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Effect of sintering time to the properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 using enhanced microwave processing
No full textElectroceramic is one part of advanced ceramics that are increasing in demand for a multi-billion pound industry worldwide. The perovskite family of materials had led to much important application among electroceramics because it is famous in producing high dielectric constants. Calcium copper titanate, CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) had received much attention due to its high dielectric constant. However, its high dielectric loss makes it lack performing in energy. In order to overcome the problem, enhanced microwave processing is one of the techniques that are used to improve the overall process and product quality efficiency. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of sintering time on the properties of CCTO by using enhanced microwave processing. The powder form of three raw materials which were calcium carbonate (CaCO3), copper oxide (CuO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) have been weighed according to the stoichiometric ratio to form pure CCTO. The mixed powder was ball milled for 24 hours using wet mixing. The mixed powder was sintered in different time duration (1h, 2h, 3h, 4h and 5h) by using enhanced microwave processing. This study is focused on the phase formation of calcined powder and sintered pellet, and the properties of the sintered pellets. Phase formation was analysed by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The XRD results had shown that it is not completely formed the single-phase CCTO. After the sintering process, pellet sintered for 2 hours shows full single-phase CCTO. The bulk density of the sintered pellet increase as the time of sintering increase and the apparent porosity decreeseas the time of sintering increase
Determination of heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) in instant noodles by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
No full textLately, scientists around the world are concern about the amount of heavy metal in the product of instant noodle because its will become toxic when the concentration is exceed the regulation level. This heavy metal contaminated may occur during manufacturing process, environment, background sources and packaging. The long term consuming of food that may contain heavy metal such as Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pd) would disrupted in tumour suppressor gene expression and damage repair process because it can affect cellular organelles such as cell membrane lysosome, mitochondrion, and others. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine of heavy metal in instant noodles that are usually consumed by Malaysian people. The heavy metal were analysed by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in four different types of instant noodle samples. The result shows that mean concentrations of heavy metals in four popular instant noodle brand that usually consumed by Malaysian people were Cr (0.242mg/L) > Ni (0.183 mg/L) > Cd (0.038) > Pb (not detected (ND)). Cr gave the highest mean concentration (mg/L) that detected in Sample S (0.457 ± 0.0201) which exceeded the WHO standard, followed by Sample R (0.191 ± 0.0187), Sample M (0.178 ± 0.0349) and Sample I (0.145 ± 0.0359). The concentration of Cd also exceeded the WHO standard whereby Sample S (0.076 ± 0.0240) gave the higher concentration of Cd, while the mean concentrations of Ni in the sample were below the WHO standard that obtained in the range of 0.154 ± 0.0112 to 0.207 ± 0.0069. However, the mean concentration (mg/L) of Pb was not detectable in all samples. As a conclusion, Cr and Cd was exceeded the permission limit that was set by WHO in all the instant noodle product in Malaysia’s market. Hence, the concentration of heavy metal in all the instant noodle product must be monitored comprehensively with the respect of human health and potentially safe to consume
Fabrication and characterisation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Co-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-Co-HFP) Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) for Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) dye removal
