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Derecho a la protesta pacífica en el contexto colombiano
No full textEl presente trabajo de grado emprende un estudio detallado para determinar el alcance del derecho a la protesta pacífica según la jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana. Este análisis se enfoca en cómo el Estado colombiano aplica la normativa superior, particularmente el artículo 37 de la Constitución, junto con los Tratados Internacionales sobre Derechos Humanos ratificados por Colombia. El objetivo general del trabajo es establecer los contornos y limitaciones del derecho a la protesta pacífica como un derecho fundamental garantizado a todos los habitantes del territorio colombiano. Se presta especial atención al vínculo de este derecho con el artículo 38 de la Constitución, que protege el derecho de asociación y el libre desarrollo de la personalidad, y cómo estos se manifiestan en la realidad social y política del país. El estudio aborda el uso de la protesta pacífica como medio de expresión contra decisiones gubernamentales, tales como políticas, decretos o legislaciones, que afectan negativamente a la población. Se examina cómo en algunas ocasiones, la respuesta de la fuerza pública a estas manifestaciones puede entorpecer el ejercicio pacífico de la protesta, impactando la integridad física, la movilidad y el patrimonio, tanto público como privado, y cómo esto puede degenerar en actos de vandalismo y enfrentamientos con la policía o el ESMAD. Además, se analizan los límites constitucionales del derecho a la protesta pacífica. Se explora cómo, al sobrepasar ciertos límites, se puede incurrir en acciones que activan la aplicación de la normativa penal, llevando a detenciones preventivas que en algunos casos pueden ser consideradas ilegales. Este trabajo de grado se propone ofrecer una perspectiva comprensiva sobre la dinámica entre el derecho constitucional a la protesta pacífica, la actuación de las fuerzas de seguridad y las consecuencias legales de exceder los límites establecidos por la ley, con el fin de aportar claridad sobre cómo se puede proteger y practicar efectivamente este derecho esencial en el contexto colombiano.This degree thesis undertakes a detailed study to determine the scope of the right to peaceful protest according to Colombian constitutional jurisprudence. This analysis focuses on how the Colombian State applies the higher normative framework, particularly Article 37 of the Constitution, along with the International Human Rights Treaties ratified by Colombia. The overall objective of the work is to establish the contours and limitations of the right to peaceful protest as a fundamental right guaranteed to all inhabitants of Colombian territory. Special attention is paid to the link of this right with Article 38 of the Constitution, which protects the right of association and the free development of personality, and how these are manifested in the social and political reality of the country. The study addresses the use of peaceful protest as a means of expression against government decisions, such as policies, decrees, or legislations, that negatively affect the population. It examines how, on some occasions, the response of the public force to these demonstrations can hinder the peaceful exercise of protest, impacting physical integrity, mobility, and both public and private property, and how this can degenerate into acts of vandalism and confrontations with the police or ESMAD. Additionally, the constitutional limits of the right to peaceful protest are analyzed. It explores how, by exceeding certain limits, one can engage in actions that trigger the application of criminal legislation, leading to preventive detentions that in some cases may be considered illegal. This degree thesis aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on the dynamics between the constitutional right to peaceful protest, the actions of the security forces, and the legal consequences of exceeding the limits established by law, with the aim of providing clarity on how this essential right can be effectively protected and practiced in the Colombian context.Resumen 6--
Abstract 7--
Capítulo I 9
Planteamiento del problema 9-
Formulación del problema 9--
Objetivos 9--
Objetivo General 9--
Objetivos Específicos 9--
Justificación 10--
Delimitación 13--
Línea 14--
Sublínea 14--
Capítulo II. 15--
Marco teórico 15
Causas Subyacentes 15--
Antecedentes 16--
La Protesta pacífica en el contexto internacional. 16--
La Protesta social en el contexto nacional 19--
Marco Teórico 21--
El derecho a la protesta social como Soft Law 21--
La protesta pacífica en Colombia como un derecho constitucional 36--
Análisis del Texto Constitucional 40--
Metodología 42--
Enfoque de Investigación 42
Tipo de investigación. 43
Método 43--
Instrumentos de recolección de la información 44--
Capítulo III 45--
Análisis y discusión de resultados 45--
Las obligaciones del Estado Colombiano derivadas del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y la normatividad colombiana en relación con el derecho a la protesta social45--
Revisión documental a nivel nacional sobre el desarrollo de las protestas pacíficas para comparar con las situaciones que se presentan en Colombia.48--
El tratamiento que se debe dar a las protestas sociales, de acuerdo con el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991 y la jurisprudencia de las cortes nacionales, para protección de la población en general 53--
Análisis de la información obtenida sobre los Derechos Humanos y las normas colombianas. 58--
Análisis de la protesta pacífica en la jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana 60
Conclusiones 81--
Recomendaciones 82--
Referencias 83--Abogado(a)Pregrad
Cognitive mediation competencies for the training of researchers
