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Tenir la ligne : les conditions sociales du travail de mise en cohérence de soi
No full textDossier : Tenir la ligneInternational audienceSocial science researchers often encounter individuals who can articulate a highly developed discourse about their lifestyle, which they frame as being centered around a “line” of political or religious conduct. This volume revisits the process through which these respondents work to achieve coherence in their lives, drawing on the tools of dispositional sociology. The focus is specifically on the socialization processes that shape this work of self-coherence, considering both the institutions that facilitate this process and the dispositions that enable self-reformation – what these dispositions entail and how they are developed. This introduction first highlights the social exceptionalism of these intense commitments to “being coherent”, and examines how the studies in this volume address both the reorganization of individual practices and the rationalizations behind them. Four key dimensions are explored in greater depth: the various forms of institutional “envelopment” experienced by those striving for coherence; the personal work they undertake to achieve it; the social and professional contexts in which they are situated; and the crises and adjustments that punctuate their commitment.La investigación en ciencias sociales se topa a veces con individuos capaces de hablar muy elaboradamente de su estilo de vida, que presentan como orientado en torno a una «línea» de conducta política o religiosa. Mediante herramientas de la sociología disposicionalista, este dossier propone revisitar el trabajo que realizan los sujetos investigados para lograr una coherencia. Más concretamente, nos interesan las socializaciones que presiden el trabajo para lograr una coherencia de sí mismo, tanto desde el punto de vista de las instancias (qué instituciones socializan en este trabajo) como de las disposiciones favorables a esta reforma de uno mismo (en qué consisten y cómo se constituyen estas disposiciones). Primero, esta introducción examina la excepcionalidad social de estos intensos compromisos para «ser coherentes» y el modo en que las investigaciones de este dossier se interesan tanto en la reorganización de las prácticas individuales como en sus racionalizaciones. A continuación, se profundiza en cuatro dimensiones: las distintas formas de «envolvimiento» institucional de los individuos que aspiran a la coherencia; el trabajo que realizan en sí mismos; sus entornos y sus propiedades sociales y profesionales; y las crisis y reajustes que marcan su compromiso.Les enquêtes de sciences sociales rencontrent parfois des individus capables de tenir un discours très élaboré sur leur mode de vie, qu’ils et elles présentent comme orienté autour d’une « ligne » de conduite politique ou religieuse. Ce dossier propose de revisiter le travail de mise en cohérence que mettent en place ces enquêté∙es à partir des outils de la sociologie dispositionnaliste. Il s’agit plus particulièrement de s’intéresser aux socialisations qui président au travail de mise en cohérence de soi, tant du point de vue des instances (quelles institutions socialisent à ce travail) que des dispositions favorables à cette réforme de soi (en quoi consistent ces dispositions et comment elles se constituent). Cette introduction revient d’abord sur l’exceptionnalité sociale de ces engagements intenses à « être cohérent » et sur la façon dont les enquêtes du dossier s’intéressent à la fois au réagencement des pratiques individuelles et à leurs rationalisations. Quatre dimensions sont ensuite approfondies : les formes variées d’« enveloppement » institutionnel des individus aspirant à la cohérence ; le travail de soi qu’ils et elles mettent en œuvre ; leurs entourages et leurs propriétés sociales et professionnelles ; les crises et les réajustements qui émaillent leur engagement
Contribution of Addictovigilance data to assess adverse‐events linked to psychoactive substances in children and adolescents
