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Removal of Oil And Grease in Industrial Wastewater using Palm Kernel Shells Activated Carbon
Get PDFThe wastewater contaminated with oil and grease which discharged from industries and factories into the wastewater system will lead to a serious problem to the environment and human health. In this study, palm kernel shells (PKS) were choose as a natural absorbent in removing oil and grease in the wastewater system as the PKS become one of the most agricultural waste in Malaysia. The ability of PKS activated carbon in reducing the oil and grease concentration were studied. The PKS were carbonized at 400°C in furnace, activation with KOH, furnace again at 800°C and adjusted the pH to neutral using the distilled water. The parameter that were studied in affecting the removal oil and grease in wastewater were the effect of different contact time with initial concentration of oil and grease and the effect of different flow rate. Column adsorption method were conducted in identify the affecting parameters followed by the gravimetric method in determine the remaining oil and grease. At the 20 hours period of contact time, the removal efficiency of oil and grease were 99.18%. The PKS activated carbon shows the highest removal of oil and grease at 98.81% at 1 mL/min of flow rate. The functional group and the chemical structure of the PKS activated carbon before and after the absorption method were analysed. Generally, PKS activated carbon do has the ability in removing the oil and grease in the industrial wastewater
Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-rich CCTO Dielectric Electro-ceramic Materials
No full textCalcium copper titanate, CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) is an electro-ceramic materials with high dielectric permittivities (ε). The research of this project is to synthesis CCTO ceramics with different Cu content using composition of CaCu3Ti4O12+x where x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04,0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 mol % and to determine the effect of Cu content in CCTO on phase formation, density and microstructure. The process involves mixing the raw materials (CaCO3, CuO, and TiO2) in milling bottle filled with zirconia balls with powder to ballratio of 1:10 for 24 hours using milling machine using acetone as milling medium. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to identify the surface morphology and to measure changes in weight (mass) over the temperature of sample. Powder obtained after the milling process was then calcined at temperature of 900 °C for 10 hours. The calcined powders undergoes XRD to identify the CCTO phase formation. There are still other peaks showing that there are still unreacted raw materials in the calcined powder. The calcined CCTO was then pelletized using mould with size of 10 mm and 6 mm using pressing machine. Compacted sample of CCTO was sintered at temperature of 1000 °C for 12 hours. Then, the sintered samples were test on their density, phase formation and morphology surface. The density of the sample shows increasing trend. The sample that get the highest relative density is CCTO3 at 81.83 % whereas the lowest relative density obtained is sample CCTO4 at 67.48 %. For the CCTO1, CCTO2, CCTO3, CCTO4 and CCTO5 samples, there are a few peaks that shows the formation of CuO in sintered pellet instead of CCTO phase, while pure CCTO sample shows only single phase of CCTO cubic phase was formed. The SEM micrographs for the compacted pellet shows a rare and large grain size
Preliminary Study on The Effect of Zn Additions on Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free Solder
No full textSn-0.7 Cu lead-free solder is an alternative solder materials that suitable to replace Sn-Pb solder in electronic manufacturing. However, it has weakness of high melting temperature and lower mechanical strength. In this study, the change in microstructure, elements, structural and melting point of Sn-0.7Cu after addition of different composition of Zn element was discussed. The result shows after addition small amount of Zn, a refinement microstructure of Sn-0.7Cu-xZn solder alloy has been obtained and the melting point of the solder was decreases from 227.7 °C to 225.7 °C. Besides, the formation new phase of Cu5Zn8 was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) followed by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the behaviour of Sn-0.7Cu-xZn solder alloy can be further studied via open circuit potential (OCP) in order to determine the corrosion potential
The Effect of Different Shielding Gas to Format of Porosity in Aluminium by using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
No full textThe low melting point of aluminium and its non-ferrous properties causes the difficulties in welding application in aluminium especially in term of shielding gas types that can cause porosity formation in weld resulting in pore cracking. Current research investigates the welding process on aluminium with different shielding gas which influence the porosity formation in the weld. A sheet of pure aluminium were cut into 150 mm length X 50 mm width X 6 mm thickness and 15 sheet of aluminium was prepared. Each 5 samples were weld using Metal Inert Gas (MIG), Metal Active Gas (MAG) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. The welding parameters such as current, voltage, and gas flow have been measured during the welding process. The MAG which use active gas (carbon dioxide) welding proven to form more porosity compared to the MIG use inert shielding gas (argon) and TIG use inert shielding gas (argon).The use of active gas causes chemical reaction with aluminium and lack of protection to other gas such as hydrogen and nitrogen to react with aluminium producing air bubbles (pores) inside the weld. The use of inert gas such as argon reduce the porosity formation in the weld since it protect the weld pool from other gas such as oxygen and nitrogen from react with aluminium