No full textBy implementing green technology, polymer inclusion membrane (PIMs) was used as an extractant for the removal of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) dye as it is an easy and effective way. The extraction process is used because it is found to be more economical and effective compared to other dye removal methods. The PIM consists of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Co-HFP (PVDF-Co-HFP) as a base polymer, Aliquat 336 as a carrier and also act as a plasticizer too with the solvent of Tetrahydrofuran (THF).The formulation of the components were varied to determine the optimum composition of membrane with the effective extraction ability. The PIMs were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, contact angle (CA) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM) methods used to determine the physical and chemical stability of the PIMs. Various parameters such as effect of carrier, initial dye concentration and pH were investigated. The optimum extraction of RO16 dye using PIMs were found to be at composition M3, 9 % of carrier which is worked best on 10 mg/L initial dye concentration in 4 hour time at pH 2 with agitation speed of 500 rpm at room temperature. Kinetic modelling was studied to analyse the extraction process and removal of dye by using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. The kinetic model fits very well with the kinetic data using pseudo-second-order. The highest percentage removal of RO16 dye was found at 99.62 % and it is proven that PIMs has the potential to remove the dye
The development of nanoinsecticide containing citrus hystrix (Kaffir Lime) essential oil and its effect on ants
No full textThe existing insecticide contain organic solvent that is dangerous to the environment and human health. This study was conducted to develop nanoinsecticide based on nanoemulsion system to produce a more effective and safe nanoinsecticide. Essential oil extracted from Citrus hystrix leaves was used as the active ingredient for the system. The essential oil was extracted using steam distillation technique with amount of oil yield was 1.12%. Citronellal was the major compound identified based on the FTIR analysis result where it was effective to use against insects. Nanoemulsion formulation system consisted of 76% surfactant, 19% oil and 7% water was formulated by referring to the ternary phase diagram. This system used Tween 80 as surfactant, glycerol as co-surfactant with ratio of 1:1, soybean oil and Citrus hvstrix essential oil, and water. Oil mixture with different ratio of Citrus hystrix:soybean which were 8:2, 6:4, 5:5 dan 2:8 was used as the oil phase in the system. Nanoemulsion was able to produce by using oil mixture of 6:4, 5:5 dan 2:8. The system produced was stable and no phase separation was observed after 1 month. Bioassay test was conducted on ants to determine the mortality and repellency properties for the nanoemulsions containing oil mixture of 6:4 and 2:8. Nanoinsecticide that contained that highest amount of Citrus hystrix essential oil (6:4 ) was the most effective at mortality with mean mortality of 9.33 compared to nanoinsecticide with lower essential oil (2:8) with mean mortality of 3.67. As for repellency test, both nanoinsecticide system were effective as ant repellent
Geology and geochemistry evolution of igneous rock in Carita, Indonesia
Get PDFVolcanism has occuring in Indonesia from the birth of its land and up until now. Throughout the process, it forms an igneous rock that scattered inside the Banten Province. Throughout the formation process of the igneous rock, it evolves from the more mafic magma down to the more basic in characteristic and changing its chemical composition throughout the partial melting and fractional crystallization process. The purpose of this paper are 1) to produce a geological map of the study area in scale 1 : 30 000, 2) to identify the mineral and chemical content of the rock in the study area, 3) to identify the evolution of igneous rock inside the study area. In this research, the methods that have been used were geological mapping, petrographic analysis, X-Ray Fluorescence major element detecting and SiO2 vs K20, Ti02-10MnO-P205 and AFM triangular geochemistry diagram plotting.
Kevin Heinrich Pesc
Geological mapping in Kpf Blau Plantation and identify sea water intrusion of coastal aquifer Tumpat Area Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Geochemistry
Get PDFLojing Highland is located in SouthWest of Gua Musang part and mainly composed by high land use of agricultural activity while Tumpat is to be known as city near to the shore line and famous of coastal product. The present research focus on geological mapping and seawater intrusion into groundwater in parts of Lojing, Gua Musang and Tumpat respectively. Geological map produced is 1:25000 scale by traversing, field observation and petrographic study. Lithology mainly composed by mudstone, quartzite, limestone and schist unit in the study area. For seawater intrusion study, integrated approach is applied using ERI and chemical laboratory test using AAS and titration method. Total five survey line is done by using pole dipole and wenner configuration. The data collected of 200 meter using ABEM Terrameter LS, 42 electrode with spacing 5 meter and process using RES2DINV. Based on profile, all five location of survey line showing seawater intrusion. In addition, in situ analysis of physical parameter (TDS, TSS, Turbidity and etc) is done in selected well location and also chemical parameter is examined to analyze (Cl, Mn, Fe and etc). From the in situ chemical result, location 1 shows high salinity value as the location has shortest distance to the shore line. Based on ERI and chemistry result indicated the most intrusion shows in the depth of 30 meter below.
