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A Comprehensive Review of Life Cycle Assessments for Domestic Heat Pumps: Environmental Footprint and Future Directions
No full textInternational audienceWith the growing need for economical and energy-efficient space heating solutions in residential buildings, heat pumps have emerged as a promising alternative for domestic heating systems. Heat pumps are a key piece of equipment in the global shift to a safe and sustainable heating technology. This review presents a thorough analysis and synthesis of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on domestic heat pumps and commences with the basic ideas behind heat pump technology as well as the need for LCAs in determining the technology’s environmental impact This review systematically addresses several aspects, it (i) examines the existing literature on LCAs conducted for domestic heat pumps, aiming to assess their environmental effect across their life cycle stages; (ii) discusses the key environmental indicators and parameters commonly assessed in LCAs for domestic heat pumps; (iii) states the challenges, limitations, and restrictions in conducting LCAs for these systems. Due to the missing data and inconsistency of relevant parameters such as functional units, refrigerants, electricity mix, and others, this investigation highlights the necessity for standardized methodologies and data quality refinements, which should account for electricity mix variability, refrigerant leakage, and relevant performance metrics. Conducting a comprehensive review of LCA studies over the last two decades offers this study a novelty in identifying inconsistencies in key assessment criteria and proposes a structured approach to standardizing LCA methodologies for heat pumps. This offers recommendations for future research directions to support the development of sustainable heating technologies in residential structures. In conclusion, the LCA conducted on heat pumps reveals valuable insights into their environmental impact across various stages. Moreover, the findings of this LCA contribute to the broader discussion on eco-friendly and energy-efficient residential heating solutions
Entretien avec Jean-François Thémines par Anne Glaudel. Parcours de recherche et didactique de la géographie
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Four years of study by an expert group on truncal acne: where are we now?
No full textInternational audienceUntil recently, interest in truncal acne has been low, resulting in only a small amount of published data, focussing mainly on therapeutic options previously developed for facial acne. This report provides a summary of the work carried out since 2020 on truncal acne by a group of experts in acne. The expert group reviewed their own studies as well as more recently published articles on truncal acne and its management in daily clinical practice. The experts produced four publications dating from 2020 onwards on the different issues regarding truncal acne, ranging from physiopathology, aetiology, assessment of severity, and treatment to quality of life in adolescents. Since these studies began, six other publications on truncal acne have been published. Of these, four concern investigative data on clascoterone, sarecyline and a dermocosmetic; one is a review on the management of truncal acne and acne scars, and one is an update of the American acne treatment guidelines. Moreover, the authors confirmed that interest in truncal acne has significantly increased over recent years and that new treatment options for truncal acne are either being developed or are already available. Truncal acne has significantly gained interest over recent years, and novel assessment tools and treatments are available to manage this condition efficiently. However, international treatment guidelines require updating, considering the importance of truncal acne
Evaluating the Transfer of Surgical Skills from Simulation on Synthetic Bone to Cadaveric Bone Osteosynthesis
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Surgical simulation in traumatology requires validation to evaluate the technical skills acquired on synthetic bones. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of simulation-based training using synthetic bones on learners' technical skills and radiographic outcomes.Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that learners trained using simulation on synthetic bones would perform better than those without such training.Method: Sixteen learners (10 residents and 6 medical students) were randomized into two groups: Simulation and Control. The Simulation group received training on synthetic bones through modules focusing on \"Olecranon\" and \"Humerus\" osteosynthesis. Technical skills were evaluated on cadaveric specimens by blinded assessors using the OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill) score and a dedicated radiological score.Results: For the \"Olecranon\" module, the Simulation group achieved a median OSATS score of 88, compared to 74 in the Control group (p = 0.313). In the resident subgroup, the OSATS score was significantly higher than in the Simulation group (90 vs. 77.6; p = 0.017). The median radiological score was also significantly higher in the Simulation group (76 vs. 56; p = 0.038). For the \"Humerus\" module, no significant differences were observed between the groups for the OSATS score (82.7 vs 63.4; p = 0.216) or the radiological score (55.5 vs. 52.8; p = 0.058).Conclusion: Simulation-based training on synthetic bones improved technical skills for olecranon osteosynthesis in residents but did not demonstrate similar efficacy for humeral diaphysis osteosynthesis, which may require more advanced simulation models incorporating soft tissues.Level of evidence: III
Chlordecone in indoor dust and associated human exposure in the French West Indies
No full textChlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine pesticide with various toxicities, widely used from 1972 to 1993 in the French West Indies lands (FWI, Guadeloupe and Martinique). It can remain in environment leading to indoor contamination by pollutants coming from outside. Therefore, investigating indoor pollutants is necessary due to the potential indoor dust ingestion though hand-to-mouth contact, in particular for children. No chemical analytical methods measure CLD in indoor dust and we propose to investigate its presence in this specific compartment, in Martinique. CLD was analyzed from dust samples taken from homes and schools (n=47). Pressure liquid extraction (PLE) with the most suitable mixture solvent of hexane and ethyl acetate (85:15) allowed to extract CLD from dust followed with gas chromatography coupled to tandem spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) analysis. A sampled mass of 25 mg optimal for analysis.. Concentrations of CLD in indoor dust varied from < 16 to 247 ng/g. Exposure to CLD through indoor dust ingestion was assessed too and does not exceed 1.5% and 0.1%, of the acceptable daily intake, in childrens and adults, respectively. However, this exploratory study was conducted on a very limited number of dust samples, not representative of the French West Indies population.</div