Study on Potential of Dioscorine Content from Dioscorea hispida Tuber as a Natural Preservative on Rubber Wood Panel
No full textRubber woods have becoming an important raw material for indoor housing and furniture industries due to its abundant availability, renewable resources, low cost, and satisfactory material properties. However, rubber wood industries were facing many difficulties after commercialized such as easily degrade by fungi and termites attack. Opting for a natural preservative with a minimal environmental impact, safe for human consumption, and would be a new alternative to solve the problem in rubber wood industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of dioscorine content from Dioscorea hispida Dennst (D. hispida) tuber as a natural preservative on rubber wood panel. The extractives of D. hispida was obtained using maceration assisted with ultrasonication method. The dipping method was used as rubber wood preservative treatment. The effectiveness of the extractives as rubber wood preservative were evaluated based on the durability test against termite attack and the decay of fungi from white-rot fungi of Pycnoporus sanguineus; and the biodegradability resistant through the in-ground test. The result obtained showing the dioscorine extracts are not very effective to give a full protection to the rubber wood from the termite attack, it provides a very slightly protection against the degradation in burial test but not effective towards fungal attack. Thus, further study needs to be done since from previous study this dioscorine compound showed a potential to be used as an insecticide. The concentration of dioscorine should be increased and pressure or vacuum impregnation method should be used as the wood preservative treatment to increase the good penetration and distribution of the extractives in the wood for a maximum wood protection
Characterization of respiratory capabilities of Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1 Fe (III) reduction deficient mutants
No full textShewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a free-living gram-negative gamma-proteobacterium with high respiratory versatility which able to respire on a wide range of electron acceptors including insoluble metal oxides. The molecular mechanism on how S.oneidensis MR-1 reduces insoluble metal oxides is still not fully understood and currently under intensive studies. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism on how S.oneidensis MR-1 reduces metal oxides, we recently conducted mutagenesis on S.oneidensis MR-1 wild type strain to generate iron reduction deficient mutants. From the mutagenesis, we successfully isolated two iron reduction-deficient mutants. In this study, the respiratory capabilities of the mutants were further investigated. The mutants were tested for their ability to respire on both soluble and insoluble iron as the terminal electron acceptors. The result of anaerobic growth tests demonstrated that these two strains have remarkable lower Fe (III) reduction capabilities compared to wild-type. Determination of the mutants' respiratory phenotypes and future genetic analyses of the mutated genes in the mutants will provide more insight for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of MR-1 iron-reduction
Analysis of antimicrobial activity of ampicillin combined with Geniotrigona thoracica honey using Kirby-Bauer method
No full textAntimicrobial is widely used in pharmacology especially in wound treatment by killing the bacteria that delaying the wound healing process. In this study, the combination therapy between Ampicillin and Geniotrigona thoracica (GT) honey was studied to increase the antimicrobial efficiency and lowering the emergence of ampicillin resistance. The objectives of this study are (1) to identify the physiochemical and phytochemical properties of GT honey; (2) to study the concentration of GT honey that gave the highest antimicrobial activity towards different pathogenic bacteria, and; (3) to analyse the antimicrobial effectiveness of ampicillin combined with GT honey. Antimicrobial activity of GT honey is due to physiochemical properties such as acidity and high sugar content, and phytochemical properties such as phenolic and flavonoid substances. The value of pH, total sugar content, phenolic content, and flavonoid content of GT honey are pH 2.86, 69.8%, 110.23 μg/mL, and 24.13 μg/mL, respectively. In order to combine ampicillin with GT honey, the concentration of GT honey that gave the highest antimicrobial activity was analysed. The antimicrobial activity of different concentration of GT honey such as 0.34 g/mL, 0.68 g/mL, 1.01 g/mL and 1.35 g/mL was analysed using Kirby-Bauer method which is known as disk diffusion method towards two different bacteria which are Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The concentration that gave the highest antimicrobial activity towards S. aureus and E. coli are both 1.35 g/mL. Therefore, 1.35g/mL concentration of GT honey was combined with ampicillin to study the effectiveness of this combination therapy by using Kirby-Bauer method. The antimicrobial activity analysis of combination of GT honey and ampicillin proved that this combination can gave a higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus compared to GT honey and ampicillin separately. Therefore, this combination can be applied for therapeutic purpose to reduce the development of ampicillin resistance and increase the antimicrobial efficiency
