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Study on characterization of thin film based on Glutaraldehyde modified starch with plasticizer (Ethylene Glycol)
No full textThis study summarized the research on the production of thermoplastic starch film (TPS) by using corn starch as it is a renewable material. TPS was chosen to replace synthetic polymers in order to avoid environmental issues occurred. The use of biodegradable polymer like TPS can reduce the environmental impact which easy to decompose. However, starch need to be combined with other materials with high performance of synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in order to improves mechanical properties. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of different concentration of plasticizers (ethylene glycol) on the thin film based on glutaraldehyde (GLA) modified starch and study the effect of PVA additive on thin film. Cross linked corn starch with GLA was plasticized by different concentration (20% w/w and 50% w/w) of ethylene glycol (EG) with and without the presence of PVA. The resulted thin film were characterized for its physical and mechanical properties. The TPS were tested on moisture content, water absorption, biodegradability, tensile test, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The amount of moisture content increased at high percentage of plasticizer with the presence of PVA while water absorption increased as the percentage of plasticizers increased without PVA. The highest concentration of EG affected the biodegradability properties of TPS however the presence of PVA will slower down the degradation process. The 20% (w/w) with addition of PVA has the highest tensile strength which is 4.74 N/mm2 and lowest extension at break at 4.70 mm. The functional group consists of hydroxyl and alkane group. Thus, the study can be conclude that-different concentration of plasticizers and the presence of PVA affected the thin film properties
The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard manufactured from rubberwood bonded with phenol formaldehyde
No full textRubberwood is a tropical light hardwood which is common in furniture utilisation such as cabinetry and shelving. This study is conducted to determine the performance of particleboard from rubberwood on different resin level. Panels were manufactured with a targeted density (0.7 g/cm3) and resin level (8% and 12%) by using phenol formaldehyde (PF) as an adhesive. For evaluation of the board quality, the requirements of Europe and American Society (EN and ASTM) are taken as reference. The determination of mechanical properties such as modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity is analysed based on EN 310 while compressive strength test is based on ASTM D1037. For the determination of physical properties testing, thickness swelling and water absorption after 2 and 24 hours has been determined according to EN 317 while density and moisture content is measured based on EN 323 and EN 322. The results indicated increases across the board physical and mechanical properties with higher resin level. The highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) value achieved in this study are 6.578 N/mm2 and 383.211 N/mm2 which is bonded with 12 % PF resin. Moreover, the highest value of compressive strength test is 0.0514 N/mm2 for 12 % PF particleboards. None of the particleboards sample meet the requirements of range ideal values for mechanical strength. However, the samples for thickness swelling and water absorption have exceeded the specifications. The actual density also achieves the target density of 0.7 g/cm3. In conclusion, the resin level applied to the manufacturing of rubberwood particleboards influenced the board in terms of its performance which showed the water absorption after 24 hours have significant different value between the two types of resin level
Geology and petrology of volcanic rock in Lojing, Gua Musang
Get PDFThis study area was located at Kg. Panggung Lalat in Lojing, Gua Musang in area of of 25km2 . The purpose of this study is to update the geological map of the study area and to provide research on the volcanic petrography of the volcanic rocks within the study area. One of the methods used at the beginning of the research was through previous research and the literature review that has been conducted in the surrounding area. Next, geological mapping and collecting rock samples in the field are done during field work in the study area. Next, the collected samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis purposes. The methods used during laboratory analysis are microscope and microscope analysis as well as X-ray Fluorescence. In addition, analysis of the structure and geomorphology of the study area is also done through data collected during field work. The results of this study indicate that the energy that changes the geomorphology of the study area comes from the northwest. The four study areas identified were metamorphic rocks, volcanic rocks, igneous rocks and alluvial soils. Metamorphic rocks are the oldest rocks in the Gua Musang Formation where alluvium soils are the youngest rocks. The study area containing volcanic rocks comprised only five percent of the total study area. The mineral deposits in the tuff rocks are glass shard, quartz and plagioclase. The silica content in the tuff is very high and is influenced by the compounds of silica oxide, aluminium oxide and potassium oxide
Geology and rock slope stability analysis on moderately weathered rock of Gunung Ayam, Gua Musang
