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The Optimization Study of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) by Finite Element Analysis of Car Wheels in Automotive Industry Using Solidworks® Simulation Software
Get PDFThe purpose of this research study was the mechanical properties of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) used to produce car wheels using Finite Element Analysis and compared the properties of PEEK with the current materials used in automotive industry. This study was aimed to reduce a vehicle's weight and cost, which can significantly reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. A lighter car consumes less fuel because it needs to overcome less inertia, reducing the power required to move the vehicle. Besides, a vehicle will not only be reduced in weight due to lighter material is used but, also have an ability to withstand force and lower deformation as good as a metal. Therefore, this research would be using PEEK as a material for the car wheel rim in replacing the current materials used in our automotive industry. By following the standard measurement ISO 9001 with the design from Bavarian Motor Works (BMW), the model would be created by using SolidWorks® software and the analysis of stress and displacement is determined by using the SolidWorks® simulation. Five different force were applied to the car wheel rim model by referring to current journal studies and the results of maximum stress and displacement were tabulated. Moreover, the results would be compared with other current materials used in automotive industry which are Steel, Aluminium Alloy and Magnesium Alloy
Modification of sawdust and extracted cellulose using Cethyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) for oil removal
No full textAdsorption by using natural fibre seems to be widely used for oily wastewater treatment due to its low cost, feasibility, easy handling and effectiveness. The current research was carried out to compare the efficiency of the modified sawdust and modified extracted cellulose to be used as the adsorbent material for oil removal. The cellulose being extracted by using the same sawdust according to TAPPI test method. Both sawdust and extracted cellulose were chemically modified by using cethyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The chemical and structural properties of both unmodified and modified adsorbents were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Parameters studied for the oil removal using modified sawdust and modified extracted cellulose were adsorption time and adsorbent dosage. The percentage of oil removal (%) and adsorption capacity (g/g) were calculated. The results of the FTIR showed that additional functional groups were introduced after modification by using CTAB on the surface of modified sawdust and modified extracted cellulose. The XRD peaks showed that crystallinity of the adsorbents also increases after the modification. Modified extracted cellulose showed better removal of oil than modified sawdust. The optimum adsorption of oil removal using modified extracted cellulose was identified at 3 hours and 6 g adsorbent dosage
Producing organic fertilizer from restaurant food waste using composting method
No full textRestaurant produced food wastes every day and this caused a problem in waste management system. It used up a large amount of land, water and fertilizer only to be buried in a landfill. The food in landfill decomposes and emits methane gas which contribute to global warming. Three proportion of mixture was made such as 100% soil, 75% soil + 25% compost, 100 % compost. Next, the physicochemical properties were analysed in the compost which are colour, texture, odour, humidity and bulk of density. To compare the physicochemical content in 100% soil, 75% soil + 25% compost, 100 % compost using one-way ANOVA analysis. The food waste was collected from the restaurant area Jeli, Kelantan and the location to carry the process of composting is located at Tanah Merah, Kelantan. The physical characteristic for compost-like smell and dark brown in colour which means it is matured enough to be used. For the humidity of compost was 66% and bulk density of compost was 0.55 g/cm3. Moreover, the physicochemical content was compared in 100% soil, 75% soil + 25% compost, 100 % compost. The pH value for 100% soil, 75% soil + 25% compost, 100 % compost are 7.30, 7.38, 7.34. In this study, the Nitrogen content for soil, soil + compost, and compost is 0.11%, 0.21% and 2.44%. Phosphorus is the other primary nutrients for plant. Lastly, after conducting the composting, the value of potassium for compost, soil + compost and soil are 33.03, 4.28 and 0.88
Accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments as indicator for pollution in Kelantan river