Quand les associations expérimentent : les dynamiques relationnelles locales à l’épreuve des appels à projets. Le cas du PIC La Locomotive
No full textInternational audienceThe article examines the effects of project calls on associations and the local relational dynamics in which they operate. It explores the concrete translation of injunctions to networking and multi-partnership collaboration. The case of an experiment conducted within the framework of the 100% Inclusion Skills Investment Plan, led by a community social center, illustrates the complexity and ambivalence of the territorial effects of call for projects. Based on three years of participant observation, quantitative data on the individuals supported, and thirty-eight semi-structured interviews with consortium members, the article provides a detailed portrait of the relational dynamics generated and transformed by the widespread use of call for projects in a newly formed rural municipality in Maine-et-Loire (western France). While the institutional logics behind call for projects are already well documented, this article approaches them from the perspective of how associations experience and navigate them. It highlights how consortium-based projects can strengthen local networks but also produce detrimental effects, placing associations in situations of dependence and/or competition. The analysis of the case study particularly emphasizes the refining processes at play among partners, where competition and cooperation intertwine.L’article interroge les effets des appels à projets (AAP) sur les associations et sur les dynamiques relationnelles locales dans lesquelles elles s’inscrivent. Il questionne la traduction concrète des injonctions à la mise en réseau et au multipartenariat. Le cas d’une expérimentation conduite dans le cadre du Plan d’investissement dans les compétences 100 % Inclusion et portée par un centre social associatif illustre la complexité et l’ambivalence des effets territoriaux des AAP. À partir de trois années d’observation participante, de données quantitatives sur les personnes accompagnées ainsi que de trente-huit entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec des membres du consortium, l’article dresse un portrait précis des dynamiques relationnelles suscitées et transformées par la généralisation des AAP dans une commune nouvelle, rurale, du Maine-et-Loire. Alors que les logiques institutionnelles dont résultent les AAP sont déjà richement documentées, l’article appréhende les AAP à partir de ce qu’en vivent et en font les associations. Il expose comment ces projets en consortium peuvent renforcer les réseaux locaux, mais génèrent aussi des effets pernicieux et positionnent les associations en situation de dépendance et/ou de concurrence. À partir du cas étudié, la réflexion met notamment en avant des logiques de raffinage à l’œuvre entre les partenaires, quand concurrence et coopération s’entremêlent
Short‐term effects of food waste composts on physicochemical soil quality and horticultural crop production
No full textInternational audienceAimComposts made from food waste will soon become more widespread on the market thanks to the upcoming enforcement of the legal obligation to sort biowaste. Our experiment aims at improving knowledge on the short-term effects of these composts on soils’ physicochemical properties and vegetable crops.MethodsThree composts with contrasting characteristics were tested: a 100% v/v green waste compost (C1), and two composts composed of 50% v/v food waste and 50% v/v green waste, one prepared directly on the soil (C2) and the other from a competing producer who have the French NFU 44-051 (AFNOR NF U 44-051, 2006) certification for an organic amendment (C3). They were applied at a rate of 100 t ha−1 (dry matter) on two cropped soils with contrasting textures. Soil-and-compost mixes and compost-free soil were planted with lettuce, radish, and potato.ResultsSeventy-four days after planting, composts improved some soil physicochemical properties. The compost-amended soils had better saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks, 1 10−3–2.5 10−3 cm s−1) than the compost-free soil (0.5 10−3 cm s−1), and water-stable aggregates were higher than the initial value in C3 soil, equal to it in C2 soil, and lower in C1 soil. pH, total nitrogen, and organic carbon increased in all compost-amended soils. Food waste compost stimulated crop production. The yields (dry matter) of all three crops were two to three times higher in the two soils amended with food waste compost compared to unamended soil, whereas they decreased almost two times in the soil amended with green waste compost due to nitrogen immobilization. Trace metals (particularly Pb and Cd) added by the composts, although present in edible parts of the plants, did not exceed the European rules for trace metals.ConclusionThus, food waste composts have positive effects on soils and vegetable crops, and the higher their organic matter content, the higher these positive effects
GDS (Global Distribution System): The development of mass tourism required the support of a modern distribution system built to meet the demands of the new globalized markets. The air transport and hotel industries in particular were early and active users of industrial logics through intensive distribution strategies.This transformation of distribution channels has been particularly facilitated by network and information technologies. For Clergeau and Maghrobi (2016), these technologies have radically altered the “tourism industry”. This transformation has also resulted in greater choice for the consumer, as well as increased competition for distribution players (O'Connor and Frew, 2002; Buhalis and O'Connor, 2005; Granados et al, 2008; Longhi, 2008). It is in this historical context that the GDS must be approached and studied.
No full textLe développement du tourisme de masse nécessitait l’appui d’un système de distribution moderne construit pour répondre à la demande des nouveaux marchés mondialisés. C’est ainsi que le transport aérien et l’hôtellerie en particulier ont été des utilisateurs précoces et actifs des logiques industrielles à travers des stratégies de distribution intensive