Optimization of congo red dye removal from aqueous solution by encapsulated eggshell membrane using central composite design
No full textEggshell is one of the solid wastes producing from the food industry. Commonly, eggshell and its membrane were used to treated the water pollution such as heavy metal removal and also dye removal. Thus, on the treatment process, it’s was having the material handling problem which was needed filtration method to remove out the adsorbent from the solution and it was not efficiency when commercialise in the wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, this study was using alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA/SA) to encapsulate the eggshell membrane and this encapsulation method also would be able to enhance the performance of raw material on the dye adsorption. In this study, the eggshell membrane(ESM) was prepared in bead form and the optimization of the bead were performed by the removal of congo red dye at several parameter such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and dosage of ESM. Central composite design was selected to optimize the adsorption process by generating 30 runs of experiment using software Design Expert®version 11. The Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis were used to characterise the ESM bead. There was found out that main functional group on ESM bead contribute on adsorption process were carbonyl group, hydroxyl group and ESM bead also having the 42.74 nm of pore size. The optimize point for each parameter was 12.63mg/L of initial dye concentration,6.12 g of ESM dosage, pH 2.19 and 12.83 min of contact time and the optimum congo red dye removal efficiency was 98.86 %
Production of organic fertilizer from wet market food waste by composting method
No full textMost of the food waste on the wet market will be dumped in a way that causes proper deterioration of food waste without any recycling and waste systems also can induce pollution of the smell. The objective of this research is to produce organic fertilizer from food waste, to investigate the physiochemical organic fertilizer from food waste along with soil and mixture proportion using one-way ANOVA analysis. The treatments: To (soil as control), T1 (soil + compost) and T2 (organic compost from food waste). Food waste was collected and put into the moveable mesh wire as the compost bin with the consideration of all parameter that is related to aerobic composting. The result of this study showed from parameters of the physiochemical in To, T1 and T2 were in range of, 65-20 % for moisture content, 0.98-1.69 g/cm3 of bulk density, 7.13-7.55 of pH, 0.14-2.77 % of total nitrogen, 40.22-76.50 ppm of available phosphorus and 0.86-28.80 mg/L of available potassium, respectively. The statistical test of significant using ANOVA revealed that these were significantly different (P<0.05) between the values moisture content, bulk density, pH, total nitrogen, available of phosphorus and potassium in To, T1 and T2. It shows that the physiochemical value from organic composting is higher from the comparison with soil and mixture of soil and compost. To conclude, composting basic food waste on the wet market will provide a suitable organic fertilizer for use in plants and significantly reduce the amount of food waste produced to landfill
Biochar and Graphene Oxide as electron mediator for reduction of Fe (III) using Shewanella oneidensis MR-I
No full textBiochar is a charcoal which is a rich carbon. Biochar contains quinones and aromatic structures that facilitate extracellular electron transfer between microbial cells and insoluble minerals. Graphene oxide is a substance with compact structure that can be act as electron mediated in redox process. Iron reducing bacteria (IRB) can employ biochar and graphene oxide as electron shuttles mediator to enhance the Fe (III) reduction activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect the biochar produced from coconut frond and graphene oxide on the microbial Fe (III) iron reduction. Different concentration of biochar and graphene oxide are use which is ranging from 5.0 mg/L to 0.0005 mg/L into the M1 minimum media supplemented with glucose as electron donor and Fe (III) hyroxides as electron acceptor inoculated with model IRB strain, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and incubated at 30 °C anaerobically The effect of each biochar on the microbial Fe(III) reduction activities were monitored by measuring the concentration of Fe(II), which is the product of Fe(III) reduction, via colometric method using Ferrozine reagent. The results from this study was elucidate how coconut frond biochar and graphene oxide that affect the microbial Fe(III) reduction activities, thus showed effecting the effectiveness of biochar and graphene oxide as electron shuttles for microbial Fe(III) reduction