No full textThe Kelantan River is the main river in Kelantan, Malaysia. It drains along catchment area of approximately 11900 km2 in north-east Malaysia along including part of the Taman Negara National Park, and flows northwards into the South China Sea. The Kelantan River has been used frequently by the local community for domestic uses, transportation, agriculture, plantation irrigation, small scale fishing industries and additionally sand mining activities. The turbidity of Kelantan River is high because of the excessive number of suspended solids and siltation. These have been caused by logging sports within the upstream areas and sand mining sports. The extent of sand mining pastime along the Kelantan River will increase every year because of the high call of sand for enterprise and industry. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals including copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) in sediment and to estimate the pollution level of Kelantan River, Kelantan, Malaysia. In research methodology, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) test were applied to determine the concentration of each element in the sediment samples. The number of samples tested were 25 and each of them have different concentration of heavy metals. Significant calculations also were done such as Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) to justify the accuracy of the results. Results indicated that elevated concentrations of Al, Ca, Fe, K and Mn in surface sediments of the study area show significant value as expected based on previous study. The high enrichment factor for K and Mn obtained in the sediment samples show that there is a steady increase of toxic heavy metals risk in this area, which could be correlated with the past mining activity and post abandoned mining in the area
Decolourisation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) dye by free and Immobilized Bacillus UMKDG-1 cells in batch culture
No full textIncreasing demand for textiles cause an increase of production in textile industry all over the world. Higher production of dyed textiles also increases the volume of textile effluent which contains various type of synthetic dyes. Synthetic dye contained many toxic and hazardous materials which give bad effect to nature. There are several types of treatment to treat textile effluent, but all of the treatment is not cost effective, which brings to biological treatments as it is more cost effective. The purpose of this study is to determine the decolourisation of Reactive Orange 16 by dye degrading bacteria, Bacillus UMKDG-1 (free and immobilized cell). The decolourisation of Reactive Orange 16 was carried out using 0.01% (w/v), 0.02% (w/v) and 0.03% (w/v) concentration of Reactive Orange 16. As the study shown, 0.01% (w/v) Reactive Oren 16 obtained the highest percentage of decolourisation. The result for decolourisation of 0.01% (w/v), 0.02% (w/v) and 0.03% (w/v) Reactive Orange 16 by free Bacillus UMKDG-1 cells are 95.38%, 92.50% and 89.93% respectively. However, for decolourisation of 0.01% (w/v), 0.02% (w/v) and 0.03% (w/v) Reactive Orange 16 by immobilized Bacillus UMKDG-1 is lower which are 93.24%, 49.33% and 31.29% respectively
A study on Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA) reinforced with kenaf fiber mat biocomposite
No full textKenaf fiber mat (KFM) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite have been developed by using film stacking and compression molding. The PLA has limitation such as brittleness and high costing. Therefore, to achieve the composite with good mechanical properties, the effect of processing parameters such as processing temperature and heating time on mechanical properties of PLA was studied. The optimum processing temperature and heating time was then being used to produce PLA/KFM biocomposite. On the other hand, PLA and fiber has distinct properties as natural fiber is hydrophilic whereas the polymer matrix is hydrophobic. In order to improve the fiber matrix adhesion, the KFM was chemically treated at different concentrations such that 0%,2%, 4%, 6% and 8% concentration of alkaline for 3 hours at room temperature. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used to investigate the changes of fiber after alkali treatment. FTIR results showed that the lignin and hemicellulose were effectively removed from the fiber after chemical treatment. Besides that, mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength, tensile and flexural modulus and elongation at break of untreated and alkali-treated PLA/KFM biocomposite were studied and compared. The results obtained showed that the alkali treatment have impact on the mechanical properties of PLA/KFM biocomposite. The study has demonstrated the optimum alkali concentration was 4% NaOH concentration. This was clarified further by SEM where the adherence between the fiber and matrix was improved when the KFM was treated by 4% NaOH concentration
Study of an eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing of skins and hides using alkaline protease
No full textThis study was aimed to provide an eco-friendly alternative to dehairing of hides by replacing the chemical with the usage of the protease. The leather industry is one of the biggest contributor of the pollution. The use of chemical like sodium sulfide caused the wastewater effluents to contain high level BOD, COD, and TDS. To overcome this issue, an alternative method has been proposed to replace chemical in dehairing the hides in the leather industry. In this research, three types of treatment were done in order to compare the efficiency of the dehairing treatment. The treatments are conventional, single enzyme and enzyme assisted. For the conventional treatment, the hides were soaked in 5% calcium oxide and 2% sodium sulfide and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours at 120 rpm. Meanwhile, for the enzyme assisted treatment, the hides were soaked in 5% Calcium oxide for 6h and then soaked in 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of protease for 24 hours at 37°C at 120 rpm. Lastly, for the single enzyme treatment, the hides were soaked in 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of protease for 24 hours at 37 oC at 120 rpm. The results were that hides that were treated with conventional treatment and single enzyme of 20% concentration has the highest % area yield which is 100% and they are the most efficient among all other treatments. The physical wastewater analysis indicates that conventional treatment’s wastewater is bad for the environment. In conclusion, single enzyme treatment’s wastewater does not do any harm to the environment and it is also very efficient in dehairing of the hides