Get PDFGunung Ayam is one of the landforms that undergoes the tectonic uplifting through the Bentong-Raub Suture Zone in the middle of Peninsular Malaysia. The research area located at between the latitudes (N 04°48'0" to N 04'50'0") and longitudes (E101° 41'0" to E101°43'0") where it’s located at Southwest Kelantan. The primary objective of this research is to update the geological map of the Lojing District. Another objective is analysed slope stability of Gunung Ayam on weathered rock. The last objective is determining the factor of safety slope for the future development. The lithologies of research area is comprised of three types conglomerate unit, quartzite unit and mica schist units. Within this research the structural geology is a wavy fold, chevron fold, foliation, thrust fault and fault scarp. Rock slope 1 present a conglomerate rock and rock slope 2 represent quartzite rock. The engineering geology part of research by using the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) systems and kinematic analysis showed the result of rock slope stability is rock slope 1 is more stable than the rock slope 2. The kinematic analysis showed rock slope 1 tend to failure in toppling failure than wedge failure. Rock slope 2 more tend to wedge failure than toppling failure. Point load test on weathered rock, rock slope 2 is strongest than rock slope 1
Geology and rock coatings as a record of climate changes of Kampung Kalai, Jeli
Get PDFThe research mainly focused on the geology and study on rock coatings as record of climate changes. The study area of this research is located at district of Kelantan which is small town in Jeli called Kampung Kalai. Kampung Kalai is located at 05° 46' 54.12" N and 05° 44' 5.07" N latitude and 101° 43' 42.76" E and 101° 46' 30.47" E longitude that covers about 25km2. The lithology, geomorphology, structural geology and the geological setting of Kampung Kalai, was studied. This study aims to update geological map of Kampung Kalai in scale 1:25000, to study on rock coatings in term of petrographic analysis, microscopic image, and shape. The petrographic analysis supported with the thin section is conducted to determine the type of rock and its formation. For geochemistry analysis, the sample rock and soil was collected at 14 different places and the coordinate recorded. Soil analysis is used to analyses the composition of oxides by using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). There are 5 types of coatings have been identified which are case hardening, iron film, dust film, lithobiontic coating, and rock varnish. Elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse the microscopic image of rock coating with these rock coatings. SEM analysis, petrographic and XRF analysis showed evidence that rock coating can record climate change by geochemical analysis. This study provided an updated geological map and the geochemistry analysis that can give the information about the role of the rock coating as a record of climate changes
Study on awareness of microbeads pollution from personal care products
Get PDFMicrobeads are synthetic organic polymers that usually found in personal care products such as exfoliating body washes, facial scrub and sunscreen. Due to size of microbeads are smaller than 5 millimetre, they are unable to be filtered by wastewater treatment plant. This can be resulted in microbeads pollution which is harmful to environment and also human health. Thus, by studying the awareness of students in UMK Jeli Campus on microbeads pollution can help in improving awareness among students and also reduce the usage of personal care products which contain microbeads. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the knowledge on microbeads pollution towards their attitudes in choosing personal care products and evaluate students' perceptions on personal care products containing microbeads. The method used in this study is survey by using questionnaire. The stratified random sampling method is used where the students are divided based on their faculty. The percentage of students that have knowledge on microbeads pollution are 65.43 %. The percentage of students that practicing good attitudes in choosing personal care products are 65.51 %. Meanwhile the percentage of students that concerned on microbeads pollution are 75.68 % and the percentage of students that aware on microbeads pollution are 72.96 %. The results showed that students have good knowledge on microbeads pollution and concerned on microbeads pollution. However, their attitudes in reducing the used on microbeads are lower than their awareness on microbeads pollution issues
Determination of microplastics in sediment in Kelantan and Pattani, Bay
Get PDFMarine plastic pollution has arisen in the last few decades due to both an increase in consumerism and an increase in the number of plastics used in the daily production of the products that human use. In general, microplastics are classified as plastic particles that are broken into less than 5 mm in size. There are many studies have been reported in the occurrence and impacts of the microplastics in marine environments in other country but less investigation has been carried out in Malaysia and Thailand. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the microplastics presents in sediment in Kelantan and Pattani Bay. Sediment samples were collected from Sri Tujuh Beach, Tumpat and Talo Kapo Beach, Pattani Bay in between May and July 2019. Microplastics were isolated from sediment samples using wet peroxide oxidation (WPO) followed by density separation. Microplastics were sorted visually according to their shapes and colors after being examined under photographed microscope. A total of 52 pieces of microplastics were identified and the most abundant particle found in this study was threadlike shape. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to identify functional groups in the composition of microplastics. This study shows that degraded of large plastic materials to microplastics due to some factors such as weathering can impact abundance of microplastics in both places, as these locations are well known for fishing activities, industrial areas and also as tourism area
