HAL Collection UNC (Univ. de la Nouvelle Calédonie)
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Révolutionnaire ? Une mise en contexte de l'Avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de justice rendu le 23 juillet 2025 sur les obligations des Etats en matière de changement climatique
No full textOn 23 July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a landmark advisory opinion on States' obligations in relation to climate change. This opinion, hailed as a major step forward, affirms that the violation of these obligations constitutes an internationally wrongful act, engaging the responsibility of States. It also introduces an intergenerational dimension, recognising the rights of future generations, and stresses the need for enhanced international cooperation.However, the author offers a critical context of this opinion, highlighting two essential points:Public international law is a complex field, marked by ancient history, opposing theoretical foundations (jusnaturalism vs. positivism), and ideological contestations (Marxists, Third Worldists, etc.). It is based on the sovereignty of States, which limits its effectiveness.The ICJ, although the principal judicial organ of the UN, cannot impose its decisions without the consent of states. Its role is more influential than binding, and its advisory opinions, although not mandatory, can guide legal and policy practices.The ICJ's opinion is therefore remarkable but not revolutionary. It illustrates the limits of international law in the fight against climate change, while strengthening its role as a moral and legal guide for states and national jurisdictions.Le 23 juillet 2025, la Cour internationale de justice (CIJ) a rendu un avis consultatif historique sur les obligations des États en matière de changement climatique. Cet avis, salué comme une avancée majeure, affirme que la violation de ces obligations constitue un fait internationalement illicite, engageant la responsabilité des États. Il introduit également une dimension intergénérationnelle, reconnaissant les droits des générations futures, et insiste sur la nécessité d’une coopération internationale renforcée.Cependant, l’auteure propose une mise en contexte critique de cet avis, en soulignant deux points essentiels :1.Le droit international public est un domaine complexe, marqué par une histoire ancienne, des fondements théoriques opposés (jusnaturalisme vs positivisme), et des contestations idéologiques (marxistes, tiers-mondistes, etc.). Il repose sur la souveraineté des États, ce qui limite son effectivité.2.La CIJ, bien qu’organe judiciaire principal de l’ONU, ne peut imposer ses décisions sans le consentement des États. Son rôle est davantage influenciel que contraignant, et ses avis consultatifs, bien que non obligatoires, peuvent orienter les pratiques juridiques et politiques.L’avis de la CIJ est donc remarquable mais non révolutionnaire. Il illustre les limites du droit international dans la lutte contre le changement climatique, tout en renforçant son rôle de guide moral et juridique pour les États et les juridictions nationales
Limitations of α-acoustic diversity indices in assessing invertebrate sounds in coral reefs
No full textInternational audienceAcoustic indices were developed to monitor aerial/terrestrial soundscapes. However, recent studies have revealed they can be unsuitable for inferring marine fish sound diversity. Less is understood about their use for benthic invertebrate sounds. This study aims to investigate the relationship between 13 indices and snap rates in altiphotic and mesophotic coral reefs. Data from five Polynesian islands were used. We assessed the impact of odontocetes sounds, inter-site variations, and ambient noise levels (partly attributable to distant benthic invertebrate sounds) on the indices. Most indices exhibited correlations with odontocetes vocal activity. Several indices (e.g. ACI, AEI, and H) exhibited different behaviours depending on the FFT used. Furthermore, their application may vary based on the targeted spatial scale. Specifically, the temporal entropy and the bioacoustics index, which were primarily affected by the number of snaps with a high signal-to-noise ratio, are suitable for analysing sounds from specimens near the hydrophone. For global biophony, spectral entropy and Gini-Simpson spectral entropy are the most reliable, as they were predominantly influenced by the ambient sound level. Several indices were influenced by depth and inter-site variations. We recommend avoiding such indices and discouraging using indices that yield conflicting results based on settings to facilitate cross-study comparisons
La médecine traditionnelle infantile aux îles Tuamotu (Polynésie française): Analyse bibliographique de l’efficacité et de l’innocuité des plantes utilisées et comparaison avec les pratiques de l’archipel de la Société
No full textInternational audienceBetween the 1960s and 1980s, numerous cases of toxicity related to the use of traditional medicine in children in French Polynesia were reported. More recently, in 2016, a case wasreported in a 16-month-old child. In the literature, practices related to Polynesian pharmacopoeia were described in the seminal works of Paul Pétard. However, recent writingsconcerning children are rare and specific to the Marquesas and Society Islands. In addition, no data are available concerning the efficacy and safety of traditional remedies. The objective of this study was therefore to identify traditional practices used to treat and prevent childhood diseases in the Tuamotu Islands, to compare them with those of the Society Islands and to assess their benefit-risk balance. Thus, a survey was carried out from February to March 2023 in five islands of the Tuamotu archipelago (Anaa, Makemo, Rangiroa, Tikehau and Fakarava) with a total of 81 informants interviewed. Overall, 64 plants belonging to 42 botanical families were identified to treat a set of 50 childhood illnesses. This study highlights the wealth of traditional remedies used among children in the Tuamotu Islands, and the similarity of the practices and products used with those of the Society IslandsEntre les années 1960 et 1980, de nombreux cas de toxicité liés à l’utilisation de la médecine traditionnelle chez les enfants en Polynésie française ont été rapportés. Plus récemment, en2016, un cas a été signalé chez un enfant de 16 mois. Dans la littérature, les pratiques liées à la pharmacopée polynésienne ont été décrites dans les travaux fondateurs de Paul Pétard. Cependant, les écrits récents concernant les enfants sont rares et spécifiques aux archipels des Marquises et de la Société. De plus, aucune donnée n’est disponible concernant l’efficacité et la sécurité des remèdes traditionnels. L’objectif de cette étude était donc d’identifier les pratiquestraditionnelles utilisées pour traiter et prévenir les maladies infantiles aux îles Tuamotu, de les comparer avec celles des îles de la Société et d’évaluer leur balance bénéfice-risque. Ainsi,une enquête a été réalisée de février à mars 2023 dans cinq îles de l’archipel des Tuamotu (Anaa, Makemo, Rangiroa, Tikehau et Fakarava) avec, au total, 81 informateurs interrogés. Dans l’ensemble, 64 plantes appartenant à 42 familles botaniques ont été recensées pour traiter un ensemble de 50 maladies infantiles. Cette étude met en avant la richesse des remèdes traditionnels utilisés chez les enfants dans les îles Tuamotu, et la similarité des pratiques et produits utilisés avec ceux des îles de la Société
