Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias
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Wild potato Genetic Reserves in Protected Areas: prospection notes from Los Cardones National Park, Salta, Argentina
Get PDFWild potato species (WPS) are vital genetic resources to improve the productivity and sustainability of the third most important food crop worldwide. Although in situ conservation of this germplasm has been considered the most appropriate strategy, establishment of Genetic Reserves is still incipient. Northwest Argentina is among the priority regions for establishing WPS Genetic Reserves, whose designation within Protected Areas is accepted as the most efficient approach. In this work, we present results of the prospection and collection of WPS in Los Cardones National Park, a Protected Area with high environmental heterogeneity and diversity of plant communities. Four wild and one cultivated potato species were identified in different physiognomic vegetation units: Solanum acaule, S. brevicaule, S. boliviense, S. vernei and S. tuberosum group Andigenum. In the four WPS, characters of interest for plant breeding have been described. Through the development of environmental education workshops and the monitoring over two consecutive years within a worldwide priority site, we have established a baseline on which in situ conservation will be projected to preserve an essential component of the natural and cultural America's patrimony.
Highlights
Northwest Argentina is a priority region to develop in situ conservation programs of potato wild relatives.
Los Cardones National Park is a Genetic Reserve in which primary and secondary gene pool of the cultivated potato could be conserved.
Solanum acaule, S. boliviense, S. brevicaule and S. vernei were surveyed, monitored and collected in different physiognomic vegetation units within the Los Cardones National Park.
A baseline with distribution data and phenological stages of populations of the four wild potato species was established.
Communication, education and awareness activities related to the conservation of wild potatoes species and landraces were carried out.Wild potato species (WPS) are vital genetic resources to improve the productivity and sustainability of the third most important food crop worldwide. Although in situ conservation of this germplasm has been considered the most appropriate strategy, establishment of Genetic Reserves is still incipient. Northwest Argentina is among the priority regions for establishing WPS Genetic Reserves, whose designation within Protected Areas is accepted as the most efficient approach. In this work, we present results of the prospection and collection of WPS in Los Cardones National Park, a Protected Area with high environmental heterogeneity and diversity of plant communities. Four wild and one cultivated potato species were identified in different physiognomic vegetation units: Solanum acaule, S. brevicaule, S. boliviense, S. vernei and S. tuberosum group Andigenum. In the four WPS, characters of interest for plant breeding have been described. Through the development of environmental education workshops and the monitoring over two consecutive years within a worldwide priority site, we have established a baseline on which in situ conservation will be projected to preserve an essential component of the natural and cultural America's patrimony.
Highlights
Northwest Argentina is a priority region to develop in situ conservation programs of potato wild relatives.
Los Cardones National Park is a Genetic Reserve in which primary and secondary gene pool of the cultivated potato could be conserved.
Solanum acaule, S. boliviense, S. brevicaule and S. vernei were surveyed, monitored and collected in different physiognomic vegetation units within the Los Cardones National Park.
A baseline with distribution data and phenological stages of populations of the four wild potato species was established.
Communication, education and awareness activities related to the conservation of wild potatoes species and landraces were carried out
Agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays L.) populations segregating the polyembryony mutant
Get PDFThe maize polyembryony (PEm) is phenotypically expressed when the seed germinates in two or more seedlings simultaneously, which in turn develops the capacity to overcome the close competition among sisters and neighboring plants. Because of that, it is thought that the inclusion of PEm in some new maize varieties can be useful looking for high yields and corn grain quality as a response to the global food demand. This research is about the PEm inheritance, the inclusion, recovery of polyembryony in segregating populations, and exploring their performance capacity. The foundation populations were the progenies from crosses among polyembryonic sources and inbred lines, producing several F1 groups, and from each the proper F2, and G3 and G4 generations. The latter two were developed through successive positive assortative matings (AM+). G3 populations were used to generate diallel crossings, Griffing’s method 4, and part of them were evaluated in a performance assay, using a complete block design with a split-split plot arrangement. Results supported a validation of the inheritance model proposed for this sort of polyembryony, which states that the trait is controlled by two independent loci, under epistatic interaction of the type "duplicate gene action". Moreover, the arbitrarily handling of sexual reproduction in F2 plants and in G3 and G4 generations through positive assortative matings (AM+) increased the PEm frequency on an average up to 40 % in G4, departing from the 4.9 % in F2. Also, the performance assay shown a yield potential of the trait. The PEm mutant might be useful in maize production. The maize polyembryony (PEm) is phenotypically expressed when the seed germinates in two or more seedlings simultaneously, which in turn develops the capacity to overcome the close competition among sisters and neighboring plants. Because of that, it is thought that the inclusion of PEm in some new maize varieties can be useful looking for high yields and corn grain quality as a response to the global food demand. This research is about the PEm inheritance, the inclusion, recovery of polyembryony in segregating populations, and exploring their performance capacity. The foundation populations were the progenies from crosses among polyembryonic sources and inbred lines, producing several F1 groups, and from each the proper F2, and G3 and G4 generations. The latter two were developed through successive positive assortative matings (AM+). G3 populations were used to generate diallel crossings, Griffing’s method 4, and part of them were evaluated in a performance assay, using a complete block design with a split-split plot arrangement. Results supported a validation of the inheritance model proposed for this sort of polyembryony, which states that the trait is controlled by two independent loci, under epistatic interaction of the type "duplicate gene action". Moreover, the arbitrarily handling of sexual reproduction in F2 plants and in G3 and G4 generations through positive assortative matings (AM+) increased the PEm frequency on an average up to 40 % in G4, departing from the 4.9 % in F2. Also, the performance assay shown a yield potential of the trait. The PEm mutant might be useful in maize production. 