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction in industrial wastewater using activated carbon prepared from foxtail palm fruit
Get PDFIndustrial wastewater has become one of the major sources that contributes to pollution in water bodies. The water discharge from the industrial activities carries out pollutant which can cause several impacts towards the human and ecosystem. Textile industry specifically have great amount of chemicals input which eventually affect the value of acceptable conditions for discharge of industrial effluent especially the value of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Thus, this research was carried out to evaluate the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in industrial wastewater from the adsorption of activated carbon derived from Wodyetia bifureata fruit or commonly known as foxtail palm fruit. The adsorption study was done on the treatment of wastewater collected from the textile industry located in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Chemical activation with nitric acid (HNO3) was used for the conversion of foxtail palm fruit powder to activated carbon. A series of batch adsorption were carried out to study the effect of adsorbent dosage, contact time and concentration of wastewater on the percentage of COD reduction. The optimum condition for the adsorption process in this study was obtained at 90 minutes of contact time with the concentration of 5 % using 2 g of activated carbon. The percentage reduction of COD value obtained at these conditions was 71.23 %
Developing Flood Vulnerable Map in Pasir Mas, Kelantan
Get PDFKelantan is one of the state that received frequent flood disasters including Pasir Mas. The flood events are now intense because of localized physical and climatic factors, resulting in risks to the environment and population. Besides, by the difficult to identify the flood vulnerable area at Pasir Mas had become the main problem. The lack of comprehensive information which as a medium to communicating the flood risk, new unplanned developments and insufficient drainage systems made the situation more considerable. However, the development of a vulnerability map for flood risk of flooding management is still lacking. Vulnerability is the main construct in flood risk management. Therefore, this study aim identifies the variables which contribute to the risk of flooding based on the characteristics of the area and develop a flood vulnerability map using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing. In this study the land use data, the average amount of rainfall data and digital elevation model (DEM) data were used to produce a flood vulnerable map for the study area. The hydrology and weight overlay (spatial analyst) techniques were used to determine the flood vulnerable area on physical and climatic factors that cause flooding in Pasir Mas and to develop the flood vulnerable map in Pasir Mas. The vulnerability area had been determined based on the scale I (no vulnerability), 2 (low vulnerability), 3 (reasonable vulnerability), 4 (moderate vulnerability) and 5 (high vulnerability). The finding show that the area located at the water bodies recorded high vulnerable compared to other areas. Besides, from the flood vulnerable map, it can be observed that most of the area in Pasir Mas, Kelantan was falling under reasonable to high vulnerability classes. It is expected within this flood vulnerable map will able to assist the responsible parties to communicate and give an option to those affected people to ensure the effectiveness of the emergency response assistance and aid to victims for better preparedness capability
The effect of disposal formalin fixed specimen by burial on earthworm
Get PDFABSTRACT
Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) Kubang Kerian have been burying preserved-organ around October, 2018 in Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan instead of fusing incineration. The process of incineration is not a proper way to dispose especially for Muslims because of contradictory in ethics and religion. Therefore, disposal of formalin-fixed specimen by burial is introduced. A study was conducted to identify the impact of formalin towards earthworm and to determine the concentration of formalin intake by earthworm. To achieve that, observation was done in field site which located at cemeteries in Kampung Darat Dermit, Kota Bharu and designed site where controlled experiment was conducted. However, the earthworms in field site could not be found. Thus, only earthworms in designed site was observed. When the formalin had contacted with the earthworms, they expulse to the surface. The life spend of earthworm depend on the concentration of formalin and duration of time they have been exposed to. The chromatic acid method had been used to determine the concentration of formalin intake in each earthworms. From the result, it show that formalin exposure has bad impact towards earthworms