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Incorporation of Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles in 3D-Printed Acrylic Resin: Impact on Mechanical and Physical Properties: An In Vitro Study
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating bioactive glass (BAG) nanoparticles at varying concentrations on the mechanical and physical properties of 3D-printed denture base resin. Specifically, flexural strength, surface roughness, and surface hardness. Methods: Six groups of 3D-printed acrylic resin specimens were studied: one control group (0% BAG) and five experimental groups containing 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% BAG nanoparticles by weight. Flexural strength, surface hardness, and roughness testing were done on 10 specimens. All were digitally planned and 3D printed using SprintRay. XRD, FTIR-ATR, and FESEM were used to characterise the sample. Mechanical testing includes three-point bending for flexural strength, Shore D durometers for surface hardness, and portable roughness testers for surface roughness. Results: Flexural strength did not differ significantly among groups (ANOVA, p = 0.527), with mean values ranging from 130.6 ± 2.4 MPa (control) to 135.5 ± 2.0 MPa (3% BAG). Surface hardness showed significant improvements at 1.5% (89.9 ± 1.2) and 2% (89.9 ± 1.2) compared with the control (88.2 ± 1.6; p = 0.028 and p = 0.020, respectively). Surface roughness decreased progressively with BAG addition, and the 3% group (0.063 ± 0.017 μm) was significantly smoother than both the control (0.134 ± 0.090 μm; p = 0.01) and the 1% group (0.125 ± 0.101 μm; p = 0.014). Conclusions: Incorporating up to 3% BAG nanoparticles into 3D-printed denture base resin can improve surface properties without compromising flexural strength. The concentration between 1.5% and 3% significantly increased the surface hardness and roughness. These advancements imply that BAG-modified resins have the potential to provide advantages such as enhanced clinical longevity and ease of use for prosthetic devices that are manufactured using 3D technology
The Effects of Different Attachment Geometries on Second Molar Uprighting in Clear Aligner Treatment: An In Vitro Study
Full text linkObjective: Investigate the biomechanical impacts of various attachment designs on second molar uprighting, identify optimal geometry, and provide clinical guidelines for clear aligner treatment following first molar loss. Methods: This in vitro study was conducted by using 3D-printed dental models with mesially tilted second molars. Five groups were designed based on attachment geometry: one without attachment, horizontal, inclined attachment, twin alternative, and two vertical. Clear aligners were fabricated and applied to each model to deliver uprighting forces. Pre- and post-treatment tooth positions were measured to a fixed reference point by using CBCT, and changes in mesiodistal inclination, buccolingual inclination, vertical, and mesiodistal distances were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparisons to identify significant differences among groups. Results: The inclined attachment produced the greatest uprighting effect in mesiodistal inclination, indicating superior molar control compared to other geometries. Minimal buccolingual inclination change was observed in the single horizontal and inclined groups, while twin-type attachments showed greater deviation. Vertical positioning was largely maintained across groups, with no statistically significant differences. Mesiodistal distance varied between attachment types, with inclined and horizontal designs showing the greatest reduction. Overall, attachment geometry demonstrated measurable effects on molar movement across multiple dimensions. Conclusions: The inclined attachment showed better performance in second molar uprighting compared with single horizontal, twin, and two vertical attachments. Attachment geometry significantly influences molar control
Comparison of Quality of Root Canal Obturation in Single-Rooted Teeth Performed by Undergraduate Students Using Manual and Rotary Methods (Cross-Sectional Study)
No full textObjective: The study aimed to reveal the influence of different root canal instrumentation methods (manual and rotary) on the features of root canal obturation, as well as determine which method gives the superior quality of obturation. Methods: A total of 165 case sheets of endodontically treated teeth (incisors, canines, and single-rooted premolars) were included in our samples from the outpatients in the University of Sulaimani, College of Dentistry, each with the radiograph of the treated tooth attached to it. The case sheets were separated into manual and rotary groups. The evaluation was done for three parameters (homogeneity, taperness and length of filling material). Results: The results show a statistically significant (p 0.05) relationship between manual and rotary instrumentation regarding all three parameters evaluated. There is a higher ratio of adequate length of filling material, adequate homogeneity, and adequate taperness in rotary instrumentation than in manual instrumentation. Conclusions: This study concludes that rotary NiTi instrumentation improves the quality of root canal obturation regarding the 3 parameters. The findings advocate for the inclusion of rotary NiTi instruments in the undergraduate dental curriculum to enhance endodontic treatment outcomes. In the future, more resources are needed regarding the homogeneity of the obturation by different instrumentation and obturation techniques
Impact of Hot and Cold Drinks on Tensile Strength and Surface Roughness of Thermoformed Clear Aligners: An in vitro Study
