Tupes, to offer visitors an interactive and educational experience. A user study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the AR application in enhancing visitor experience. The results reveal that AR technology significantly enhances the visitor experience at cultural heritage sites, allowing for a deeper understanding of historical and cultural significance. The study demonstrates the potential of AR technology in increasing visitor engagement, accessibility, preservation of cultural heritage, and overall visitor satisfaction and revenue. However, challenges associated with AR technology usage are identified, emphasizing the need for further research to overcome these challenges and fully realize the potential of AR technology in the cultural heritage sector
Innovative technology strategies for the sustainable development of self-produced energy in the Colombian industry
No full textThis research studies the current state of the Colombian industrial sector, which is focused on self-generation processes. The study’s objective is to search for viable technological strategies that strengthen this particular sector’s competitiveness and sustainable development. The analysis shows that internal combustion engines represent 49% of the technologies used for self-generation. The main fuel used in the sector is natural gas, with a percentage of 56%. The lack of strategies for the use of residual heat and technological inefficiencies caused a loss of 36% in the energy used in the Colombian industrial sector. Thermoelectric generators are a feasible way to recover energy from exhaust gases in engines used for self-generation. Additionally, they allow a 4% reduction in fuel consumption and an improvement in the engine’s energy efficiency. The use of hydrogen as fuel allows a 30% reduction in polluting emissions, such as CO2, CO, HC, and particulate matter. Hydrogen production processes, such as water electrolysis, allow the participation of Colombia’s solar energy potential, leading to sustainable hydrogen production, efficiency (60–80%), and a lower economic cost. In general, the application of thermoelectric generators and the use of hydrogen gas allow the improvement of the Colombian industrial sector’s environmental, social, and economic aspects due to greater competitiveness and the reduction in emissions and operating costs
Highly furosemide uptake employing magnetic graphene oxide: DFT modeling combined to experimental approach
No full textFurosemide (FUR) is a diuretic employed in hypertension treatment, this drug is excreted in unchanged form by human body which contributes to water contamination and toxic effects for humans and the environment. Due to the ineffective removal of this pollutant by conventional water treatment methods, this work reports a synthesis of magnetic graphene oxide (GO‧Fe3O4) with different amounts of iron nanoparticles for FUR adsorption. The nanomaterials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, Raman, and VSM techniques. DFT modeling and thermodynamic parameters show that the FUR adsorption is exothermic, favorable, and predominantly occurs in chemical interactions. The experimental study demonstrated that the best adsorbent was GO‧Fe3O4 1:1 showing a removal percentage and adsorption capacity of 96.15% and 96.91 mg g−1, respectively, at pH 3.0 and 293.15 K. The process was dependent on initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH. ionic strength doesn’t significantly affect the adsorbent performance of GO‧Fe3O4 1:1. Sips and PSO model presented the best adjustment for experimental data, suggesting that the process occurs in a heterogeneous surface. Finally, GO‧Fe3O4 1:1 exhibited a high removal percentage after several cycles of adsorption/desorption