Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History
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Development of Types of Tourism in The New Development Stage of Uzbekistan
Full text linkThis article talks about the opportunities for the development of types of tourism in the New Uzbekistan, the prospects for new types of tourism that may arise in the future
Rui González De Clavijo's "Diary" Collection and its Owner Amir Temur's Interpretation
Full text linkIn this article, the characteristics of Sahibqiron Amir Temur, who established a great kingdom in his time, took a worthy place in Uzbek statehood and world history, a great general, patron of science, are covered based on the "Diaries" of Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo. the word goes. He left an indelible mark in history as the ruler of the state and patron of science, as well as how Temur's personality has been studied in history in all periods
Social Life of The Population of The Bukhara Khanate Until The Mid-17th Century: Protest Movements
Full text linkThis article analyzes the social life of the population of the Bukhara Khanate up to the mid-17th century and the protest movements that emerged during this period. Political instability, heavy tax burdens, and the oppressive policies of rulers led to growing dissatisfaction among the population, resulting in numerous uprisings. In particular, the revolts in the cities of Balkh and Tashkent illustrate the harsh nature of the ruling elite's governance. Additionally, the article examines socio-political events during the reigns of Imamqulixon and Nadr Muhammadxon, detailing the destruction of cities and the deterioration of living conditions based on historical sources
The Role of Government Policy in Developing Integration Between Small and Large Enterprises
Full text linkIntegration between small and large enterprises is increasingly recognized as a strategic driver of inclusive industrial growth and sustainable economic development. In emerging economies like Uzbekistan, such integration can enhance value chains, foster innovation, and build economic resilience, yet remains underdeveloped. While various policies have been initiated, a gap persists between strategic intentions and effective enterprise-level implementation, especially due to weak institutional coordination and limited access to enabling instruments. Aims: This study explores the role of government policy in facilitating the integration of small and large enterprises, with a specific focus on Uzbekistan's evolving policy landscape and comparative insights from global models. The findings reveal that although Uzbekistan has introduced relevant policies and institutions such as industrial clusters and SME development programs policy fragmentation, insufficient financial accessibility for SMEs, and trust barriers continue to hinder effective collaboration. By combining expert interviews, document analysis, and international comparisons, the study offers a nuanced understanding of both structural impediments and policy instruments specific to transitional economies. The research suggests that a comprehensive approach encompassing institutional coherence, tailored financial tools, enterprise capacity building, and cultural shifts is essential for unlocking the full potential of small–large firm integration in Uzbekistan and similar economies
The Role of Reforms in The Ottoman Empire in The Formation of The Jadid Movement in Turkestan
Full text linkThe rapid development of science and technology around the world, along with economic, political, and cultural transformations, has encouraged representatives of various fields across nations to engage in mutual cooperation and exchange of ideas. At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, the Jadids of Turkestan also traveled to Muslim regions under the Ottoman (Turkish) Sultanate – including Istanbul, Hejaz, Edirne, and other cities. There, they began establishing connections with local reformers on issues such as opening new schools, introducing modern sciences into education, and more. This article explores the visits and interactions of Turkestan reformers with the cities of the Ottoman Empire, and examines how the reformist movement implemented in the Ottoman state during the late 19th and early 20th centuries influenced the Jadidism movement in Turkestan
WTO at the Crossroads: Legal Challenges and Strategic Responses in a Fragmented Trade Order
Full text linkThe World Trade Organization (WTO) faces unprecedented challenges, including a paralyzed dispute settlement system, fragmented trade rules, and stalled multilateral negotiations. These issues have led to a rise in regional trade agreements and unilateral trade measures, undermining the WTO's core principles of consensus and global trade liberalization. This article examines the WTO's legal challenges, the impact of geoeconomic tensions, and the strategic responses being proposed to reform the organization. It also explores the future of multilateral trade governance, emphasizing the urgent need for institutional reform to prevent further fragmentation and preserve the WTO's central role in global trade. The article diagnoses legal and institutional weaknesses that have pushed the WTO toward fragmentation, maps the geopolitical and policy drivers behind rising regionalism and unilateralism, and sets out pragmatic legal and governance responses to restore effective multilateral rulemaking and dispute settlement. Results Through doctrinal analysis, case studies, and negotiation record review, it identifies Appellate Body paralysis, consensus-induced gridlock, substantive rule gaps (subsidies, industrial