2882 research outputs found
Sort by
Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution using kenaf derived biochar: batch and desorption studies
No full textThe removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using kenaf derived biochar has been investigated. Desorption studies were also been conducted. Batch biosorption studies has been carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters including biosorbent dosage, pH, initial methylene blue dye concentration and temperature. Biosorption experiments were carried at different parameters of biosorbent dosage of (1,2&3g), initial methylene blue dye concentration of (100,150&200 mg/L), at pH of (4,7&9) and temperature of (30,40&50°C) to determine the highest methylene blue dye removal of biochar with high adsorption affinity. The optimum condition for the biosorption of methylene blue dye were (biosorbent dosage 3 g, initial methylene blue dye concentration = 1.00 mg/L, pH = 4, temperature ---- 40°C). The highest removal efficiency was recorded at 97.724197 %. For the characterisation of the raw kenaf, biochar, batch experiments and desorption, FTIR, BET and XRD were used
A Study on calcium Alginate Encapsulation of coconut frond biochar on methylene blue removal
No full textIndustries that using dye in their process produced coloured effluent which contained methylene blue dyes that is high in toxicity and may cause severe effect if not treated. Hence, an efficient dye removal technique was prepared in this study through adsorption method with coconut frond waste as the adsorbent as they are abundantly available in this country. The objectives of this study were to prepare calcium alginate encapsulation of coconut frond biochar (CACFB) beads, to obtain the optimum condition of CACFB beads in methylene blue removal and to characterize CACFB beads using UV-visible spectrophotometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) before and after the methylene blue removal process. Therefore, batch experiments were made to find out the optimum adsorption conditions of the coconut frond biochar coated with calcium alginate gel by varying the parameters. The collected coconut frond underwent carbonization to form CF biochar and cross-linking method was used to produce the calcium alginate beads. The optimum conditions obtained for highest methylene blue removal were at temperature, size, and dosage of 800oC, 63 µm and 1.0 g respectively. The percentages of dye removal also increase with increasing of pH and agitation speed. This showed that coconut frond biochar is an excellent adsorbent in dye removal, able to combat the problem of over-loaded disposed coconut frond at the landfill, bring improvement to the water quality and human health in general
The extraction of natural dye from black tea waste for cotton dyeing application
No full textNatural dyes have been believed to be a promising source to obtain ecological dyes and pigments. In this research, black tea wastes are used in cotton dyeing applications. Black tea wastes contain theaflavin with having substantive dye, so it does not need a high amount of mordant to help the colour hold faster. Thus it will keep the environment friendly. The objectives of this study are to extract theaflavins from tea waste using ultrasound-assisted extraction, to determine the optimum parameters of theaflavins from tea waste and to evaluate the properties of theaflavins from tea waste in cotton dyeing application. The black tea waste was obtained from UMK cafeteria and dried for 2 days under sunlight before dried in the oven at 105°c for 30 minutes. The black tea waste were grinding and extract using two difference solvent which is petroleum ether and ethanol to determine the highest volume of extraction. The extraction has proceeded to ultrasonic-assisted extraction for different volume of solvents (100 ml, 200 ml, 300 ml and 400 ml). The better volume of extraction was 300 ml is proceed to the time extraction (2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours) before followed to extraction without ultrasonic. Thus, 8 hours of extraction is more effective in extracting black tea waste. For the application of cotton dyeing, it has shown a good dyeing result at 40 °C -50°C with a minimal amount of metal mordant (0.5 %). The experimental data were analyzed using the colorimeter to determine the specification of colours, calibration curve and FTIR to confirmed the components in black tea waste. Results from this work mainly can be applied in the textile industry
Characterization of silica derived from Kelampayan (Neolamarckia cadamba) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)
