Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias
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Effect of Prosopis flexuosa on understory species and its importance to pastoral management in woodlands of the Central Monte Desert
Get PDFIn the Monte Biogeographic Province, located in the arid region of Argentina, the presence of Prosopis flexuosa DC. produces spatial heterogeneity through edaphic modifications and microclimate changes. This results in vegetation patches differing in species composition and abundance. However, this interaction can be modified by the occurrence of gradients of biotic stress or disturbance intensity. In particular, grazing has been observed to enhance or reduce vegetation heterogeneity. Such complex of interactions could determine forage availability for cattle in one of the driest areas of the Monte Desert. We assessed the effect of Prosopis on understory species and analyzed whether the outcomes of this interaction differed with distance to watering points, as a proxy of grazing intensity, in the Northeast of Mendoza Province, Argentina. We used a two-way factorial design including the following factors: 1) microsite (under the cover of P. flexuosa trees and in intercanopy microsites) and 2) distance to watering points ("near the watering point", 500-700 m away, and "far from the watering point", 3-4 km away). Cover of each species, total cover, bare soil, and litter were recorded, and plant diversity, richness, and evenness were estimated with the modified Point Quadrat method. Results showed that P. flexuosa cover, distance from watering points, and the interaction between them determined species composition, abundance and spatial distribution of understory species, and were, consequently, a determining factor for forage availability. The presence of P. flexuosa enhances carrying capacity by supporting higher abundance of grasses under its canopy. Near watering points, high grazing intensity appears to disrupt the patches formed under P. flexuosa canopies, reducing the differences between microsites.In the Monte Biogeographic Province, located in the arid region of Argentina, the presence of Prosopis flexuosa DC. produces spatial heterogeneity through edaphic modifications and microclimate changes. This results in vegetation patches differing in species composition and abundance. However, this interaction can be modified by the occurrence of gradients of biotic stress or disturbance intensity. In particular, grazing has been observed to enhance or reduce vegetation heterogeneity. Such complex of interactions could determine forage availability for cattle in one of the driest areas of the Monte Desert. We assessed the effect of Prosopis on understory species and analyzed whether the outcomes of this interaction differed with distance to watering points, as a proxy of grazing intensity, in the Northeast of Mendoza Province, Argentina. We used a two-way factorial design including the following factors: 1) microsite (under the cover of P. flexuosa trees and in intercanopy microsites) and 2) distance to watering points ("near the watering point", 500-700 m away, and "far from the watering point", 3-4 km away). Cover of each species, total cover, bare soil, and litter were recorded, and plant diversity, richness, and evenness were estimated with the modified Point Quadrat method. Results showed that P. flexuosa cover, distance from watering points, and the interaction between them determined species composition, abundance and spatial distribution of understory species, and were, consequently, a determining factor for forage availability. The presence of P. flexuosa enhances carrying capacity by supporting higher abundance of grasses under its canopy. Near watering points, high grazing intensity appears to disrupt the patches formed under P. flexuosa canopies, reducing the differences between microsites
Aptitud para riego del agua subterránea basada en la salinidad y sodicidad en las perforaciones realizadas entre 2004 y 2010 en los Oasis Norte y Centro de Mendoza
Get PDFEn Mendoza la actividad agrícola se concentra en oasis productivos que dependen exclusivamente del riego, donde aproximadamente un 70% de las propiedades utilizan agua subterránea. El objetivo fue analizar la calidad del agua que extraen las perforaciones realizadas durante el periodo 2004/2010, en los oasis Norte y Centro de Mendoza. De los aproximadamente 1000 registros de nuevos pozos se han tomado muestras de 409 perforaciones, en las que se realizaron análisis físicoquímicos: conductividad eléctrica actual (CEA) y efectiva (CEE), residuo salino, sales totales, pH, cationes y aniones, se obtuvo el coeficiente de álcali, relación de absorción de sodio y las durezas. Se clasificó según Riverside modificación Thorne-Peterson y siguiendo la clasificación regional de Wainstein. Las perforaciones del Oasis Centro son en general de menor profundidad, extrayendo agua de menor CEA y mayor calidad. En el Oasis Norte las mejores aguas están en la zona irrigada por el Río Mendoza, encontrando hacia el este (Río Tunuyán) aguas de peores características, a pesar de que en dicha zona es donde se ubican las más importantes profundidades de exploración. Las mayores diferencias entre CEA y CEE están en la cuenca del Tunuyán inferior, donde las aguas poseen más cantidad de sales de mediana solubilidad.