Effect of culture medium on morphogenic processes in vitro in Cinchona officinalis L.
Get PDFThis paper describes the effect of the various plant growth regulators of the culture medium on morphogenic processes in vitro in Cinchona officinalis L, a highly vulnerable species from southern Ecuador. To do this, different concentrations of NaOCl were used in combination with different immersion times for seed disinfection; for seed germination in vitro GA3 was added to the MS basal culture medium in different concentrations, and for morphogenic processes in vitro, different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins were combined. The decrease in the contamination rate was with high concentrations of NaOCl and an increase in the germination rate in 45 days with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 GA3 to the culture medium the hormonal combination of 0.5 mg L-1 NAA + 2.5 mg L-1 BAP showed a high rate of shoot proliferation and with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA a high number of roots was obtained. In the callogenesis phase, the best results were obtained with 1.0 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L-1 BAP for callus proliferation. In vitro propagation protocols were generated in Cinchona officinalis L, for the preservation and conservation of the species.This paper describes the effect of the various plant growth regulators of the culture medium on morphogenic processes in vitro in Cinchona officinalis L, a highly vulnerable species from southern Ecuador. To do this, different concentrations of NaOCl were used in combination with different immersion times for seed disinfection; for seed germination in vitro GA3 was added to the MS basal culture medium in different concentrations, and for morphogenic processes in vitro, different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins were combined. The decrease in the contamination rate was with high concentrations of NaOCl and an increase in the germination rate in 45 days with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 GA3 to the culture medium the hormonal combination of 0.5 mg L-1 NAA + 2.5 mg L-1 BAP showed a high rate of shoot proliferation and with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA a high number of roots was obtained. In the callogenesis phase, the best results were obtained with 1.0 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L-1 BAP for callus proliferation. In vitro propagation protocols were generated in Cinchona officinalis L, for the preservation and conservation of the species
Catalog of the type material in the Herpetology Collection of the Instituto de Biologia Animal (Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo)
Get PDFThe Herpetology Collection of the Instituto de Biología Animal of Mendoza (IBA-FCA UNCuyo) is one of the most important of Argentina, for the type material deposited there and because includes a large number of specimens from central-western Argentina and Patagonia. The collection is in a process of ordering for it to the scientific community to access the material with ease. This arrangement allows recognizing the deposited type material, most of it corresponding to Argentina's species described by J. M. Cei, who conducted his investigations at this institute between 1955 and 1980. Also developed research in the Institute R. Donoso-Barros, J. A. Scolaro, F. Videla, L. P. Castro, G. Macola and V. Roig, among others. The type material comprises a total of 295 specimens, belonging to 38 species, 32 of them being holotypes and 263 paratypes. The materials designated as Neotypes of Liolaemus anomalus Koslowsky, 1896 and Liolaemus melanops Burmeister, 1868 do not constitute type material since the original types were found. Fourteen types that should have been deposited in the collection were not found, including the holotype of Homonota andicola Cei, 1978.The Herpetology Collection of the Instituto de Biología Animal of Mendoza (IBA-FCA UNCuyo) is one of the most important of Argentina, for the type material deposited there and because includes a large number of specimens from central-western Argentina and Patagonia. The collection is in a process of ordering for it to the scientific community to access the material with ease. This arrangement allows recognizing the deposited type material, most of it corresponding to Argentina's species described by J. M. Cei, who conducted his investigations at this institute between 1955 and 1980. Also developed research in the Institute R. Donoso-Barros, J. A. Scolaro, F. Videla, L. P. Castro, G. Macola and V. Roig, among others. The type material comprises a total of 295 specimens, belonging to 38 species, 32 of them being holotypes and 263 paratypes. The materials designated as Neotypes of Liolaemus anomalus Koslowsky, 1896 and Liolaemus melanops Burmeister, 1868 do not constitute type material since the original types were found. Fourteen types that should have been deposited in the collection were not found, including the holotype of Homonota andicola Cei, 1978
