Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History
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Traces of Musical Art in The History of Ancient Era Khorazm Oasis
Full text linkThe Khorezm oasis, a historically rich region of Central Asia, has long been a cradle of cultural and artistic expression, with deep roots in musical traditions. While much attention has been given to the archaeological and historical development of the region, the origins and evolution of musical art within the ancient Khorezm oasis remain underexplored in scholarly discourse. There is a limited understanding of how natural and anthropogenic landscapes influenced the emergence and refinement of musical traditions in this region from prehistoric times through the classical era. This study investigates the earliest traces of musical knowledge in the Khorezm oasis, focusing on how geographical, ecological, and cultural conditions contributed to the spiritual and artistic development of its ancient inhabitants. The findings reveal that favorable ecological conditions in the Akchadarya basin, along with the rich biodiversity and acoustic environment, laid the foundation for primitive musical expressions, which were later formalized and refined during the Eneolithic, Bronze, and Iron Ages. By the 4th century BC, musical artistry reached a classical form, as evidenced by the performances of harp and ud players in the Tupraqqala palace and the development of the Quyqrılganqala musical school. The research presents an interdisciplinary perspective linking geography, archaeology, and ethnomusicology to trace the historical continuum of musical expression in ancient Khorezm. These insights enrich our understanding of Central Asian cultural history and underscore the importance of integrating musicological analysis into broader studies of ancient civilizations
Teachings on The Education of Mentality by Eastern Thinkers, National Heroes and Jadids
Full text linkIntellectual and moral education has long been central to pedagogical systems across civilizations, particularly in Eastern traditions where spiritual, ethical, and intellectual development are deeply interconnected. In Uzbekistan, the teachings of prominent Eastern thinkers, national heroes, and Jadids have significantly shaped the intellectual formation of the youth. These figures emphasized the holistic development of the individual—spiritually, morally, and mentally—through education. Although these teachings are recognized historically, their comprehensive pedagogical methodologies and practical applications in modern intellectual education have not been thoroughly analyzed within a unified framework. This article aims to investigate and systematize the educational views of key figures such as Abu Ali ibn Sina, Pahlavon Mahmud, and Mahmudkhoja Behbudiy, focusing on their contributions to the development of intellectual and moral thought among youth. The study reveals that these thinkers emphasized core principles such as self-knowledge, moral discipline, group learning, experiential engagement, and national service. Their methods included early habituation, emotional engagement in learning, and integration of spiritual ideals with practical skills. The article provides a rare synthesis of pedagogical insights from historical sources such as the Avesta, Ibn Sina’s treatises, Sufi literature, and Jadid reformist texts, showing how these diverse perspectives converge into a coherent model of intellectual upbringing. These teachings offer enduring value for contemporary education, particularly in shaping character, critical thinking, and civic responsibility. Their integration into educational practice can contribute to the cultivation of well-rounded individuals committed to both personal and societal development
Contemporary Means Of Proof In Islamic Jurisprudence
Full text linkIslam took great care to preserve the rights of individuals, eliminate injustice, and prevent some people from transgressing against others. Because of this, it appointed judges to rule fairly among people in their disputes. Islamic law has shown the methods of proof that the judge must rely on in his rulings. These methods include those on which Muslim jurists have agreed, and those on which they have differed among themselves, and those on which Muslim jurists have differed (may God be pleased with those who have passed away and protect those who remain). Judgment based on circumstantial evidence, and in this research, we will try to show what the jurists see in the Qur’anic verse: is it suitable to be a method of proof? And if we say that, then in what case and field is it used? Is it in all types of cases, or is it specific to a specific type of case in which circumstantial evidence may not be used in any other case
The Triangle of Struggle: Violence, Disempowerment, and the Reality of Daily Life for Iraqi Women
Full text linkIraqi women have lived for decades under cycles of war, sanctions, dictatorship, and fragile democracy. While much scholarship has presented them as either resilient survivors or passive victims, less attention has been given to what women themselves identify as their most pressing daily struggles. This study investigates Iraqi women’s own perspectives, focusing on the struggles they named when directly asked about their biggest daily problems. By centering their voices, the paper aims to move beyond symbolic representations and document the lived realities of disempowerment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 Iraqi women aged 20–75 between September 2023 and March 2024, across Baghdad, Basra, Najaf, and semi-rural towns. Data were analyzed thematically, leading to the development of a “triangle of struggle” model. Ethical safeguards and anonymity were maintained in line with institutional approval. The findings reveal a triangular structure of struggle: violence at the apex, with harassment, tribalism and insecurity, regression, and daily burdens forming its base. Violence was reported as pervasive, while harassment restricted mobility, tribal dominance weakened legal protections, regression reflected fragile institutions, and daily burdens highlighted unemployment and exhaustion. These interconnected struggles reinforce cycles of fear and fatigue
