Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History
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Legal Basis of Public Funds in Uzbekistan
Full text linkThis paper explores the legal basis and operational function of public funds in the social protection system of the republic of Uzbekistan. They take a multidimensional view of social protection covering not just the economic but the social status and well being dimensions too. This gap in empirical justification of good practice, as well as an assessment of effectiveness, does exist against a backdrop of methodological developments and significant partial reforms, and left unexplored are key questions regarding the sufficiency of the legal regulation of public funds. To fill this gap, the study analyses normative legal framework of public fundes, that conist of the constitution, the sectoral laws related to non governmental non profit organizations and charitable activity resources, and the related taxation laws. The research draws on qualitative legal analysis of domestic law and regulations, as well as secondary academic sources, supported by a survey of de facto practices on registration, financing, control, and reporting of public funds. Our results reveal that despite the legal framework being in place, public funds continue to struggle with bureaucratic obstacles in registration, inadequate systems of legislation for sponsorship opportunities, burdensome administrative reporting standards and a lack of support at the regional level. The findings show how these constraints lower the actual potential of public funds to support the poorest as well as development processes. The study suggests that tightening practical enforcement of existing legislation, streamlining administrative processes, and expanding advisory and information assistance will significantly improve the efficient use of taxpayers dollars. The findings and recommendations drawn from this research are significant for policy design, which should enhance the public funds as a long-term tool for social protection and socio economic development in Uzbekistan
The Specific Features of Partonyms Related to The Assimilation Layer in English and Uzbek
Full text linkThis article investigates the linguistic features of partonyms within the assimilation layer of English and Uzbek. Partonymy, as a semantic relation denoting part–whole structures, plays a significant role in the lexical organization of languages. When partonyms enter a language through borrowing, they undergo phonological, morphological, and semantic assimilation, forming a distinct assimilated lexical layer. Through a comparative analysis, this study examines how English and Uzbek assimilate partonymic units, identifying shared tendencies and language-specific features. The findings reveal that while both languages exhibit systematic adaptation processes, differences arise due to typological distinctions, morphological structure, and phonotactic constraints. The research contributes to contrastive semantics, contact linguistics, and the study of lexical assimilation
Communism in Iraq Between Theory and Practice for The Period 1922-1945
Full text linkThe early precursors of the formation of the features of the presence of the communists in Iraq go back to the first decade of the twentieth century, i.e., 1922. In this year, the first cell of the Iraqi communists was founded by a group of Iraqi youths who found in the ideas of the communists what they liked, led by Hussein Al-Rahhal, who was a law student. The youths who joined this circle assumed the responsibility of spreading the principles and ideas of communism, thus beginning the journey of striving to attain the ultimate goal of communism, which was embodied in creating a society that believed in all its propositions, as a prelude to establishing a proletarian state. However, their endeavors collided with the nature of Iraqi society and its prevailing circumstances, which caused their efforts to halt at the stage of struggle without transcending it to reach their desired objective. The attempts of Iraqi communists to apply the principles of their thought on the ground remained confined to spreading those principles among segments of society, combating all those who stood in the way of the dissemination of their ideology, and striving to prepare the working classes in preparation for leading the stage of revolutionary struggle, without going beyond it
The Role of Historical Science in The Promotion of Military Heritage
Full text linkThe evolution of historical science takes place amidst the needs of society and occupies a leading position in ensuring the protection and preservation of national memory, identity, and military-memory heritage. Research into and popularization of military heritage, especially in the context of globalization and growing ideological confrontation, is more important than ever, as it is a reminder not only of historical battles, but also traditions of heroism, devotion, resistance against oppression and national historical memory. But the most pressing challenge is ensuring that military history is interpreted in an objective, scientific manner so as to negate the ideological distortion and one sided narratives. This article fills the gap by observing the important role of historical science in promotion of military heritage, specifying the educational and methodological foundations of history studies in New Uzbekistan. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of scientific literature, special issues, and national policy documents on historical education and spiritual-moral development. The results indicate that history education plays a major role in the development of historical thinking, civic duty and identity, patriotism, and national pride among the youth, It also underscores that historical science was strictly ideologized under the Soviets, but repressions released with reforms give wider possibilities today to bring historical justice to bear, to provide humanities with research support and to modernize history education with digitization. The outcomes confirm the necessity of bolstering history education, quality and continuity of teaching In order to effectively promote military heritage and foster an enlightened society. These implications suggest that a need to maintain sufficient number of instructional hours, and updated course outlines in order to sustain the long term effect of history on national and spiritual liberation