Full text linkObjective: To find the influence of hot and cold beverages on the tensile strength and surface roughness of thermoformed clear aligners. Methods: Clear aligner foil (single-layered) and Clear aligner pro+ (multi-layered) sheets were thermoformed on round models using Biostar machine, and 60 rectangular samples (30n per material) were prepared for tensile testing according to the standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting ASTM D882-18 standard; the 30 specimens were divided into six groups: control groups, coffee at 55 55 degrees Celsius (℃), distilled water 55℃, cola 5℃, distilled water 5℃ and distilled water at 37℃ for each material. The ultimate tensile strength of all groups was measured using a universal testing machine, and the surface topography of 30 samples was examined by using atomic force microscopy before and after immersion to find alterations in the surface roughness. The data were evaluated statistically by using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) (P 0.05), followed by Tukey's post hoc for ultimate tensile strength, and Paired t-test (P 0.05) was used for comparing surface roughness before and after immersion for each material. Results: The single-layered aligners had significantly higher tensile strength before and after aging than the multi-layered aligners; no statistically significant differences were found between groups within the same material; both materials showed increased surface roughness in the solutions after aging. Conclusions: The ultimate tensile strength of the aligners remains unaffected by the consumption of hot and cold drinks. However, the surface roughness of the clear aligners deteriorates when exposed to these drinks
Effect of Antimicrobial Pre-Treatment on the Microleakage and Shear Bond Strength of a Self- Adhesive Composite Hybrid Restorative Material: An in vitro Study
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three types of cavity pretreatment disinfectants on the microleakage and shear bond strength (SBS) of the self-adhesive composite hybrid restorative material Surefil One. Methods: Sixty-four sound premolar teeth were utilized for conducting microleakage and shear bond strength experiments, with 32 teeth allocated to each test. The microleakage test was conducted on class V restorations on the buccal surfaces using the dye penetration method after pretreating the cavities before restoration. The SBS test was performed by putting a cylinder of the restoration on the dentin surface, subjected to pretreatment and then subjected to force by a universal testing machine. Each test consisted of 4 groups (n=8): group 1 (control group restoration without pretreatment of the surfaces), group 2 (chlorhexidine “CHX” group) pretreated with 2% chlorhexidine, group 3 (SDF group) pretreated with silver diamine fluoride and group 4 (NaOCl group) pretreated with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Results: No statistically significant differences (p 0.05) between the degree of microleakage and the type of disinfectant were detected in either enamel or cementum. In contrast, SBS showed significant differences between groups. The SDF group showed the highest SBS value, followed by the CHX group. However, for the NaOCl group, the SBS was negatively influenced, and the SBS was much lower than that of the control group. Conclusions: Antimicrobial pretreatment of dental cavities may have different effects on the adhesive properties (microleakage and shear bond strength) of the restorative dental material (self-adhesive hybrid restorative material) ranging from harmful to beneficial effects. None of the applied antimicrobial agents showed a significant effect on the microleakage values, while they showed different significant effects on the SBS values. Although sodium hypochlorite is a potent antimicrobial agent, it is not recommended for disinfecting restoration cavities since it has a negative effect on the SBS values. In contrast, Chlorhexidine solutions and silver diamine fluoride can be safely applied, with the added advantage of increasing the adhesive property of the Surefil One restorative material
The Impact of Oral Health Measures on the Oral Health Condition and Oral Health Related Quality of Life Among Children with Type One Diabetes Mellitus (Case-control study)
Full text linkObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the oral health preventive program and vitamin C administration on oral health and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: A total of 88 diabetic children, aged 8–12 years, attending the pediatric endocrine center of Dr. Jamal Ahmed Rashid Pediatric Hospital in Sulaimani City, were enrolled and randomly assigned into 3 groups: study group 1 (n = 29), with supervised tooth brushing and mouthwash used for oral health care, study group 2 (n = 30), with vitamin C supplement added to the regime, and group 3, a control (n = 29). The oral health condition was recorded and assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), both primary and permanent caries indices (DMFT/dmft), and gingival index (GI). Children's OHRQoL was measured using a validated structured questionnaire. All scores were recorded at the baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months’ duration, while the questionnaire was distributed twice, before and after the implementation of the preventive program. Results: The OHI-S scores significantly decreased in the 1st and 2nd intervention groups (p = 0.002) and (p 0.001), respectively, while there were no significant differences in the control group at the end of the study. The GI parameters showed significant differences in all groups (p = 0.001) with the progression of the study. DMFT scores showed a significant increase for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups. On the other hand, dmft scores showed a significant decrease in all study groups. All groups showed a significant increase in the COHIP-SF 19 scores (p 0.001) for each group at the last visit. Conclusions: The oral health intervention protocol used in the present study showed a significant improvement in the oral health status and a significant impact on OHRQoL
The Oral Health Knowledge and Status among a Group of Medical Institute Students in Sulaimani City/Iraq
Full text linkObjective: This study aims to assess oral health knowledge, practices, and periodontal parameters among medical institute students in Sulaimani City, Iraq. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with the help of a self-administered questionnaire and clinical examination of periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), Bleeding Index (BI) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL)) among (200) medical institute students at Sulaimani City/Iraq. The questionnaire inquired about demographic details of students, which included students’ age and gender, and assessed the students’ knowledge about their oral health care, while the second part was based on oral health practices, with clinical examination conducted for each student by a periodontics specialist. Data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 (IBM Corporation). Results: The results showed that PI and BI with irregular brushing (1.2 (1.18), 12 (17.75), and 27.5 %), respectively, were more prevalent among male students than females, while all students more adopted the combined brushing technique (65.5%). Conclusions: Male students are less aware of their oral hygiene behavior and practice. Oral hygiene awareness programs to help and educate students on the need to adopt the correct techniques for tooth brushing and flossing are required to promote effective dental plaque control in an effort to maintain proper dental hygiene and avoid periodontal diseases