No full textHoy en día se hace necesario reflexionar acerca de los procesos formativos en investigación. Por esta razón, este artículo resume los resultados de un estudio cuyo propósito fue construir las competencias en mediación cognitiva, necesarias para enriquecer y transformar la formación en investigación. El método fue de tipo prospectivo, utilizando el método Delphi. Se consultaron 252 investigadores nacionales e internacionales, de larga trayectoria y experiencia en este campo, pertenecientes a universidades públicas y privadas. Como técnicas se utilizaron la revisión documental y el análisis estadístico descriptivo. Entre los resultados, se obtuvo que las competencias en mediación cognitiva abren espacio para lograr la meta reflexión y avanzar en el desarrollo de competencias complejas y significativas en la formación. Exige al modelo de formación para la investigación que actualmente se aplica en educación superior, un cambio de paradigma, que permita desarrollar competencias pertinentes a los desafíos que la humanidad le presenta, en cuanto a la producción, socialización y difusión del conocimiento. En conclusión, los aportes de este estudio contribuyen a generar lineamientos y estrategias orientadas a la estructuración de un plan de formación, basado en el desarrollo de competencias investigativas apoyadas en los procesos de mediación cognitiva para los jóvenes investigadores.Today it is necessary to reflect on the formative processes in research. For this reason, this article summarizes the results of a study whose purpose was to build the skills in cognitive mediation, necessary to enrich and transform research training. The method was prospective, using the Delphi method. 252 national and international researchers with a long history and experience in this field, belonging to public and private universities, were consulted. Documentary review and descriptive statistical analysis were used as techniques. Among the results, it was found that cognitive mediation competencies open up space to achieve metareflection and advance in the development of complex and significant competencies in training. The training model for research that is currently applied in higher education requires a paradigm shift, which allows the development of skills relevant to the challenges that humanity presents to it, in terms of the production, socialization and dissemination of knowledge. In conclusion, the contributions of this study help to generate guidelines and strategies aimed at structuring a training plan, based on the development of investigative skills supported by cognitive mediation processes for young researchers
Activated carbon prepared from Brazil nut shells towards phenol removal from aqueous solutions
No full textThe Brazil nut shell was used as a precursor material for preparing activated carbon by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. The obtained material (BNSAC) was characterized, and the adsorptive features of phenol were investigated. The characterization showed that the activated carbon presented several rounded cavities along the surface, with a specific surface area of 332 m2 g–1. Concerning phenol adsorption, it was favored using an adsorbent dosage of 0.75 g L–1 and pH 6. The kinetic investigation revealed that the system approached the equilibrium in around 180 min, and the Elovich model represented the kinetic curves. The Sips model well represented the equilibrium isotherms. In addition, the increase in temperature from 25 to 55 °C favored the phenol adsorption, increasing the maximum adsorption capacity value (q s) from 83 to 99 mg g–1. According to the estimated thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption was spontaneous, favorable, endothermic, and governed by physical interactions. Therefore, the Brazil nut shell proved a good precursor material for preparing efficient activated carbon for phenol removal
Intelligent measuring of the volume fraction considering temperature changes and independent pressure variations for a two-phase homogeneous fluid using an 8-electrode sensor and an ANN
No full textTwo-phase fluids are widely utilized in some industries, such as petrochemical, oil, water, and so on. Each phase, liquid and gas, needs to be measured. The measuring of the void fraction is vital in many industries because there are many two-phase fluids with a wide variety of liquids. A number of methods exist for measuring the void fraction, and the most popular is capacitance-based sensors. Aside from being easy to use, the capacitance-based sensor does not need any separation or interruption to measure the void fraction. In addition, in the contemporary era, thanks to Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), measurement methods have become much more accurate. The same can be said for capacitance-based sensors. In this paper, a new metering system utilizing an 8-electrode sensor and a Multilayer Perceptron network (MLP) is presented to predict an air and water volume fractions in a homogeneous fluid. Some characteristics, such as temperature, pressure, etc., can have an impact on the results obtained from the aforementioned sensor. Thus, considering temperature changes, the proposed network predicts the void fraction independent of pressure variations. All simulations were performed using the COMSOL Multiphysics software for temperature changes from 275 to 370 degrees Kelvin. In addition, a range of 1 to 500 Bars, was considered for the pressure. The proposed network has inputs obtained from the mentioned software, along with the temperature. The only output belongs to the predicted void fraction, which has a low MAE equal to 0.38. Thus, based on the obtained result, it can be said that the proposed network precisely measures the amount of the void fraction
Gender differences in body satisfaction perception: the role of nutritional habits, psychological traits, and physical activity in a strength-training population