Artificial seed viability of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Mex 69-290) under conditions of Huimanguillo-Tabasco, Mexico
Get PDFTo develop an artificial seed of sugar cane using sodium alginate and starch, it was possible to bring shoots resistance and protection in addition to a germination of 100 and 84%, respectively. In order to improve the technology of the artificial seed of sugarcane, two experiments were carried out to evaluate different polymer concentrations (sodium alginate and starch) and determine the maximum storage time for the artificial seed, using a completely random design, and a factorial 5x5 completely random design. The study variables were as follows: physical condition, rheological, mechanical test and seedling emergence. The results obtained have allowed to us to conclude that the best physical condition, resistance and seedling emergence, were obtained with 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and 15% (w/v) starch, corroborating that the initially proposed encapsulation is reliable for the artificial seed elaboration. The seed viability at the fifth day of elaboration was the best choice with a seedling emergence of 100 % at the 30 days of planting. Therefore, artificial seed can only be stored for five days to ensure a 100% seed germination.To develop an artificial seed of sugar cane using sodium alginate and starch, it was possible to bring shoots resistance and protection in addition to a germination of 100 and 84%, respectively. In order to improve the technology of the artificial seed of sugarcane, two experiments were carried out to evaluate different polymer concentrations (sodium alginate and starch) and determine the maximum storage time for the artificial seed, using a completely random design, and a factorial 5x5 completely random design. The study variables were as follows: physical condition, rheological, mechanical test and seedling emergence. The results obtained have allowed to us to conclude that the best physical condition, resistance and seedling emergence, were obtained with 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and 15% (w/v) starch, corroborating that the initially proposed encapsulation is reliable for the artificial seed elaboration. The seed viability at the fifth day of elaboration was the best choice with a seedling emergence of 100 % at the 30 days of planting. Therefore, artificial seed can only be stored for five days to ensure a 100% seed germination
Ánalisis de susceptibilidad de flujos de detritos en el Parque Provincial Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
Get PDFDebris flows occurrence represents a potential geological hazard threatening community of the Aconcagua Park. These events are generated on steeper slopes reaching high velocities and great volume. Main historical cause of events is water saturation of sediments or rocks due to precipitation, snow thawing or permafrost degradation during warmer seasons. This paper focuses in the analysis of debris flow susceptibility considering conditioning factors such as lithology, slope, elevation, slope orientation and vegetation presence. These variables were analyzed through superposition of thematic maps and an inventory map of historical debris flows in a GIS environment. A physical model (SINMAP) and statistical methods of logistic regression and Wi were applied obtaining three different models spatially validated with inventory control map. The models showed good performance, even though the SINMAP shows differences in the zoning comparing with statistician ones, being logistical regression the more proper method for susceptibility assessment.Los flujos de detritos representan potenciales peligros geológicos que amenazan a la comunidad en el Parque Aconcagua. Estos procesos se generan en pendientes abruptas alcanzando grandes velocidades y volúmenes, siendo su principal causa histórica la saturación de los sedimentos o rocas a partir del deshielo en épocas estivales. En este trabajo se evalúa la susceptibilidad a la ocurrencia de flujos de detritos en dicha reserva en función de factores como litología, pendiente, altura, orientación de las laderas y presencia de vegetación. Estas variables se analizaron a través de superposición de mapas temáticos y un mapa inventario de flujos de detritos históricos en el entorno de un SIG. Se utilizó el modelo de base física SINMAP y métodos estadísticos de regresión logística y Wi, obteniendo diferentes mapas de susceptibilidad que fueron validados espacialmente con un mapa inventario de control. Todos los modelos presentaron buen desempeño, aunque SINMAP presentó diferencias en la zonificación con respecto a los modelos estadísticos, siendo la regresión logística la metodología más apropiada para la valoración de la susceptibilidad
Long-term fertilization with dairy cattle slurry in intensive production systems: effects on soil porosity and pore morphology
