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Expression of recombinant protease gene from Bacillus subtilis 50a in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) harbouring pGEX
No full textAs the Bacillus subtilis, the wild type protease producer can only produce a small amount of protease enzyme, hence the other approach need to be taken to produce more enzyme like protease. The main purpose of this study is to express the recombinant thermostable protease in E.coli BL21 (DE3) and to compare the enzyme activity by new host and existing host which is E. coli BL21 (DE3) harbouring recombinant pGEX /protease 50a and E. coli BL21 (DE3) harbouring recombinant pET / protease 50a respectively. The method used in this study consists of preparation of stock and inoculum, the production and harvesting of thermostable protease, the assay of protease activity and also the purification by heat treatment. However, the bacteria was screened qualitatively on skim milk and LB agar plate and both of the E. coli BL21 (DE3) pGEX4T-1/50a and E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLySs pET22b(+)/50a showed positives result with the form of single colonies on the LB-SMA plates. Furthermore, it can be seen that there are a form of clearing zone around the single colonies on LB-SMA plate of the E.coli BL21 (DE3) harbouring recombinant pGEX4T-1/50a but only single colonies on the plate of E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS harbouring recombinant pET22b(+)/50a. Theresult of enzyme activity obtained is not as expected. There is a little bit of contradiction from the expected result where the activity of enzyme for both of the new host and existing host should be much higher than the result obtained
Removal of congo red from aqueous solution using kenaf core fiber
No full textRemoval of Congo red dye from aqueous solution was studied in batch mode by using kenaf core fiber as low-cost adsorbents. The adsorption process is used because it is found to be more economical and effective compared to other dye removal methods. In this study, kenaf core fiber with size of 0.125 mm was used. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that functional groups such as OH, and amine on kenaf core fiber proved that it can be used as adsorbent for removal of Congo Red. Then effective parameters include particles size of adsorbent, adsorbent dose, pH, and initial dye concentration versus contact time on adsorption by kenaf core fiber was investigated. In addition, isotherms and kinetics adsorption studies were employed for determination of the equilibrium adsorption capacity and reactions dynamics, respectively. The well fitted model was the Freundlich isotherm with R2 of 0.9995. This indicates that the adsorption that took place is a multilayer adsorption. The highest percentage removal of Congo red dye was found at 97.81% and it is proven that raw kenaf core fiber is potential to remove Congo red dye. The kinetic studies of the adsorption of Congo red dye were carried out by using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Moreover, in this study, the adsorption of Congo red dye onto the kenaf core fibers were well fitted by the pseudo second-order model with regression coefficients higher than 0.99
Properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCL) Treated Sawdust-Reinforced Polyethylene Composite
No full textIn this research, composites based on untreated, treated sawdust and pre-treatment on treated sawdust with Polyethylene (PE) were prepared using injection moulding machine. Raw sawdust was chemically treated with 1-butyl-3-metylimidazeluim Chloride (BMIMCL) and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) to improve the properties of composites. The amorphous and crystallinity were studied using X-Ray Diffraction(XRD). Results from flexural testing and tensile testing that indicate mechanical properties enhanced when pre-treated occurred on sawdust reinforced PE composites compared to without pre-treatment. The surface morphologies obtain from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) possess surface roughness and weak interfacial adhesion, while the pre-treatment sawdust with CTAB showed improved in filler-matrix interaction. This indicate that better dispersion of the sawdust with PE matrix occurred upon chemical treatment of sawdust
A study of parameter effects on Polycaprolactone (pcl) microparticles prepared via solvent evaporation method-ultrasonicator probe assisted
No full textPCL is a synthetic polymer that has been used a lot in biomedical application. However, different size of the PCL microparticles leads to different type of application. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parameter to the size of polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles that can be use in various types of applications. Parameter that has been controlled in this study are the amount of PCL, molecular weight of PCL, oil phase in volume fraction, processing time, amplitude and pulse of ultrasonicator probe. The preparation method that has been carried out was solvent evaporation method, assisted by high energy input of ultrasonicator probe to obtained smaller particles. Optical microscope and scanning electron microsocope was used to observe the size and morphology of PCL microparticles. In this study, it was found that, size of microparticles has been increased with the increasing amount of PCL followed by reducing amounts of oil phase in volume fraction which is considered due to unstable emulsion microparticles that have been produced when the insufficient of surfactant for emulsification process. For molecular weights of PCL, the size of microparticles obtained has been decreased when 14 000 kg/mol was used corresponded to different thickness of polymer and produce porous surface morphology. However, when the amplitude of ultrasonicator probe was increases, the size of microparticles that has been produced decreased due to the higher shear energy to produce emulsion microparticles solution during emulsification process. While for the processing time, it was found that the size will be decreases when the processing time decreased which consider due to the sufficient time for emulsification process. And lastly, the optimum pulse for this preparation method is 5 second stop, 5 second run to prevent heat build-up during emulsification process. In conclusion, parameter plays major role during preparation of PCL microparticles, which can facilate for various types of application
Determination of heavy metals in surface sediment from Pahang river
No full textHeavy metals are one of the imperative contaminants in nature. The goal of the study is to determine the concentration and distribution of aluminium (Al), potassium (K), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) in sediments of Pahang River. This study was conducted to assess the contamination level of the river based on the metal concentrations kept in the surface river sediment and furthermore assess the harm of the studied metals to the water body. The surface sediment was stored and preserved at 4°C before further analysis. 15 samples were analysed by the X-Ray Fluorescence to assess the concentration of each element in the samples. The average concentration of heavy metals in the sediment decreased in the order of K > Al > Fe > Ca > Mn. The quality of sediments was determined through the assessment of the Enrichment factor (EF), Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and Pollution load index (PLI). The contamination risk alongside the Pahang River is determined as low