Expression of Syndecan -1 and Cyclin D1 in Salivary Glands Adjacent to Salivary Gland Tumors
Full text linkObjective: Investigating the stain localization, inflammation, pattern of distribution, and stain intensity of syndecan -1 and cyclin D1 in salivary gland tissue bordering different salivary gland tumors.Methods: Twenty-six formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of salivary gland tissue adjacent to previously diagnosed salivary gland tumors were collected and stained with anit-syndecan-1 and anti-cyclin D1 antigens. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, while Spearman s rho test was used to correlate both markers' expressions.Results: This study included 26 patients, six males and twenty females, with a median age of 50. The most prevalent site was the minor salivary gland (14 cases). Syndecan-1 accounted for the majority of cytoplasmic expression in various salivary gland components. Tumor type showed a statistical impact on the marker s expression of both mucous and serous acini, respectively (p=0.000, p=0.010). There was a statistically significant difference in grading of malignancy in the expression of myoepithelial cells (p=0.028), interlobular duct (p=0.005), and serous acini (p=0.023). Cyclin D1 expression was mainly nuclear. A significant relation was found between tumor grading and the marker expression in all salivary gland components. A significant correlation was found between the expression of the two markers.Conclusions: Syndecan-1 and cyclin D1 showed a significant combined expression in salivary tissue adjacent to different salivary gland tumors. This implies an essential influence of molecular changes in the tumor microenvironment and possible future recurrence and metastasis of malignancies. This could highlight the significance of these markers as an indicator of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies
Efficacy of Controlled-Release Combination of Novel Amoxicillin and Metronidazole Nanoparticles in Experimental Periodontitis: An in Vivo Study
Full text linkObjective: This study was formulated to examine the efficacy of a novel gel incorporating nanoparticles of amoxicillin and metronidazole as an adjunctive to periodontal treatment on periodontal clinical parameters. Methods: Fifty-eight healthy male rats were used in the study. The study design includes five groups: Group 1 Baseline (Day 0): normal rats without periodontitis induction or treatment. Group 2: untreated induced periodontitis (IP); Group 3 (negative control): Scaling and root surface debridement (RSD) with chitosan gel: Group 4: Positive control: using the (1.5%) gel of the microparticle combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole; Group 5: Test group: applying the nanoparticle gel (1.5%). Experimental periodontitis was induced by ligating a silk suture around the cervical area of the lower central incisor. Periodontal clinical parameters, including gingival index (GI), alveolar bone level (ABL) (mm), bleeding index (BI), mobility index (MI), and periodontal pocket depth (PPD) (mm), were measured after 2 and 4 weeks. Results: The novel nanoparticle combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole gel significantly improved periodontal clinical parameters of GI (2.33 ± 0.51 to 1 ± 0.63), BI (%) (76.20% ± 1.52 to 43% ± 2.21), MI (2.16 ± 0.40 to 0.66 ± 0.51), and PPD (mm) (0.81 ± 0.049mm to 0.49 ± 0.056mm) at two weeks following IP induction. However, the microparticle combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole only significantly improved MI and PPD (P 0.05). BI, MI, and PPD improved significantly in groups 4 and 5 compared to group 2 at 4 weeks. Conclusions: These study results suggest that the novel nanoparticle gel significantly improved periodontal clinical parameters when used in this therapeutic modality
The Prevalence of Root Resorption in a Sample of Orthodontic Patients Treated in Private Clinics in Sulaimani City/ A Retrospective Study
Full text linkObjective: Root resorption is an inevitable consequence of orthodontic treatment. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of root resorption secondary to orthodontic treatment in private clinics in Sulaimani City, Iraq and to compare the difference in the amount of root resorption between varying teeth, regions of the mouth, and the upper and lower arches in order to lessen or eliminate unsolicited and undue impediments. Methods: Among the 465 cases with available data, treated in private clinics of the participating practitioners, only 92 were fully eligible for study. Pre-operative lateral cephalograms were measured using Eastman Analysis on WebCeph. A customized frame was created on AutoCAD and pre and post-operative orthopantomograms were measured for root resorption only if they fitted into the frame. Intra and inter-observer reliability were performed to ensure optimal accuracy in the measurements. The millimeter measurements of root resorption were converted into percentages to identify the prevalence of root resorption in Sulaimani City. Results: The root resorption in the different individual teeth resulted in a significant relationship with orthodontic treatment. Factors such as age, gender, and duration of treatment were not significantly associated with root resorption. The results of the upper and lower arches indicated no significant differences between the arches. The incisors showed more significant resorption when compared to canines. Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment affects the prevalence and severity of root resorption. Age, gender, and duration of treatment have no significant relation with apical root resorption. Different regions of the mouth encounter varying degrees of apical root resorption. Even in the anterior teeth, incisors are more prone to resorption than canines