Intimacy Under Surveillance: Digital Lives and Algorithmic Control in Contemporary Global Fiction _ A Study of Selected Novels
Full text linkThis paper explores narratives of intimacy in contemporary fiction: How do algorithms and digital surveillance shape the construction of intimacy in fiction? I draw upon Shoshana Zuboff’s notion of surveillance capitalism and Michel Foucault’s thinking on biopolitics to focus on the novels Dave Eggers’ The Circle (2013), Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017), and Samanta Schweblin’s Little Eyes (2020). Everyone delves into love, privacy, and home life, whilst everything is being monitored. By employing close reading, the paper demonstrates how our emotions are re-engineered and float beyond us towards data points. In my opinion, these novels expose a new affective politics of social media where being seen is synonymous with being good, and the human relation is always mediated. They reflect how chaotic and tricky moral matters get for the casual user of technology
Social Support as a Protective Factor Against Suicide Ideation
Full text linkThe rising incidence of suicide ideation in university students is a pressing global issue that is influenced by psychological, academic, and socio-economic -,stressors. This situation is worsened by the scarcity of mental health resources and the culture of mental health stigma in Nigeria, including regional inequalities amongst social support systems. Only by tackling these problems, we can protect the welfare of these marginalized groups, which are often used to make a living in informal social security networks due to inadequate institutional cover. Objective: The current study assesses whether social support protects against suicide ideation among 4,930 undergraduate students (44%) sampled across the Southeastern (n = 2430), Southwestern (n = 2128), and Northcentral (n = 372) zones in Nigeria. An ex post facto research framework was utilized through employment of validated measuring scales of social support and suicide ideation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis were used to evaluate regional and demographic variations. There were notable differences; the Southeastern zone had the highest levels of social support (60.7%) and the lowest prevalence of suicide ideation (31.5%), while the Northcentral zone had the lowest levels of social support (32.5%) and the highest prevalence of suicide ideation (88.8%). And regression results reinforced that the social support was an important factor in reducing suicide ideation, being more influential in the Northcentral zone (R² = 0.077, p < 0.05). These findings highlight the urgent need to incorporate strong social support systems within Nigerian universities. Improving mental health policy need include providing access to mental health programs, training of culturally sensitive mental health practitioners and improving community engagement and commitment to strengthening personal support systems through these programs. These types of interventions are necessary to promote emotional well-being and mitigate suicide ideation among students to provide them the best opportunity to perform academically and personally
The Main Mechanisms of State Regulation of Employment in Uzbekistan
Full text linkThis paper provides insight into the key forms of state regulation of employment in Uzbekistan against the background of deepening modernization and structural reforms in the economy. Employment policy is a key dimension of the national socio economic development strategy, especially to address the fast growing labor force, high level of youth and women unemployment and informal employment increasing. There is a sizeable disconnect between the objectives of many new policies and institutional reforms, and the actual outcomes in labor markets. The research is focused on closing the gap in knowledge of the effectiveness of the mechanisms of administrative and legal changes of recent years in the state employment management system, as well as the ability of this system to adequately respond to real labor market needs. This study draws from a qualitative content analysis of national laws, presidential edicts, government decree, plans for strategic development, and formal analytical papers, compounded by a systemic overview of changes in institutions for labor administration. Assessments across countries show that while reforms strengthened the legal basis for labor markets, expanded ministerial functions, and introduced approaches such as state job orders and digital transparency in labor markets, their effect on practice has been muted by poor coordination, outdated statistics, personnel shortages in labor-market economics, and structural factors beyond labor authorities control. The findings show that while there is inefficiency of institutions leading to an employment crisis, there are also macroeconomic and investment aspects that are driving the challenge. The paper concludes that a decentralized labour market regulation in Uzbekistan will only work if addressed in a systematic manner along with supportive policies to spur economic growth, facilitate human capital development and improve governance mechanisms. These results have important implications for policymakers looking to improve balance in the labor market, social protection, and sustainable employment results
