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Study of Beta vulgaris (Beetroot) extraction in polar solvents for photoabsorber in dye-sensitized solar cells application
No full textOver the last two centuries, energy needs have increased substantially until non-renewable resources such as fossil fuel, coal and natural gas which nearly come to depletion. Therefore, application of renewable energy resources like solar energy is absolutely appointed to become economical in the subsequent years and expanding as improved technology in terms of cost and applications. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) being the new type of solar cell can utilize dye as light sensitizer for the operation and natural dye is the best alternative to avoid environmental issues regarding toxicity of chemical dye and its costly purification. Betalains are one of pigments in natural dyes extracted from fruit and vegetables which is majorly available in beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and a good source of natural red colour. Good extraction is crucial for high performance in photoabsorber properties, hence, polar solvents like water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, formic acid and acetic acid were used to extract betalain pigment from Beta vulgaris to observe which solvent are able to extract the red-violet colour. Several characterizations were done to analyze the photoabsorber properties of the extracted dyes including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy bandgap of indium tin oxide (ITO) deposited with titanium dioxide and Beta vulgaris (beetroot) dye extracted by different solvents (ITO/TiO2/beetroot) were 2.19, 2.35, 2.65, 2.73, 2.78, 2.98 and 3.00 eV for methanol, n-butanol, formic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, water and isopropanol respectively. FTIR analysis shown the presence of functional group 0-H, C=O and C-O-C for most of the solvents. HPLC analysis prove the availability of betacyanin compound in all extracted beetroot dyes while SEM show the presence of hole structure from the thin films. This study highlighted that methanol is the best solvent for extraction of betalain pigment showing that it has better photoabsorber properties. Further and more detailed study is required to optimize the potential of natural pigment in photoabsorber application
The study of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus and Chickpea, Cicer aritenunz as coagulant in removing turbidity of water
No full textWater is very important for the survival of both plant, animal and humans as well. Consumption of safe water is a must for humans because polluted water causes different types of water borne diseases. Coagulation is a conventional step of water purification and bio-coagulant is a new horizon to go green. Cicer arietinum, which is known as chickpea and Abelmoschus escukntus or Okra, can be used for the treatment of surface water. The coagulant of such kind may not replace synthetic conventional coagulant like alum but be an alternative at times of crisis. In this study, removal of turbidity, pH level and the difference between natural coagulant and synthetic coagulant were conducted at the same level of turbidity for polluted water with the Okra and Chickpea were extract using different solvent which are distilled water and HC1. The turbidity removal efficiency for Okra that extract with distilled water and HC1 are 64.7% and 79.95%, while for chickpea are 62.55% and 69.93%, for alum the turbidity removal efficiency is 86.10%
Preliminary investigation of delamination factor in drilling of Wood Plastic Composites (WPC)
No full textThis thesis analyses on how the delamination factor affected in drilling of wood plastic composites. Drilling is one of the important processes nowadays, functioning in various ways in making life better every day. The experiment focuses on conducting three drilling strategies to identify the most suitable one to be use on the composites, studying the effect of drilling operating parameters and measuring the tool life performance of drilling WPC. CNC machine was used to drill holes as it is commonly used and practiced by many private and successful factories and companies in providing the best wood design and product in the market. It was observed that the single step drill peck as the best suited strategy to drill WPC with less delamination occurred on the hole entry and exit compared to the other two methods, 2-peck and 4-peck drill. Hole seems to form peel-up and push down delamination severely along the hole edge if using the 4-peck method while the least peel up occurred if used the single step method. Tool wear usually occurred if usage exceeds the limit and it is observed as mentioned later on
Oil spill sorption between sugarcane bagasse (Saccharurn officinaruin) and Rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis); raw and acetylated on Pantai Kuala Perlis
No full textIn this research, raw and modified (acetylated) sugarcane bagasse (SGB) (Saccharum officinarum) and rubber wood (RB) (Hevea brasiliensis) were used as sorbents in oil sorption to absorb the used oil in the seawater sample at Pantai Kuala Perlis. The research are done using different time which are 5, 10 and 15 minutes with different thickness of oil layer which are 10 and 20 ml, using 2 g of sorbents. In the percentage of oil removal and oil sorption capacity, 15 minutes was chosen as optimum adsorption time and 10 ml as optimum oil thickness. In term of effect of adsorption time, for overall results, the longer the adsorption time, the higher the sorption capacity and percentage removal of oil. Meanwhile, in term of effect of oil layer thickness, the lower the thickness of oil layer, the higher the sorption capacity and percentage removal. For Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the spectroscopic data shown that both modified SGB and RB had 0-H, CH3 and C=0 functional group at the range of 3000-3500, 2500-3000 and 1500-2000 cm-1 respectively. These shown that modified RGB and RB had successfully synthesized. For salinity test, there were no significance different between the initial salinity and after-adsorption salinity of the seawater sample