On The Settlement Agricultural Culture Of Ustrushana In The Archaic And Ancient Periods
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This article describes the local characteristics of the sedentary farming culture that emerged in the central part of “Ancient Ustrushona” in the 7th-6th centuries BC, developed from antiquity and reached a high level in the future, the influence of the Fergana and Sughd agrarian economy, the occurrence of settlement processes in the initial rural areas, the emergence of the Nurtepa culture and its spread to the foothills and lower reaches of relatively fast water sources such as Khojamushkentsay and Shorbulaksay, and new information is provided about the cities that emerged in the western regions of the country in antiquity
History Writing In India During The Period Of Temurids
Full text linkThis study examines the development of Persian historiography in India during the Timurid (Babur) and early Baburid periods, emphasizing the critical role played by the Timurid rulers in fostering historical writing. The historiographical tradition in India predates the Timurids, drawing on oral narratives, religious texts, and epic literature such as the Vedas, Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Jātaka, Hitopadeśa, and Pañcatantra. However, it was the arrival of Zahir al-Dīn Muḥammad Bābur and his descendants that catalyzed a systematic and sustained historiographical culture. Bābur’s Bāburnāma, written in Turkic and translated into Persian, not only provided a detailed narrative of political, social, and natural-geographical realities but also laid the foundation for the autobiographical approach in Indo-Persian historical writing. Subsequent historians and translators, including Gulbadan Begum, Abū’l-Fażl ʿAllāmī, Bayāzid Bayāt, and others developed upon Bābur’s legacy, producing seminal works such as the Humāyūnnāma, Akbarnāma, and Āʾīn-i Akbarī. Under the patronage of Akbar, Jahāngīr, Shāh Jahān, and Aurangzeb, translation activity flourished, incorporating texts from Sanskrit, Arabic, into Persian historiography. This facilitated a synthesis of political, cultural, and natural knowledge in historical writing. The study demonstrates that the Timurid rulers’ encouragement of historiography had a long-lasting impact on India’s cultural and literary landscape. By fostering the production, translation, and patronage of historical texts, they secured an enduring place in the evolution of Persian literature in India, particularly in historiography, shaping both methodology and content for subsequent generations.
 
Outlines Of Al-Farabi’s Philosophical Views
Full text linkThis article provides a comprehensive analysis of the philosophical views of Abu Nasr al-Farabi, one of the greatest thinkers of the early medieval Eastern Renaissance. It examines how al-Farabi deeply assimilated the philosophical heritage of ancient Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle and harmonized it with Eastern philosophical thought. The article highlights his ideas on logic, epistemology, ethics, legislation, state governance, human education, and spiritual perfection. Special attention is given to al-Farabi’s interpretation of knowledge and reason as the fundamental driving forces of social development, as well as his views on the rule of law, the construction of a just society, and the perfection of the human soul and intellect. The article also reveals the theoretical and practical significance of al-Farabi’s intellectual legacy in the context of contemporary Uzbekistan and in the implementation of the ideas of the Third Renaissance
About the Place of Ustrushona in the Political System of the Kang' Confederation, Administration and Military Affairs
Full text linkThis article provides information on the place of Ustrushona in the political system of the Kang confederation, management and military affairs based on written and archaeological materials. During the Kang' period, the administration of Ustrushona was left under the authority of local governors, who seem to have paid regular taxes (boj) to the central government under the control of tudans appointed by the governor. The mention of Ustrushona as an independent province in Chinese sources indicates that Ustrushona had an internal administration during the Kang period. Most of the burial mounds studied in Ustrushona belong to the Kang era. In some graves in burial mounds of this period, the dead were buried "fully armed" with weapons of war next to them. Based on this information, the authors tried to justify the fact that there was an internal administration in Ustrushona and the development of the military sector
Archaeological Research Carried Out at the Dabusia Monument
Full text linkThe Dabusia monument, located in the western part of the Central Sughd, is distinguished by the fact that it has a lot of cultural layers within the Sughd monuments
Navruz: Customs and Ceremonies
Full text linkIn this article, the history and evolution of Navruz, the traditions and ceremonies of the Uzbek people of the Fergana Valley such as khudoyi (alms or sacrifices made for the memory of the deceased or for deliverance from an affliction), qozon tuldi (cauldron filled), uy kutarish (house raising), cooking sumalak, making various predictions and prophecies about the following year, girls’ swinging, spectacles in parks, “first day magic”, and plowing with an ox drawn plow, which are held on the eve of the holiday and after it, are described