No full textInternational audienceAims: We sought to characterize adverse events and deaths associated with the use of psychoactive substances in children and adolescents.Methods: Two French Addictovigilance databases were analysed: spontaneous reports and deaths over the period 2016–2021, in subjects aged 10–<18 years. An unsupervised classification was implemented on consumption data (medications or nondrug substances [NDS]) to identify subject clusters.Results: A total of 1544 spontaneous reports were analysed, comprising mainly boys (65.6%), aged on average 16 ± 1 years. Four clusters were identified: The cannabinoids users cluster (n = 597) was typified by the use of cannabis or/and synthetic cannabinoids (95.1%), with psychiatric (67.7%) and digestive disorders (16.7%). The medications/solvents/cannabidiol users cluster (n = 699) was distinguished by the use of medications or NDS including nitrous oxide/cannabidiol, with mainly neurological disorders (46.5%). The polydrug users cluster (n = 177) includes polyusers (98.3%) of NDS and medications. These users mainly have substance use disorders (63.8%). The psychotropic medications users cluster (n = 71) was characterized by the use of psychotropic medications. This cluster appeared to be correlated with psychiatric and organic disorders. The death database recorded 44 deaths, mainly in boys (61.4%) aged over 15 years. The main substances involved in the deaths were NDS (70.5%) and methadone. In 68.2% of cases, a single substance was responsible for the death.Conclusion: The adverse events related to the abuse of psychoactive substances identified in children and adolescents and the emerging signals show the need for increased surveillance and the implementation of prevention campaigns adapted to each group of consumers
Du saucisson aux miettes : les réformes de la responsabilité civile
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Existe-t-il un retour à la moyenne sur les marchés financiers des PECO après les crises ?
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Nanosecond Pulsed DBD for CH4 and CO2 Transformation into Value-added Chemicals: a Parametric Study
No full textInternational audienceCH4 reforming with CO2 was investigated using nanosecond pulsed DBD plasma, focusing on pulse parameters (pulse width and repetition frequency), discharge power, residence time and molar ratios on reaction performance. Furthermore, the impact of oxygen addition to the feed gas mixture was evaluated. At a constant power of 16 W and flow rate of 40 ml. min(-1), the increase in pulse width from 150 ns to 175 ns enhanced CH4 conversion from 18.6 to 21.1%, while CO2 conversion remained relatively stable, around 8.0%. Notably, the selectivity of products remained constant despite these changes, the main product being CO with a selectivity close to 50%. Increasing the frequency resulted in improved conversions, with optimal CO2 and CH4 conversions of 8.0% and 21.1%, respectively at 10 kHz. Methanol was identified with a low selectivity of 1.8% at 10 kHz. By varying the oxygen percentage, a marked shift in product selectivity from hydrocarbons to CO was observed. At 20% oxygen content in the feed gas, a CO selectivity of nearly 85% was achieved, with a methane conversion of 33.1%. Nanosecond pulsed plasma discharge with O-2 favors the partial oxidation of methane. A study of the effect of residence time revealed significant differences in reaction pathways between oxygen-free and oxygen-containing mixtures. Without oxygen, propane emerges as a primary reaction product when using a pure mixture of CH4 and CO2. However, when oxygen is present, the formation pathway for propane changes, with ethane serving as an intermediate. To our knowledge, this has never been reported in the literature
Program Synthesis for Geometric Modeling
No full textInternational audienceImplementing geometric modeling operations in a programming language can be inherently challenging despite their seemingly simple input-to-output descriptions. We propose a program synthesis method to generate executable code from representative examples. We focus on geometric computations in topology-based modeling, where nD objects are decomposed into cells with added geometric information. This domain uses combinatorial structures represented as graphs, with operations formalized as graph transformation rules and geometric modifications given by code-like annotations on the rule's graph nodes
A partial skeleton of Metaxytherium medium from the middle Miocene of La Morfassière quarry (Indre-et-Loire, France)
No full textInternational audienceSirenians are among the common marine fossil remains found in the Faluns deposits of western France. We describe new material of a Dugongidae sirenian from the middle Miocene Savignean facies of La Morfassière quarry (Indre-et-Loire, northwestern France) that includes a well preserved and almost complete skull associated with its mandible, several vertebrae and ribs. The cranial remains exhibit features that allow to attribute them to Metaxytherium medium, a species recorded from the middle and early late Miocene of European and Mediterranean coasts. The discovery of an associated skull and mandible of this species is unusual in this area and deserves to be reported, mostly because its preservation contributes to a better knowledge of the variable structure of its skull and teeth anatomy. For the first time the body size and weight of M. medium can be assessed through regression equations based on skull measurements. The particularly good condition of the material can be explained by the calm and deep marine environment in which it was deposited