No full textThe objective of this study is to examine gender disparities in body satisfaction perception, emphasizing the influence of nutritional habits, psychometric assessments, levels of physical activity, and health-related metrics. Employing a sample of 605 strength-trained participants (385 males and 224 females), aged between 20 and 35 years, and regularly engaged in strength training, we conducted a thorough analysis using Google Forms. We evaluated variables including age, anthropometric data, resistance training frequency, food consumption patterns, and psychological profiles. Our findings indicate significant gender-based differences in body satisfaction perception. Females tend to overestimate their muscular size and express heightened concern regarding gluteal shape, while males exhibit a more realistic self-perception, primarily focused on hip width. Dietary patterns also display gender-specific tendencies; females prefer healthier options like vegetables, whereas males consume more milk, fermented products, and carbohydrates. Hydration practices diverge as well, with females showing higher water intake in contrast to males’ preference for alcoholic and carbonated beverages. Psychologically, males demonstrate greater extroversion, while females exhibit higher conscientiousness, openness, and a tendency toward negative thoughts and anxiety. Regarding physical activity, females engage in training sessions with greater volume compared to males. This study highlights the intricate interplay of social, cultural, and personal factors shaping gender-specific perceptions of body satisfaction and their subsequent impact on health and lifestyle choices. These insights pave the way for future specialized interventions and research, underscoring the importance of understanding gender-specific nuances to promote healthy body satisfaction and self-perception
CO151 Impact of the rational antibiotic use system on hospital performance at Cartagena Colombia from 2018 to 2021
No full textTo describe the experience carried out with the implementation and the Impact of the Rational Antibiotic Use System on Hospital Performance, at Cartagena, Colombia from 2018 to 2021, and the progressive decrease in the consumption of control antibiotics monitored by the National Institute of Health (INS). Compared to national and departmental averages
Peace, justice, and strong institutions in Latin America (SDG 16): a bibliometric analysis (2013-2022)
No full textEl desarrollo armonioso de una sociedad se basa en la paz, estabilidad, derechos humanos y buena gobernabilidad. Sin embargo, en todo el mundo, se observa una creciente división entre regiones pacíficas y conflictivas. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), especialmente el ODS 16, buscan sociedades justas y pacíficas con instituciones sólidas para un futuro sostenible, pero enfrentan desafíos. Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico del ODS 16 en los últimos 10 años utilizando Scopus, sin restricciones de idioma o ubicación geográfica. Se utilizaron herramientas como SciVal y VOSviewer para analizar datos y tendencias. Los resultados muestran un aumento en publicaciones sobre el ODS 16, pero una disminución en citaciones. El impacto ponderado se ha mantenido estable. Las áreas más estudiadas son ciencias sociales, medicina y humanidades, destacando la necesidad de colaboración interdisciplinaria. La colaboración internacional es importante, pero con el sector corporativo es limitada. La mayoría de las publicaciones están en el cuartil Q1. El análisis de coocurrencia de términos revela enfoques diversos en la investigación. Estos hallazgos informan sobre tendencias y áreas clave para futuras investigaciones y políticas relacionadas con la paz, justicia e instituciones sólidas. La investigación sobre este Objetivo ha crecido, pero la disminución de citaciones plantea preguntas sobre su impacto. Se destaca la necesidad de colaboración interdisciplinaria y fortalecer la colaboración con el sector corporativo para abordar estos desafíos de manera efectiva.The harmonious development of a society is based on peace, stability, human rights, and good governance. However, around the world, there is a growing divide between peaceful and conflict regions. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 16, seek just and peaceful societies with strong institutions for a sustainable future, but face challenges. A bibliometric analysis of SDG 16 over the last 10 years was conducted using Scopus, without language or geographic location restrictions. Tools such as SciVal and VOSviewer were used to analyze data and trends.The results show an increase in publications on SDG 16, but a decrease in citations. The weighted impact has remained stable. The most studied areas are social sciences, medicine, and humanities, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary collaboration. International collaboration is important, but with the corporate sector is limited. Most publications are in the Q1 quartile. Co-occurrence analysis of terms reveals diverse approaches to research. These findings inform trends and key areas for future research and policy related to peace, justice, and strong institutions. Research on this Goal has grown, but the decline in citations raises questions about its impact. It highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and strengthened collaboration with the corporate sector to effectively address these challenges
Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990–2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease associated with disability and premature death. Up-to-date estimates of the burden of rheumatoid arthritis are required for health-care planning, resource allocation, and prevention. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, we provide updated estimates of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and its associated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age, sex, year, and location, with forecasted prevalence to 2050. Methods: Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence was estimated in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 using Bayesian meta-regression models and data from population-based studies and medical claims data (98 prevalence and 25 incidence studies). Mortality was estimated from vital registration data with the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm). Years of life lost (YLL) were calculated with use of standard GBD lifetables, and years lived with disability (YLDs) were estimated from prevalence, a meta-analysed distribution of rheumatoid arthritis severity, and disability weights. DALYs were calculated by summing YLLs and YLDs. Smoking was the only risk factor analysed. Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence was forecast to 2050 by logistic regression with Socio-Demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, an estimated 17·6 million (95% uncertainty interval 15·8–20·3) people had rheumatoid arthritis worldwide. The age-standardised global prevalence rate was 208·8 cases (186·8–241·1) per 100 000 population, representing a 14·1% (12·7–15·4) increase since 1990. Prevalence was higher in females (age-standardised female-to-male prevalence ratio 2·45 [2·40–2·47]). The age-standardised death rate was 0·47 (0·41–0·54) per 100 000 population (38 300 global deaths [33 500–44 000]), a 23·8% (17·5–29·3) decrease from 1990 to 2020. The 2020 DALY count was 3 060 000 (2 320 000–3 860 000), with an age-standardised DALY rate of 36·4 (27·6–45·9) per 100 000 population. YLDs accounted for 76·4% (68·3–81·0) of DALYs. Smoking risk attribution for rheumatoid arthritis DALYs was 7·1% (3·6–10·3). We forecast that 31·7 million (25·8–39·0) individuals will be living with rheumatoid arthritis worldwide by 2050. Interpretation: Rheumatoid arthritis mortality has decreased globally over the past three decades. Global age-standardised prevalence rate and YLDs have increased over the same period, and the number of cases is projected to continue to increase to the year 2050. Improved access to early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis globally is required to reduce the future burden of the disease. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, and Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health
Main threats to human rights and freedoms in the context of digitalization
No full textEl desarrollo de las tecnologías e Internet ha transformado los derechos y libertades fundamentales de los ciudadanos. Han surgido nuevos derechos, como el derecho a acceder a Internet, el derecho al olvido, el derecho a la privacidad, etc., por lo que es necesario considerar una nueva categoría de derechos y libertades de los ciudadanos en el entorno digital. El objetivo principal del estudio es definir y clasificar los derechos humanos y las libertades en el entorno digital y resaltar las principales amenazas a los derechos humanos en el contexto de la digitalización. Los métodos de investigación se basan en el análisis de un número limitado de estudios seleccionados de acuerdo con parámetros especiales y considerados de manera integral. A partir de los resultados del estudio, se identifican y clasifican los derechos humanos en el entorno digital. Se concluye que dado el peligro de digitalización de documentos personales, es necesario preservar los documentos en papel y reconocer el documento en papel como el original. Para proteger los derechos y libertades de los ciudadanos en el contexto de la digitalización, es aconsejable introducir una prohibición de la creación y el uso de sistemas de calificación social que representen una amenaza para el ejercicio de los derechos y libertades de los ciudadanos. También es necesario prohibir el uso de sistemas de identificación de datos personales basados en signos indirectos que están contenidos en big data sobre los usuarios, lo que impedirá el cálculo de datos personales.The development of technologies and the Internet has transformed the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. New rights have emerged, such as the right to access the Internet, the right to be forgotten, the right to privacy, etc., so there is a need to consider a new category of rights and freedoms of citizens in the digital environment. The main objective of the study is to define and classify human rights and freedoms in the digital environment and highlight the main threats to human rights in the context of digitalization. Research methods are based on the analysis of a limited number of studies selected according to special parameters and considered comprehensively. Based on the study results, human rights in the digital environment are identified and classified. It is concluded that given the danger of digitization of personal documents, it is necessary to preserve paper documents and recognize the document on paper as the original. To protect the rights and freedoms of citizens in the context of digitalization, it is advisable to introduce a ban on the creation and use of social rating systems that pose a threat to the exercise of the rights and freedoms of citizens. It is also necessary to prohibit the use of personal data identification systems based on indirect signs that are contained in big data about users, which will prevent the calculation of personal data
Cost-effectiveness of velpatasvir/sofosbuvir for the treatment of hepatitis C in Colombia
No full textColombia reported that 1.6% of all deaths between 1997-2020 may have been linked to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In order to inform decisions to improve HCV care, we developed a Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of pan-genotypic DAA regimen (velpatasvir/sofosbuvir, SOF/VEL) for the treatment of Hepatitis C most used in Colombia, an upper-middle income country with a constrained healthcare budget. All population ³40 years old in Colombia was included in the analysis. In the base case, 50% of the population is assumed to be screened for HCV (at a cost of CO53 million/DALY. The ICER is reduced by increasing the treatment coverage, achieving CO$42 million/DALY if treatment coverage reach 100%. Pan-genotypic generic DAA regimens for treatment of HCV are available in several low-income/middle-income countries, important for treatment scale-up. In Colombia the regimen SOF/VEL for treatment of HCV is cost effective