Swimming over underwater habitats
No full textWhen it comes to environmental observation, data is often lacking. To assess the health of coastal ecosystems, we need better monitoring of variations in shallow ocean habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass bed
A parametric model to explain isotopic richness
No full textInternational audience1. Behavioral and feeding flexibility are crucial components of the adaptive capacity of species regarding environmental change. Understanding the individual variety of behaviour remains a key issue in conservation practice, with difficulties in measuring this variability continuously and linking it to biotic or environmental covariates.2. In this article, we propose a parametric statistical approach to construct and explain isotopic richness, as seen as a component of dietary behavioral diversity. We place ourselves in the framework of trait probability density and assume an explicit parametric model on our data. 3. Our goal is to maintain ecological relevance and interpretability throughout our modelling process. We draw on quantile regression to propose a model with minimal assumptions on the data. We are less interested in a point-by-point estimate of isotopic signature than in accurately predicting their variation. As a consequence, we develop a validation criterion allowing our parametric model to fit our stable isotopes data, in the sense of a similarity of distributions. A detailed algorithm is proposed to describe our procedure. 4. We apply our methodology to real stable isotopes data from a dataset of New Caledonian coral reef fish. We can exhibit the effect of the interaction of diet and reef state on the variability of both Carbon and Nitrogen isotopic signatures. This illustration also shows some adequacy between known ecological results and the output of our model, by, for example, demonstrating an increase in trophic diversity for herbivore-detritivores and a decrease in trophic diversity for corallivores in a degraded coral reef. Our model could be applied to other behaviors, such as habitat selection or home range estimation
Epigenetic biomarkers of thermotolerance: a pathway for coral conservation
No full text1er prix posterInternational audienc
'Can One Be Kanak to Interview Kanak ?' A Look Back at the Conditions of an Endogenous Research in a Territory Going Through Decolonisation
No full textInternational audienc
Native tropical forest species regeneration in non-native eucalyptus tree plantations along the agricultural landscapes of south-eastern Malagasy highlands
No full textThe plantation of fast-growing exotic species is an increasing phenomenon in tropical regions, with eucalyptus being the most prevalent species. Eucalyptus plantations (EP) have the potential to facilitate the regeneration of native species; however, in some cases, they may also hinder this process. The factors influencing the effects of EP on the regeneration of native species remain poorly understood. This study aims to identify the conditions that make these plantations favorable or unfavorable for the regeneration of native species.We investigated EP in agricultural landscapes in the south-eastern Malagasy highlands, located at the edge of dense rainforest. Floristic surveys were conducted in 20 EP situated at varying distances from natural forest fragments (near950?m in savannah). The understory of EP was characterised by a high abundance of native species. However, they were found to be more abundant and diverse in the intermediatestory of EP located near natural forest fragments. These native species are still in the early stages of plant succession, as they have essentially occupied the understory of the EP and contribute minimally to the basal area. The basal areas of native species in EP sites adjacent to natural forests are, in fact, comparable to those found in 0-5-year-old slash-and-burn fallows, which also occur on the periphery of natural forests. EP established in savannahs away from natural forests can act as catalysts for the natural regeneration of native species that would not occur without them. Conversely, EP on the edge of or within natural forests slow down the natural regeneration of native species, which would develop more rapidly in their absence. This study emphasises the significance of landscape spatial context in optimising the role of EP in the conservation and restoration of tropical forest ecosystems
The contributions of coastal small-scale fisheries toward the sustainable development goals: a Kenyan Case Study
No full textInternational audienceSmall-scale fisheries (SSFs) contribute significantly to the economies of coastal developing nations, offering employment and food, and supporting sustainable development goals (SDGs). Despite increasing focus on SSFs, data, and knowledge gaps persist in SSFs research and their contribution to SDGs. Ten fisheries were assessed in Kenya for their contributions to 12 SDGs, highlighting different levels of contributions. Small pelagic and shrimp fisheries display higher overall contributions to SDGs, appearing to perform strongly in more SDGs, while handline and octopus fisheries display lower contributions to SDGs. Specific contributions can vary depending on the characteristics of individual fisheries, such as their structures and markets. This study provides valuable insights from an underrepresented part of the world on the under-researched topic of SSFs and SDGs. It also contributes significantly to research on sustainable development in developing coastal nations and highlights gaps and areas for improvement in achieving the SDGs within the context of SSFs