policy, digital trade, state enterprises), and the rise of plurilateral and regional alternatives, and it proposes a two-track set of remedies combining immediate operational fixes (interim appellate arrangements, targeted interpretive clarifications, temporary plurilateral bridges) with phased institutional reforms (procedural adjustments, enhanced transparency, capacity building). The study’s contribution lies in integrating legal doctrine, political‑economy diagnosis, and institutional design into a cohesive, sequenced reform roadmap that prioritizes legally implementable interim mechanisms while setting criteria for deeper governance change. Implications Adoption of the proposed measures could arrest further fragmentation, enable coordinated responses to supply‑chain, climate, and digital regulation challenges, and rebuild the WTO’s normative centrality; conversely, failure to pursue the reforms risks entrenching competing governance forums, eroding dispute settlement predictability, and weakening multilateral trade governance
The History of The Press and Printing in Navoi Region
Full text linkThis article provides a scholarly analysis of the formation, developmental stages, and current state of the press in Navoi Region. It examines the establishment of the region in 1982 and the subsequent publication of newspapers such as “Do‘stlik bayrog‘i” and “Знамя дружбы”, highlighting their role in socio-political life and their contribution to the creation of a local school of journalism. Additionally, the study examines the operations of additional periodicals, such as “Karmana ovozi”, “Konchilar hayoti”, “Oltin vodiy”, and “Qonun kuchi”, highlighting their influence on regional information policy. In order to scientifically outline the developmental directions of regional journalism, the article also examines the technological modernisation of the printing infrastructure in the Navoi Region, the multilingual nature of periodical publications, and their significance in the community’s cultural and spiritual development.
 
PISA as a Mirror of Education Quality: Achievements of Kyzylorda Region and the Outlook for 2025
Full text linkThis paper investigates how Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) influences the educational advancement of Kazakhstan in general and Kyzylorda region in particular. The main focus is to evaluate how the region fared in the 2022 PISA results – and what that means for future policy directions. Against a largely tenuous past, Kyzylorda saw an even larger 28-point gain in science literacy, with the proportion of low-performing students also decreasing by 18%. This milestone reflects the region's successful educational reforms that adopt strategic support for struggling students and focus on inclusive models of teaching. It was a qualitative analysis based on the region s PISA results over the comparison to national standards and a comparison to international standards. The study shows that the gains in scientific literacy are aligned with international standards for best practices, especially in terms of the types of striving PISA countries. The paper reiterates the need for local education policy to reflect PISA's principles, and highlights the role of even stronger science literacy in supporting performance in PISA 2025. The findings point to the need for ongoing attention to functional literacy, teacher preparation and evidence-based reforms that can secure lasting educational gains. This research study adds to the literature on the usage of international assessments to inform educational reforms in developing contexts
Impact of Plastic Waste on The Environment and Issues of Their Ecological and Legal Management
Full text linkToday, one of the main environmental problems in the world is pollution of the natural environment with waste. Currently, the amount of waste on earth is increasing year by year. The generation of waste is directly related to the active economic activity of mankind. Among them, the problem of plastic waste is worrying the world's ecologists and the public. Regulation of relations related to it is the demand of today's era
About Abu Nasre Farabi And His Treatise “Kitab Al-Musiki Al-Kabir"
Full text linkThe research evaluates the extensive impact of Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir by Abu Nasr Farabi on music theory development. During the medieval East phase Farabi established himself as a prominent philosopher who developed an independent scientific discipline of music. The abundant research about his works has still not fully revealed the fundamental principles alongside the music performance applications from his musical studies. The research investigates Farabi's treatment of sound elements in musical theory through a study of his approach to sound production and melody and musical instruments. This study employs historical and comparative research methods to assess Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir within its musical context both before and after the time when it was written. The revolutionary elements in Farabi's music theory emerged from his distinction of musical sciences and his mathematical method for sound analysis and his program for musical education in ethics reform. His theoretical compositions motivated both East and West to establish new musical directions which have become apparent through translation and adaptation efforts. The study demonstrates that Farabi’s musical theories still deliver key knowledge which scholars utilize today in music theory and cultural research. The research demonstrates that Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir maintains historic and philosophical importance in musi