Geology and granitic rock analysis in Kampung Rabbana, Jeli Kelantan
Get PDFGranite is categorise as one of the igneous rock type. People have used granite for thousands years. It is used as a construction material such as for building, bridges, paving, monuments, countertops, tiles and many other design elements. Granite is commonly choose as a raw material due to its unique characteristics and also its strength and durability. Granite is one of the strongest stones available and it is also long-lasting as it is very resistance to weathering. This research is mainly about the geology and geochemistry analysis of granite in Rabbana Village or Kg Rabbana, Jeli, Kelantan. Geochemistry is one of the field in Earth Science that can explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans using the principles of chemistry. The study area covered approximately 25 km2 bounded between latitude 5°41'37.62"N to 5°44'15.94"N and longitude 101°46'3.35"E to 101°48'48.83"E. The objectives of this study are to update geological map of Kampung Rabbana with scale of 1:25,000, to analyse major chemical composition of granitoids in the study area by using XRF method and to identify rare earth elements (REE) in granitoids using ICP-DES method. In this research, the samples that have been collected were mainly rock samples consisting of, metamorphic rock and igneous rock. The types of rock sampling used is grab sampling and chip sampling. Grab sampling is done by collecting samples randomly or by the highest degree of visible mineralization. The five samples were tested at 5 different locations that are further apart from each other and according to their differences of the grain size and colour of the granite samples. According to the result of the type of granite using XRF, only samples that are different from each other in chemical composition are tested using ICP-OES method, in order to identify the presence of REE concentration in the rock itself. The main findings of the study is the varieties of igneous rock type that presence in the study area. The igneous rocks appear to be ranging from greyish to white igneous rock were then categorized as felsic to intermediate igneous rock. From the geological findings, five main lithology such as schist, gneiss, homfels, and granite with minor andesitic rock were identified and geological map with scale 1:25,000 was then constructed. The result produced from the XRF analysis concluded that granitoid in the study area were classified as S-type granite. XRF results were interpreted using Harker diagram to know the elemental distribution in the samples were in ions to the geological conditions of the rock. Next, two samples were selected to be selected to know the trace elements or rare earth elements (REE) using the ICP-OES method. From the analysis, it shows REE in both of the granitoids. This conforms the potential of REE in granitoid rock
Geology and determination of land cover changes and land use potential of Lojing, Gua Musang using GIS and remote sensing
Get PDFLand cover change information is a very important and useful source for planners in land use studies. Moreover, determination of land use potential by considering capability of the land other characteristics provides an important data source for regional planning studies. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is a very useful tool to detect land cover changes. Lojing had experienced changes in land use terms due to increased socio-economic activities, particularly in agriculture and logging in the Lojing highlands. The study area is located in Lojing, Gua Musang which is along the highway Lojing-Cameron Highland with coordinate of E101° 48' 49.62", N 4° 49' 31.26". The study area covered almost 25 km2 which include palm oil plantation, rubber tree plantation and reserved forest. The study focused on general geological and specifically on the land cover changes and potential of Lojing, Gua Musang. The objectives of the research are to produce an updated map and to determine of land use changes and land use potential of Lojing, Gua Musang. The geology of the study area was determined by carrying out ground mapping to construct geological map. The study area is mostly covered by 3 types of lithology which are quartzite, granite and meta-sedimentary rocks. The difference in the study area coverage is because Landsat has a Fow spatial resolution of 30 m. The change in land use can be determined with the aid of satellite imageries. In this research, Landsat 4-5 TM satellite imageries were used for determining land used changes for two different time interval of year 2009 and 2019 respectively. By revealing the existing environmental characteristics of the study area (topography, geology and climate), optimal land usage was determined according to the data. The land use potential map of the Lojing area was created using suitability maps for the optimal land usage. As a result, suggestions for the appropriate land use in the Lojing area were made