Optimization of biohydrogen production by Escberichia Coli in dark fermentation using POME as substratre
No full textThis thesis present the dark fermentation process in producing bio-hydrogen using Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as substrate and nutrient source. Proper setting up of each parameter of the fermentation process is important to improve the hydrogen production. Nowadays, most of the effluent from palm oil mill industry were treated to produce methane gas. Unfortunately, methane gas production was time consuming compare to hydrogen production. The purpose of this research is to determine the fermentation condition in producing hydrogen gas using E. coli. Substrate concentration, temperature of culture and pH value of the culture condition were choosed as parameters of dark fermentation that studied in this research in producing hydrogen. From my research, highest production of hydrogen for each parameter are 30% of substrate concentration, 25°C of the culture conditions and when pH value is 8. The result from this research is useful to be implemented in palm oil industry to reduce time consuming, more useful, beneficial and more worthy to produce bio-hydrogen compare to bio-methane
Removal of Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution using raw timber wood sawdust as adsorbent
No full textUtilising agricultural waste, raw timber wood sawdust as adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B (RB) dye is a good alternative as it is a cost effective way. The adsorption process is used because it is found to be more economical and effective compared to other dye removal methods. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that functional groups such as OH and amine groups on timber wood sawdust proved that it can be used as adsorbent for removal of RB dye. Various parameters such as particle size, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration versus contact time, and pH were investigated. The optimum adsorption of Rhodamine B dye using raw timber wood sawdust as bio-sorbent were found to be at 0.355 mm of particle size which is worked best on 4.0 gram of adsorbent dosage in 24 hours at pH 3 with 5 minutes of agitation time at room temperature. Adsorption isotherm was studied by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. The best fit line model favoured the Langmuir isotherm with R2 of 0.9998. Langmuir best fit graph indicates that the adsorption that took place is a monolayer adsorption. The highest percentage removal of RB dye was found at 98.86% at pH 3 and it is proven that raw timber wood sawdust is potential to remove Rhodamine B dye. Kinetic Modelling study was conducted with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second-order to evaluate the rate of adsorption of adsorbent. The adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order model which is a better fit for the experimental data than the pseudo-first-order model
The influences on paper properties by adding Sesbania Grandiflora pulp in old newspaper recycled pulp
No full textUse of secondary fibre, also known as recycled fibre can help to conserve the nature resources and reduces the demand and burden to our environment as production of virgin pulp required deforestation. However, there is an obstacle which secondary fibres might deteriorate each time recycling. Thus, the effect on paper properties by adding Sesbania grandiflora pulp in old newspaper recycled pulp (ONRP) and the paper properties from the paper production of Sesbania grandiflora pulp and ONRP were studied in this research. Sesbania grandiflora virgin pulp was pulped by kraft pulping process. Hand sheet was made by blending with ONRP with unbleached Sesbania grandiflora pulp at ratio of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80. The physical properties such as thickness and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, burst strength, tearing strength and fold endurance of the hand sheet was analyzed in this research according to TAPPI standard. The composition of the ONRP and Sesbania grandiflora pulp significantly affects the properties of the mixed pulp. For the physical properties of hand sheet, the lowest thickness of hand sheet was retained by pulp ratio 40:60. However, this hand sheet illustrated the good formation of paper as addition of 60% of Sesbania grandiflora pulp had increases all the mechanical strength. The mechanical strength relatively decreased upon continuous addition especially during the addition of 80% of Sesbania grandiflora pulp. Based on the overall result, this study can be concluded that the addition of Sesbania grandiflora pulp able to enhance the properties of hand sheet