SEG 2020 014
Dr. Mohammad Muqtada Ali Kha
Geological mapping and potential seawater intrusion in Kelantan using electrical resistivity imaging method
Get PDFThe geophysical analysis of groundwater exploration mainly focused on Kota Bharu coastal area. The study area is located in Kota Bharu with the centre coordinate of N 6°12'65.980", E 102°33'06.340". The study area covers from the bottom part of Pengkalan Chepa to the upper part of Bachok. The study area covers a 25 km2 of box. The study area has settlements scattered all over which indicates the annual withdrawal of groundwater is high. The objectives of the research are to produce an updated map of Lojing, Gua Musang, and to perform the geophysical analysis of seawater intrusion in the study area. The geology of the study area in Lojing was determined by carrying out ground mapping to construct geological map. The study area has 4 types of lithology which are mostly mudstone, followed by marble, slate and feldsphatic wacke. New geological map produced by ArcGIS software based on the geological data. In order to carry out geophysical analysis, three places with high human settlements were chosen and conducted electrical resistivity imaging technique and 2-D resistivity profiles were produced. Sea water intrusion evaluated by using the result obtained from the analysis of resistivity profile. All three results show intrusion of seawater in the second aquifer where the depth is more than 50 metres. The level of intrusion indicates that the study area is experiencing early stages of seawater intrusion. In future, scientists are recommended to utilize increasingly modem research centre instruments to build the exactness and accuracy of the after effect of the investigation
Geology and joint analysis of limestone outcrop in Batu Melintang, Jeli, Kelantan.
Get PDFThis research provides a study of a joint analysis of the study area located at the Batu Melintang, Jeli, Kelantan. This research aims to produce the study area's geological map, classify the study area's joint structure, and examine the dynamic and kinematic aspect of the study area's joint structure. Geological mapping was conducted to determine general geology of the area. The joint research study was carried out on the study area by morphological, stratigraphic and structural observation. Three types of rock exist in the study area, which are igneous rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock. The rock that has found in the study area are hornfels, marble, limestone, gneiss, slate and schist. Then data collection was processed in laboratory works and analyses to get the result of the research. The result of the joint analysis was shown based on Rose diagram, and the maximum force direction in the study area also have been identified, and it is almost NE-SW direction. The recommendations are made to improve practice in assessing the joint analysis in order to obtain a more accurate result and possible outcome
Evaluation of the impact of climate change (rainfall) towards net revenue farmers in Kelantan using ricardian approach
Get PDFClimate change plays an important role in ensuring that agricultural activities and the availability of financial resources in Kelantan state. Climate change such as rain has had a huge impact on the farmers because of this, the majority of farmers make agriculture a major source of income. This problem often occurs and causes huge losses to the farmers in Kelantan. The study was conducted to identify problems faced by the farmers and to identify the variables and effects of rainfall that have an impact on the financial resources of the farmers. The method used in this study is the Ricardian approach in which this equation is used to identify the problem encountered. The results obtained from this study indicate the significance of the variables of the variables taken in this study. Overall, the impact of climate change and other factors such as storage, paddy size, first and second season harvest affect the financial resources of farmers
Determination of Water Quality Index (WQI) of Lanas River, Kelantan, Malaysia
Get PDFIn consequences of the pollution water, the ecosystems are affected due to water pollution because of human activities like dumping of garbage or sewage directly into the water bodies or use of chemical fertilizers from agricultural activities. Thus, the health of the water sources such as rivers or coastal waters can be determined by using Water Quality Index or WQI and National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) for Malaysia River. In this study, 19 parameters are conducted to determine the water quality and the factors that affecting the Lanas River, Ayer Lanas, Kelantan based on WQI calculation method which are ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), biochemical oxygen demand (B0D), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, conductivity, salinity, total suspended solid (TSS), temperature, turbidity, fecal coliform counts, total coliform counts, zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorus. Three stations were marked as Point 1, Point 2 and Point 3 along the Lanas River, Ayer Lanas, Kelantan. The samples were taken from August until November. The overall WQI in August were calculated as 23.64 for point 1, 23.35 for point 2 and 25.03 for point 3 and was under class V due to heavy rainfall while in September, the level of WQI was under class IV for point 1 and point 2 except for point 3 was under class V. In October, the overall WQI were 34.13, 41.18 and 41.53 tinder class IV. As for November, all points were classified as class IV in WQI. 51.71 was the WQI for point 1, 38.98 for point 2 while 43.73 for point 3. Lanas River was supposed to be under class IIB which is suitable for recreational uses with body contact but the river was classified under class IV due to the pollution caused by the human activities done nearby