Geology and geochemistry of granites in Panggong Lalat, Gua Musang, Kelantan
Get PDFThe study area is located at Kampung Panggong Lalat, Gua Musang, Kelantan with the dimensions of 25 km2 of study area. These research paper objectives are to produce a geological map of the study area with the scale of 1:25000 and to investigate the rare earth element contents in granites of Panggong Lalat using petrographic and geochemical analysis method. The geological information in the study area is collected via geological mapping process. The lithology of the study area is consisted of granitoids, well-bedded limestone, volcanic rocks, fine-grained sediments and meta sedimentary rocks. The petrographic analysis is carried out in five different samples, AF 01, AF 03, AF 04, AF 06 and AF 07. The results showed three different types of granitoid by using JUGS Classification of igneous rock. AF 01 is quartz-rich granitoid, AF 04 is quartz alkali feldspar syenite and AF 03, AF 06 and AF 07 are alkali feldspar granite. For the geochemical analysis, two samples are chosen based on the difference in megascopic appearances. The result shows that the granite of the study area is of S-type granite. For ICP-OES analysis, the result shows that HREE distribution is richer than LREE with Er showing highest concentration value and Nd showing the least concentration value
Geology and geomorphological constrain of rural development in Kuala Betis, Kelantan
Get PDFKuala Betis is located in Kelantan State under district of Gua Musang. As Gua Musang undergoes urbanization, Kuala Betis get affected to the urbanization processes as it its located near to the Gua Musang town. Kuala Betis connected to the Gua Musang and Lojing town by Jalan Gua Musang-Kuala Betis. There are two main rivers of Kelantan in this study area which are Sungai Betis and Sungai Berok, making it prone to flood and landslide. The purposes of this research study are to produce updated geological map of study area, to identify geomorphological constrain of study area and to suggest suitable area for development in the future. Various methods used to complete this research study including geological mapping and geomorphological mapping. Overall, Kuala Betis consist of sedimentary rocks and metasedimentary rocks which topography ranging from low hill to hilly area. Several areas in Kuala Betis have been identified which suitable for development as it is low to moderate geotechnical limitation
Geology and tsunami exposure of Pandeglang, Banten, Indonesia
Get PDFAs the study area is prone to geological hazard phenomena geological information of Pandeglang, Banten should be updated frequently with the latest data and findings. In geology world, geological map is very crucial to researchers as it contain various geological data such as stratigraphy, structure, features and rock unit. The study area bounded by coordinate latitude of S 06°19'06.01" to S 06°21'48.60" and longitude of E 105°49'06.17" to E 105°51'48.70". This research aims to provide an updated geological map of research area with scale 1:25000 and to produce tsunami exposure map with complete classification of tsunami exposure in Pandeglang, Banten. In order to generate geological map, exposure map and other thematic maps geological mapping is conducted. During field studies, geological data such as geomorphology, lithology, tsunami exposure and others been collected along with sampling and traversing. From the analysis and interpretation made, the study area is primarily composed of two lithologies which are Upper Banten Tuff and Alluvium. Sandstone fragment that found at the river is believed belong to Bojongmanik Formation. Three different types of exposure zone due to recent tsunami are constructed. Secondary data shows run up distance and flow depth of the tsunami are 274 m and 390 m respectively. Pandeglang is prone area to tsunami and other geological phenomena due to its geological position
The assessment of tourist's awareness on the conservation of Lata Keding, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
Get PDFEnvironmental awareness has its importance in ensuring the conservation of a recreational forest. This includes making sure that the place stays clean and the landscape is well preserve. This study assessed the relationship between Lata Keding tourist's environmental knowledge, perception and awareness with their awareness on the conservation of the place. Questionnaire that consists of Part A for demographic profile and Part B for the variables (knowledge, perception and attitude) was constructed and distributed to the tourist of Lata Keding to be answered. The data collected from these questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software. Analysis of the responses showed that there was a positive correlation between Lata Keding tourist's environmental knowledge, perception and awareness with their awareness on the conservation of the place. Based on these results, it was conclude that Lata Keding tourist's environmental knowledge, perception and awareness effect their awareness on the conservation of the place
Evaluation of critical success factor in implementing ISO 14001 using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Pulau Pinang
Get PDFISO 14001 has engaged with all industries, international firms and governments around the world and outlines to assist the organizations to reduce the impact of operation towards environment as well as to construct a systematic managing process to improve environmental performance. The main objectives that can be derived from this study is to identify the challenges in implementing ISO 14001 and to identify the benefits of ISO 14001 standards implementation as well as to analyse the critical success factors of ISO 14001 execution in Pulau Pinang using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Besides that, increase in bureaucracy and demand for more and unneeded certification has made the organization to consider about the EMS execution. The sampling method used in this research was a purposive sampling which based on objective of study. The survey was conducted by distributing the questionnaire to all the 13 companies that certify with the ISO 14001 standards in Pulau Pinang. An empirical study using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was carried out to find the relative weights and priorities of these critical success factors and benefits. The findings of the study indicate that the critical success factors in the order of importance are as follows management approach (0.2694), organizational change (0.2477), external and social aspects (0.2457) and technical aspects (0.2373). The findings of this empirical study specify which elements an organization should ponder for effective execution of ISO 14001. The research model proposed in this study offers methodology to analyse and recognize the critical success factor and the advantages due to ISO 14001 execution. Even though the study was done in manufacturing and electronics sector in Pulau Pinang but the proposed research model can be utilized in other sector as well