No full textRubber wood and Kelampayan were treated with acid and base, namely, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to yield precipitates of silica. As most trees have only 0.01 per cent of silica when reduced to ash, other tropical species may have 1.0 per cent and a higher level of silica. It becomes important to extract it in order to prove the existence of silica in wood. A simple non-conventional method for extracting silica in the amorphous form is based on alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation. Spectroscopic data from FTIR shows the main vibration number of the main functional group which is 0-H stretching group (alcohol) in peak 3297.48 cm-1 for rubberwood. While for Kelampayan shows the main functional group -OH at a peak of 3296.77 cm-1. Carboxylic acid salts which, from the CO2 group, also appeared in both silica at a peak of 1650-1550 cm-1. From the XRD results, the highest peak at an angle of 30-32° is shown for both silicas extracted from rubberwood and Kelampayan, which indicates that silica is in an amorphous state. Silica from rubberwood and Kelampayan have been tested for moisture absorption in order to determine whether it is safe for environmental use and whether it is usable to replace dehydrants that can be found on the market. It turns out that silica derived from rubber wood is better able to absorb moisture than silica derived from Kelampayan
The effects of drying temperatures on wood preservative treatment in Kelempayan (Neolamarckia cadamba) wood
No full textDemand of timber from other countries such as India and U.S increasing year by year. But, the timber from hardwood species decrease due to the low growing pattern of hardwood species. So, fast growing species such as Kelempayan wood is the best alternatives to replace hardwood species that have slower growing rate. However, fast growing species like Kelempayan wood has low resistance toward fungi and insect attacks. It causes the wood has limitation in use especially for production of furniture and construction materials. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drying temperature on preservatives treatability of Kelempayan wood. Before preservative treatment, the wood was dried under air-drying condition, a constant temperature of 60, 80, 100 and 120°C. Result of this study showed that drying of the specimens dried at temperature of 120°C has the fastest drying time, while specimens dried under air-drying has the longest drying time. In case of preservative treatability, preservative retention tends to increase as drying temperature increased. The specimens dried under temperature of 120°C has the highest preservative retention. In addition, the same tendency was observed for preservative penetration. The specimens dried at temperature of 120°C could maintain high percentage of preservative coverage area to a deeper distance from its penetration surface
Bleaching efficiency of low concentration hydrogen peroxide on Sesbania Grandiflora
No full textThis research was aimed to evaluate the bleaching effectiveness of low concentration hydrogen peroxide on Sesbania grandiflora pulp and the effect on its mechanical properties (including bursting strength, tensile strength, tearing resistance and folding endurance). The main purpose of bleaching is to remove residual lignin and increase the brightness of the paper. However, under a certain premise, bleaching causes the weakening of the fibre strength and the interfiber bonding strength thus affect the quality of the paper. Hydrogen peroxide is a relatively mild bleaching agent which is suitable for Sesbania grandiflora short fibre. Low concentration of hydrogen peroxide bleaching treatment can achieve the objective of eliminating the lignin as well as preventing fibre damage. Sesbania grandiflora pulp was treated with 1 wt% hydrogen peroxide under controlled condition while bleaching duration (0, 20, 40, 60 minutes) of the hand sheet as a manipulated variable. As a result, 40 minutes of bleaching duration will give the pulp maximum bursting strength and tensile strength, minimum tearing resistance and satisfactory brightness and opacity. In the other hand, 60 minutes of bleaching produces pulp with maximum brightness with a slight drop in mechanical properties including bursting strength and tensile strength due to fibre degradation. As a summary, 40 minutes of bleaching treatment is the optimum bleaching duration on Sesbania grandiflora pulp. This research is valuable as a reference of Sesbania grandiflora becoming the raw material in the pulp and paper industry since the research of the field is still at an early stage and the information is limited at the time
Development and characterization of nanocream containing Sirih (Piper belle) oil for antimicrobial activities
No full textThe extract of Piper betle leaf possesses antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Piper belle plant is one of the most useful herbal remedies for skin disorder because it can inhibit the growth of microorganism. The objective of this study is to formulate and characterize the Sirih (Piper belle) oil nanocream and to test the effectiveness of the nanocream containing Sirih (Piper betle) oil on antimicrobial activities. Essential oil of the Piper belle was extracted by using steam distillation method. Formulation of nanoemulsions used was 60% of surfactants, 30% of distilled water and 10% of oil. Surfactants used were a mixture of Tween 80 and glycerol. For the nanoemulsion containing the Piper belle oil, the ratio of 1:4(R1) and 1:1(R2) is produced in the oil phase. It was the ratio of Piper betle oil to soybean oil. The diluted nanoemulsion was further used in production of nanocream. The diluted nanoemulsion at ratio of 0.03 was added with saboflow at different ratios of 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 The formulation of 9:1 ratio of diluted nanoemulsion to saboflow was incorporated with the R1 and R2 nanoemulsions. The characacterization on the physical appearance, tyndall effect and droplet size was measured for nanoemulsions and nanocream. Staphylococcus aureus was used to test the effectiveness of the nanocream containing Piper belle oil on antimicrobial activities. The nanocream containing the Piper belle oil show the inhibition zone at average of 0.567cm for R1 and 0.867cm for R2. Thus, the results indicate that Piper betle nanocream can be used to treat skin infection