Geology and geochemistry of topsoil in Ngalang, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Get PDFGeographically Ngalang was located in coordinate S 7°52'07.3", S 7°52'48.25 in longitude and E 110° 34' 33.50" , E 110° 35' 15.0" in latitude. Ngalang area located Gunungkidul Regency comprise of varies unique geomorphology and geological value in its area. A geological map with larger scale; 1:25 000 had been produced through geological mapping activities process. The drainage pattern of Ngalang was decorated with dendritic and rectangular drainage pattern that fits into flat landscape and escarpment valley of its area. Lithologies of Ngalang area were grouped into four formations with different unique identities such as Bouma sequence and trace fossil (bioturbation). Four formation of this area made up of Semilir formation with of tuffaceous unit, overlies by volcanic lava and breccia unit of Nglanggeran formation, comformably overlies by intercalation of Sambipitu formation sandstone and clay unit and also carbonate sandstone with limestone characteristics in Oyo formation. Besides, interfingering area of Sambipitu and Nglanggeran was identified by conducted geological and grid mapping activities. Then, grid soil map was produced and sampling location was chosen. Topsoil in selected location was collected for geochemical analysis of topsoil and analysed by using X-Ray Fluorescence. The major element detected in the topsoil samples of the contact area was Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Ca, Mn, K, Na and P
Geoheritage at Km 185 Gua Musang-Cameron Highland Road, Lojing
Get PDFGeology is scientific study of the Earth, includes the compositions, structure, physicals properties and history. Geological heritage or geoheritage is an applied science that focus on geosite that has its own uniqueness, specialties and representativeness. The research study is conducted in Lojing-Gua Musang which is located in Kelantan. Five steps to study geoheritage are inventory, characterization, classification, assessment and evaluation. Most of study area are covered by hilly and mountainous landforms. Three lithologic unit are schist, sandstone and quartzite. The geologic structures involved are reverse fault. As for the result, the geological heritage feature found are quartzite, coal and graphite. Based on the result of questionnaires, the geoheritage features in study area are abundance in scientific values and aesthetic values. Research study used qualitative assessment and quantitative assessment parameter as analysis of data that get from survey and questionnaires. Final score of quantitative assessment advocate the feature to appear high in value same in grave concerning to development of geoconservation. Then, geological map of KM185 Jalan Gua Musang- Cameron Highland, Lojing at scale of 1: 25000 was constructed and geoheritage features of study are analyzed
Characterization of PM10 in urban and rural area
Get PDFParticulate matter (PM10) was major pollutants of the air pollutions which it can easily adsorbed toxic substances such as organic compounds that contribute to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. Urban area has higher concentration of PM10 than rural area because of urbanization and industrial activity that resulted to the existence of PAHs that might lead to negative impact neither on society nor for the environment and natural resources. The 3 days sampling was done in Balok (urban area) and Jeli (rural area) from 28th February — 2nd March 2019 and 10th July - 12th July 2019 respectively. The glasswares were baked in furnace for 400 °C and filter paper were baked for 300 °C. The samples extracted through ultrasonification process using ultrasonic bath and continued with solid-phase extraction (SPE) process then centrifuged until 2 mL by using nitrogen evaporater before analysed using GC-MS. The results showed that average concentration of PM10 in Balok was 89.120 pg/m3 (ranging from 41.667 — 114.583 µg/m3) and Jell was 17.361 µg/m3 (ranging from 13.889 — 20.833 p.g/m3). The detected PAHs for Balok and Jeli is 16 PAHs and 2 PAHs (naphthalene and acenaphthene). Meteorological and anthropogenic activity might be as the factors that contribute to higher concentration of PM10 and more PAHs compound detected in Balok than Jell. It can be concluded that the average concentration of PM10 for Balok was much higher than Jeli but still under the Malaysia ambient air quality standard
Pelletization and density optimization of oil palm empty fruit bunch pellet for biomass energy
Get PDFConsidering the global energy crisis affecting global consumers in terms of fossil fuel insufficiency and specific interest in inventing alternative sources of renewable energy. This study was conducted to identify the key factors affecting pelletization process of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches based on particle size, pelletizing pressure and test speed. The size and mass of compressed pellet were measured to calculate the pellet density. The pelletization process have been carried out within the pelletizing pressure from 7 to 21 kN by using compression force of Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with a test speed at 2 to 8 mm/min. In brief, this study focusing on the optimization of the pellet density by using response surface method (RSM), Box-Behnken Model due by using particle size, pressure and test speed as the factor tested. The density pellet identified to be increase radically and then gradually with a higher pelletizing pressure. This study proven that for lowest optimum density value occurs at particle size of 500µm, pressure of 7kN and with a test speed 2mm/min. In conclusion, with a low density of pelletized OPEFB could aid towards the transportation and packaging of the pellet in order to meet the pellet market in future