En Mendoza la actividad agrícola se concentra en oasis productivos que dependen exclusivamente del riego, donde aproximadamente un 70% de las propiedades utilizan agua subterránea. El objetivo fue analizar la calidad del agua que extraen las perforaciones realizadas durante el periodo 2004/2010, en los oasis Norte y Centro de Mendoza. De los aproximadamente 1000 registros de nuevos pozos se han tomado muestras de 409 perforaciones, en las que se realizaron análisis físicoquímicos: conductividad eléctrica actual (CEA) y efectiva (CEE), residuo salino, sales totales, pH, cationes y aniones, se obtuvo el coeficiente de álcali, relación de absorción de sodio y las durezas. Se clasificó según Riverside modificación Thorne-Peterson y siguiendo la clasificación regional de Wainstein. Las perforaciones del Oasis Centro son en general de menor profundidad, extrayendo agua de menor CEA y mayor calidad. En el Oasis Norte las mejores aguas están en la zona irrigada por el Río Mendoza, encontrando hacia el este (Río Tunuyán) aguas de peores características, a pesar de que en dicha zona es donde se ubican las más importantes profundidades de exploración. Las mayores diferencias entre CEA y CEE están en la cuenca del Tunuyán inferior, donde las aguas poseen más cantidad de sales de mediana solubilidad.
 
Selenized garlic: a future prospect or already a current functional food?
Get PDFIn the last years, functional foods have awakened consumer, scientific and business interest. A commonly found vegetable in such kind of foods includes garlic (Allium sativum). By its ability for selenium (Se) bio-accumulation, garlic can turn into an attractive option of selenized food. Selenium is an essential micronutrient for many organisms including plants, animals, and humans. It is an important trace element due to its antioxidant properties and plays a main role in prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the study of Se speciation due to the different roles that each species manifests in toxicological and nutrition fields. However, Se exhibits a narrow interval between toxicity and essentiality, which is puzzling toxicologists and alarming nutritionists and legislators. In the present review, an overview on the development of selenized garlic studies and its potential implementation in Argentine production is exposed. The development of novel foods with added value such us selenized garlic could be an attractive alternative for local market. Moreover, it becomes a good offering for factory owners, considering that Mendoza represents about 85% of total garlic production in the country.In the last years, functional foods have awakened consumer, scientific and business interest. A commonly found vegetable in such kind of foods includes garlic (Allium sativum). By its ability for selenium (Se) bio-accumulation, garlic can turn into an attractive option of selenized food. Selenium is an essential micronutrient for many organisms including plants, animals, and humans. It is an important trace element due to its antioxidant properties and plays a main role in prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the study of Se speciation due to the different roles that each species manifests in toxicological and nutrition fields. However, Se exhibits a narrow interval between toxicity and essentiality, which is puzzling toxicologists and alarming nutritionists and legislators. In the present review, an overview on the development of selenized garlic studies and its potential implementation in Argentine production is exposed. The development of novel foods with added value such us selenized garlic could be an attractive alternative for local market. Moreover, it becomes a good offering for factory owners, considering that Mendoza represents about 85% of total garlic production in the country
Sowing date effects on yield of three winter forage crops in the northern oasis of Mendoza
Get PDFThe increasing livestock farming in the province of Mendoza requests the acquisition of further knowledge on winter forage crops, annual grasses that produce a large volume of good quality biomass in a short time. The most widely used winter forage crops in Argentina are oats, rye and barley. To assess forage productivity in the northern oasis of Mendoza, an experimental factorial design combined 2 sowing dates (March 21, 2019, and April 29, 2019) and three winter forage crops: oats (Blanca Cristal INTA), rye (Lisandro INTA) and barley (Alicia INTA). Results showed no interaction between sowing dates and forage species. March sowing date was 27% more productive and offered a longer grazing period than April sowing (more than five months in March sowing and more than one month in April sowing). Oat showed the highest yield, differing significantly from rye and barley.