Determination of consumers' willingness to pay for biodegradable food container in Mukim Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Get PDFRapid rising of population and regional urbanization in Malaysia lead to rising in demand and usage of convenience disposable non-biodegradable food container. The amount of mismanaged plastic waste in Malaysia has rose to 0.94 million of metric tons per year in 2015. To overcome the problem, food container that able to undergo biodegradation is introduce to replace those non-biodegradable. This study is conducted in mukim Kota Bharu, Kelantan with the aim to identify the willingness of consumers in this mukim to pay for biodegradable food container. Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method applied in this study indicated that the consumers in mukim Kota Bharu, Kelantan are willing to pay RM0.78 for a biodegradable food container which is 28 cent more than the current rate. The finding in the study prove that the 4 factors: age, marital status, household monthly income, awareness and perception toward biodegradable food container are the elements that influence the willingness to pay
Impact of spatial land use change on green space and water yield in Batu Pahat, Johor
Get PDFGlobally, the accelerating urbanization led by the industrialization and population growth can cause the environment degradation. The urban expansion particularly to the conversion of land activities affects the ecosystem services critically. Water yield acts as one of the important elements in the water cycle has significant impacts towards the water resources management particularly to the flood mitigation. This study helps to fill in gap of determining water yield in the urban area to reduce water stress due to the spatial land use change. The research objectives are to i) quantify the spatial land use change in Batu Pahat, Johor in year 1999, 2010 and 2018, ii) to identify the water yield of Batu Pahat in years 1999, 2010 and 2018, and iii) to determine the relationship between water yield, vegetation and urban expansion. The methods used are landscape ecological analytics, water yield simulation and statistical analysis by using the software included ENVI, AreGIS, FRAGSTATS, Annual Water Yield InVEST Model and Microsoft Excel. Raw satellite images were extracted for the year 1999, 2010 and 2018. The supervised classification of land use land cover (LULC) was conducted based on the land use type which are built-up area, cleared land, vegetation and water bodies. This study generates results for the percentage area of change for each LULC class. The highest percentage of area in Batu Pahat is vegetation while the cleared land ranked the lowest. The results for water yield from the InVEST model shows that the vegetation has the higher water yield than built-up. Six metrics included patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI), landscape shape index (LS1) and mean patch area (AREA_MN) were used to quantify the landscape pattern of land use at the landscape level. The results found that the green space experience an aggregation and fragmentation loss of patches. Therefore, it is very important to sustain the vegetation are in order to provide the water yield for the area. In conclusion, this study will aid in the understanding and provided empirical data result for managing urban expansion and sustaining the water yield in Batu Pahat, Johor by using the integrated approach of Geographical Information System (GIS), remote sensing and landscape ecology to produce land use and water yield map as final output
Potential of Epipremnum aureum in reduction of COD in industrial wastewater
Get PDFWastewater from industrial, agricultural, and urban activities is usually channelled directly into the streams. High chemical oxygen demand (COD) level in water indicated a vast amount oxidizable matter that consume a lot of dissolved oxygen in water. This results in adverse impacts on both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Wastewater from the fish cracker industry typically has high organic content and high COD value. In this study, Epipremnum aureum (E. aureum) was chosen in phytoremediation treatment because it is abundance and economical. This study emphasized on the optimum absorption parameters such as initial concentration of wastewater, retention time for treatment, initial COD concentration of wastewater and number of plants used in one treatment that affecting removal of COD in the wastewater. The wastewater's quality value was analysed and determined according to EQA standard thus considered as polluted. From the result, it was found that the highest percentage removal was 82.3 % with retention time of 10 days, initial wastewater sample with pH 6, initial COD concentration of wastewater sample of 75 % and treatment with 2 plants. Based on the study, E. aureum is proved to be a good COD removal plant