Status and Functions of the International Labour Organization
Full text linkThe purpose of this article is to analyze the status and functions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) as a specialized agency of the United Nations. It aims to examine the core principles that define the ILO's operations, including its legal nature, the role of tripartism, and the institution's commitment to social partnership through various forms of technical cooperation. The research utilizes legal and institutional analysis, focusing on the ILO's foundational documents and the legal status of its actions in the context of international law. Key sources include scholarly works on the structure and activities of international organizations, with a particular emphasis on the ILO’s legal framework and objectives as articulated in the Philadelphia Declaration of 1944. The findings reveal that the ILO’s main goals are centered around improving working conditions globally, promoting social justice, ensuring decent employment opportunities, and enhancing social protection. The ILO’s tripartite structure, involving government, employer, and worker representatives, plays a crucial role in strengthening social dialogue and fostering cooperation between these groups. In conclusion, the ILO’s continued relevance lies in its ability to adapt to evolving global challenges. The article recommends that the ILO should further expand its technical cooperation, particularly through the Decent Work Country Programme, and harmonize international labor standards to address the changing dynamics of the global workforce
Arms Proliferation and Its Implication: A Case Study of South Sudan
Full text linkThis study posits that a principal obstacle to peace and security in South Sudan is the presence and continuous proliferation of arms, which substantially exacerbates the destruction of lives and property and heightens inter-communal tensions, ultimately leading to widespread conflict. The bulk of South Sudan's borders are porous. Thus, enabling the entry of firearms, drugs, and human trafficking. Furthermore, the widespread corruption in South Sudan intensifies the security challenges confronting both the state and the region. This study examines the spread of weaponry and its ramifications. It assesses the initiatives of the South Sudanese government and the region in tackling the problem, with the objective of offering suggestions for a durable solution to the crisis in South Sudan. This study utilizes conflict theory. The escalation of armaments in South Sudan is mostly ascribed to a debilitated economy, the government's failure to provide fundamental services, insecurity, rising unemployment rates, and, most critically, corruption, which combined obstruct effective strategies to address this problem. It is strongly advocated that comprehensive efforts be deployed at all levels to address the challenges of weapons proliferation in South Sudan, considering the country's critical role in regional, continental, and global security. The government of South Sudan should provide or augment non-military logistical assistance for its citizens. China and Russia need not to, owing to economic interests and investments in South Sudan, persist in endorsing the atrocities committed against individuals with small arms and light weaponry
Economic Sanctions and the Dynamism of International Politics: Assessing Iran’s Adaptive Strategies to Sanctions, 2017–2024
Full text linkEconomic sanctions are essential instruments in international relations, often used to ensure compliance, prevent hostility, and uphold global security. Nonetheless, its implementation in Iran from 2017 to 2023 exposed considerable difficulties. The issue is in the twin effects of the sanctions: while they sought to mitigate nuclear proliferation, regional aggressiveness, and non-compliance with international standards, their unexpected repercussions significantly harmed Iran's economy, political stability, and civilian populations. The humanitarian problems, economic reliance, and ethical issues associated with sanctions necessitated a thorough evaluation of their efficacy and wider ramifications in international relations. The research sought to examine the influence of sanctions on Iran's conduct and their effectiveness in alleviating global security threats throughout this timeframe. Grounded in constructivist theory, the research used a qualitative approach, utilising content analysis to evaluate secondary data from policy papers, academic publications, and reports. The results underscored the limited efficacy of sanctions in securing compliance, while exposing significant economic disruptions, humanitarian catastrophes, and ethical quandaries. Strategic relationships with non-Western states alleviated some effects but highlighted the need for sanctions reform. It determined that sanctions are inadequate without supplementary diplomatic initiatives. The research concluded that future sanctions systems should include humanitarian protections and international cooperation to improve efficacy and reduce damage to civilian populations