Get PDFIn Mediterranean environments, livestock effluents might improve soil physical properties. The study was located in an intensive crop production system of northwest Spain. After nine consecutive years of dairy cattle slurry (DCS) use as fertilizer, the aim of the experiment was to evaluate the impacts of DCS on soil porosity and pore shape. Soil texture was loam. The applied DCS rates were equivalent to 170 and 250 kg N ha−1 (170DCS and 250DCS, respectively) and they were complemented with mineral N up to 450 kg N ha-1 (two crops). A nonfertilized control was included. Digital binary images were obtained from soil thin sections. Pores with an apparent diameter (AD) >30 µm were analysed. The 250DCS treatment improved soil porosity (>30 µm): it doubled in comparison with the 170DCS and the control. The application of DCS favored the presence of pores with an AD >400 µm, the roughness for AD >100 µm and the elongation in the AD interval of 100-200 µm. From the study, the 250DCS treatment is recommended as it increases macroporosity (compaction reduction) and produces more elongated and tortuous pores, which will be a constraint for fast drainage but it will be advantageous in coarse textured soils.In Mediterranean environments, livestock effluents might improve soil physical properties. The study was located in an intensive crop production system of northwest Spain. After nine consecutive years of dairy cattle slurry (DCS) use as fertilizer, the aim of the experiment was to evaluate the impacts of DCS on soil porosity and pore shape. Soil texture was loam. The applied DCS rates were equivalent to 170 and 250 kg N ha−1 (170DCS and 250DCS, respectively) and they were complemented with mineral N up to 450 kg N ha-1 (two crops). A nonfertilized control was included. Digital binary images were obtained from soil thin sections. Pores with an apparent diameter (AD) >30 µm were analysed. The 250DCS treatment improved soil porosity (>30 µm): it doubled in comparison with the 170DCS and the control. The application of DCS favored the presence of pores with an AD >400 µm, the roughness for AD >100 µm and the elongation in the AD interval of 100-200 µm. From the study, the 250DCS treatment is recommended as it increases macroporosity (compaction reduction) and produces more elongated and tortuous pores, which will be a constraint for fast drainage but it will be advantageous in coarse textured soils
Effect of traffic with a light-weight tractor on physical properties of an Aridisol soil in Almeria, Spain
Get PDFThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of repeated traffic with a light-weight tractor on the physical/mechanical properties of an Aridisol soil from eastern Almería (Spain). The soil has been used for almond (Prunus amigdalus L.) production for the past 29 years. A light modal tractor (≈15 kN overall load) and different traffic frequencies or treatments; namely, 0 (control, no traffic), and 1, 5, 7, and 10 passes, respectively, were used. The following variables were measured: cone Index (CI); bulk density (BD); total soil porosity (TSP); water infiltration into soil (I), and ruth depth (RD). The results showed that, only treatments 7 and 10 led to significant increases in CI and BD throughout the soil profile (0-450 mm). Changes in TSP in those treatments were consistent with changes in soil bulk density. No significant differences in RD were found when the tractor passed 1 or 5 times. All traffic treatments resulted in significant compaction in the topsoil layer (0-150 mm) and soil physical conditions that would be regarded as unsuitable for establishment of most arable crops.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of repeated traffic with a light-weight tractor on the physical/mechanical properties of an Aridisol soil from eastern Almería (Spain). The soil has been used for almond (Prunus amigdalus L.) production for the past 29 years. A light modal tractor (≈15 kN overall load) and different traffic frequencies or treatments; namely, 0 (control, no traffic), and 1, 5, 7, and 10 passes, respectively, were used. The following variables were measured: cone Index (CI); bulk density (BD); total soil porosity (TSP); water infiltration into soil (I), and ruth depth (RD). The results showed that, only treatments 7 and 10 led to significant increases in CI and BD throughout the soil profile (0-450 mm). Changes in TSP in those treatments were consistent with changes in soil bulk density. No significant differences in RD were found when the tractor passed 1 or 5 times. All traffic treatments resulted in significant compaction in the topsoil layer (0-150 mm) and soil physical conditions that would be regarded as unsuitable for establishment of most arable crops
Postharvest control of Rhizopus stolonifer on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) by blackberry native crop bacteria