Introduction
No full textInternational audienceAu sein de la littérature occidentale, on a rapidement perçu dans la picaresque une « tradition historiquement et géographiquement délimitée »1 propre à l’Espagne du Siècle d’or, un genre à part quasiment sans précédent. À cette idée reçue, de récentes études viennent rappeler l’importance des origines apuléiennes et lucianesques de cette formule narrative « neuve ». Le gueux à l’esprit madré semble bien ainsi le fils prodigue des Anciens. Ne faudrait-il pas, dès lors, prolonger la réflexion et reconsidérer à tout le moins le cliché scientifique qui voit dans ce personnage le parfait exemple (dissident) du héros de la Renaissance ? Le Moyen Âge n’a-t-il pas participé lui aussi à l’engendrement de l’aigrefin ? Du reste, sur la péninsule Ibérique, qui vit naître Lazarillo sur les rives du Tormès, il ne serait pas surprenant de voir affleurer quelques racines qui durent marquer de leur empreinte les vicissitudes de cet anti-héros propre à la première modernité. Que penser, en effet, de l’influent personnage de l’insubordonné qui, se positionnant contre le monarque ou contre ses différents bras institutionnels, a trouvé de nombreux échos ? Le Cid Campeador, dont s’inspira Corneille en France, est certainement l’une des figures les plus marquantes du Moyen Âge sud-européen, dans la continuité d’Achille contre Agamemnon et, plus proche de lui, de Renaud de Montauban contre Charlemagne
Triboelectric charging properties of ABS and PS granules with different concentration of Brominated flame retardants
No full textInternational audienceWaste plastics are a significant source of pollution as they contain substances identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). These substances are added to many polymer materials to comply with safety flammability standards, to enhance their fire resistance, delay ignition, slow the spread of fire, or delay the time of flashover. BFRs are released from plastic materials into the environment during use, disposal, and recycling; they require careful management to reduce the risks associated with their dangerous nature for human health. Among the plastics found in WEEE, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polystyrene (PS) are the most prevalent, as their excellent insulating and mechanical properties render them essential for the electrical and electronic equipment sector. However, their high flammability makes them particularly targeted for the addition of high levels of BFRs to enhance their fire resistance and comply with safety standards. Moreover, their similar surface properties and close mass density values significantly limit wet separation methods, such as density and flotation methods. In this case, tribo-electrostatic separation might be a low-cost, low-polluting solution that can preserve the original properties of plastic. Tribo-electrostatic separation was chosen over wet methods because it is a dry process that requires no chemical pretreatment, no expensive wetting reagents, and also eliminates wastewater treatment issues. This method exploits the differences in triboelectric properties of ABS and PS, enabling their separation without altering their chemical structure, which is critical for preserving recyclability. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of the presence of BFR with different concentrations in ABS and PS materials on their triboelectric charging characteristic and triboelectrostatic separation process of brominated ABS and PS particles. The tribocharging properties of brominated plastic particles were studied by a fluidized bed tribocharger. The brominated polymers used in the tribocharging experiments were BFR-free ABS, 0.23 % BFR ABS, 4.6 % BFR ABS, BFR-free PS, 0.23 % BFR PS, and 4.6 % BFR PS, produced by CRITT France, using hexabromobenzene as a model of BFR. In the first part of the experiments, this work investigated the influence of the tribocharger wall material, the triboelectric behavior of BFR ABS and PS plastics, their charge density evolution over time, and finally the effect of tribocharging duration. In the second part of the experiments, tribo-electrostatic separation tests were conducted on different mixtures (BFR-free ABS/BFR-free PS, 4.6 % BFR ABS/4.6 % BFR PS, etc.)