Get PDFThe potential of four native bacterial strains of blackberries cv. Brazos (Rubus fruticosus): Bacillus subtilis (BSS), Bacillus subtilis (BSL), Bacillus licheniformis (BLI) and Leifsonia aquatica (LAQ), was evaluated for the postharvest control of soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in blackberry fruits. The fruits were treated with cell suspensions (CS) and cell-free supernatants (CFE) from each bacterial strain and were infected with two strains of R. stolonifer (RSA and RSC). The severity and inhibition percentage of the disease were determined. Additionally, the inhibition by siderophores and the inhibition percentage of R. stolonifer spore germination were analyzed as possible control mechanisms. The CS of BSS inhibited RSA by 45.8%, followed by CFE of LAQ which controlled the same strain by 39.7%. The CS of BLI inhibited RSC by 37.7%, whereas the CFE of BSS and LAQ controlled it by 47.7 and 41.8%, respectively. All bacterial strains inhibited RSA and RSC by siderophores production (38.7 to 48.6 %) and the inhibition of spore germination of RSC was higher than 93% after 48 h. This work is one of the first to report R. stolonifer control by native bacteria CS and CFE, particularly LAQ in postharvested blackberry fruits. These results show the combination of mechanisms used by bacteria to control both R. stolonifer strains.The potential of four native bacterial strains of blackberries cv. Brazos (Rubus fruticosus): Bacillus subtilis (BSS), Bacillus subtilis (BSL), Bacillus licheniformis (BLI) and Leifsonia aquatica (LAQ), was evaluated for the postharvest control of soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in blackberry fruits. The fruits were treated with cell suspensions (CS) and cell-free supernatants (CFE) from each bacterial strain and were infected with two strains of R. stolonifer (RSA and RSC). The severity and inhibition percentage of the disease were determined. Additionally, the inhibition by siderophores and the inhibition percentage of R. stolonifer spore germination were analyzed as possible control mechanisms. The CS of BSS inhibited RSA by 45.8%, followed by CFE of LAQ which controlled the same strain by 39.7%. The CS of BLI inhibited RSC by 37.7%, whereas the CFE of BSS and LAQ controlled it by 47.7 and 41.8%, respectively. All bacterial strains inhibited RSA and RSC by siderophores production (38.7 to 48.6 %) and the inhibition of spore germination of RSC was higher than 93% after 48 h. This work is one of the first to report R. stolonifer control by native bacteria CS and CFE, particularly LAQ in postharvested blackberry fruits. These results show the combination of mechanisms used by bacteria to control both R. stolonifer strains
Valorization of mulberry (Rubus glaucus) by-products: ultrasound-assisted extraction of total anthocyanins
Get PDFIn this study, the objective was to establish parameters of optimization of the factors such as solvent concentration, extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total anthocyanins from mulberry by-products. The study sample corresponds to mature fruits that did not comply with the size demanded by the market (by-product). Three independent variables including extraction time (6-74 min), liquid-solid ratio (33-66.16 mL/g), and ethanol concentration (63-96%) were investigated. A rotatable central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of process variables. The optimum conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction obtained through response surface methodology were as follow: extraction time, 20 min; liquid to solid ratio, 60:1 mL/g, and ethanol concentration, 90%, allowed to obtain a maximum concentration of 259.66 mg/L. To validate the optimized model, the experimental values were compared with the predicted values to check the adequacy of the model. Ultrasound extraction was 13.60% higher than maceration technique and reduces the time from 24h to 20 minutes. The results show that ultrasonic-assisted extraction as a promising agro-industrial process in the recovery of anthocyanins from mulberry by-products.In this study, the objective was to establish parameters of optimization of the factors such as solvent concentration, extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total anthocyanins from mulberry by-products. The study sample corresponds to mature fruits that did not comply with the size demanded by the market (by-product). Three independent variables including extraction time (6-74 min), liquid-solid ratio (33-66.16 mL/g), and ethanol concentration (63-96%) were investigated. A rotatable central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of process variables. The optimum conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction obtained through response surface methodology were as follow: extraction time, 20 min; liquid to solid ratio, 60:1 mL/g, and ethanol concentration, 90%, allowed to obtain a maximum concentration of 259.66 mg/L. To validate the optimized model, the experimental values were compared with the predicted values to check the adequacy of the model. Ultrasound extraction was 13.60% higher than maceration technique and reduces the time from 24h to 20 minutes. The results show that ultrasonic-assisted extraction as a promising agro-industrial process in the recovery of anthocyanins from mulberry by-products