Highlights
March sowings produced more forage than April sowings.
Days from sowing to first grazzing are less in March sowings.The increasing livestock farming in the province of Mendoza requests the acquisition of further knowledge on winter forage crops, annual grasses that produce a large volume of good quality biomass in a short time. The most widely used winter forage crops in Argentina are oats, rye and barley. To assess forage productivity in the northern oasis of Mendoza, an experimental factorial design combined 2 sowing dates (March 21, 2019, and April 29, 2019) and three winter forage crops: oats (Blanca Cristal INTA), rye (Lisandro INTA) and barley (Alicia INTA). Results showed no interaction between sowing dates and forage species. March sowing date was 27% more productive and offered a longer grazing period than April sowing (more than five months in March sowing and more than one month in April sowing). Oat showed the highest yield, differing significantly from rye and barley.
Highlights
March sowings produced more forage than April sowings.
Days from sowing to first grazzing are less in March sowings
Variación agromorfológica y cambios biofísicos poscosecha en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Get PDFAgromorphological phenotypic variation and postharvest biophysical changes in fruits after 10 days of storage at room temperature were evaluated in a collection of tomatoes from Oaxaca, Mexico. The collection of 57 accessions were planted and characterized under greenhouse. During postharvest the pH, degrees Brix (°Brix), weight loss and color parameters (L*, a*, b*, chromaticity and Hue angle) were evaluated at 0 and 10 days after harvest. The accession showed significant differences (P < 0.01) over all agromorphological traits, and there were differences among genepools classified a priori as cultivated, ruderal, and intermediate populations between cultivated and ruderal. Nine groups of phenotypic diversity were determined. The storage times (0 and 10 days) presented significant differences at all biophysical traits. After 10 days of storage at room temperature (20.6±5°C and 34±10% RH) the °Brix increased from 4.1 to 4.6 and similarly pH from 3.7 to 4.3. Among phenotypic groups and interaction storage times-groups, significant differences were found for °Brix, color coordinates L* and b*, and Hue angle. The differential postharvest changes indicate phenotypic divergences among and within genepools, which can be exploited in the plant breeding programs with regional objectives.Se evaluó la variación fenotípica agromorfológica y cambios biofísicos de frutos después de 10 días de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente, en una colección de tomate de Oaxaca, México. La colección de 57 colectas fue sembrada y caracterizada bajo invernadero. En poscosecha se evaluó pH, grados Brix, pérdida de peso y parámetros de color (L*, a*, b*, cromaticidad y ángulo Hue) a 0 y 10 días después de la cosecha. Las colectas mostraron diferencias significativas (P < 0,01) en todos los caracteres agromorfológicos y también hubo diferencias significativas entre acervos genéticos preclasificados como cultivados, ruderales e intermedios entre cultivados y ruderales. Nueve grupos de diversidad fenotípica fueron conformados. Se determinaron diferencias significativas entre tiempos de almacenamiento (0 y 10 días) para todas las características biofísicas. Después de 10 días de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente (20,6±5°C y 34±10% HR), se incrementaron los °Brix de 4,1 a 4,6 y pH de 3,7 a 4,3. Entre grupos fenotípicos e interacción tiempo de almacenamiento-grupos, se determinaron diferencias significativas en °Brix, coordenadas de color L* y b*, y ángulo Hue. Los cambios diferenciales poscosecha indican divergencias fenotípicas entre y dentro de acervos genéticos que pueden explotarse en programas de mejoramiento con objetivos regionales
Estimación de escenarios de contaminación por coliformes fecales en una microcuenca de la Pampa Ondulada de Argentina mediante el empleo de un modelo predictivo
Get PDFBiological contamination dynamic was assessed in a microbasin of the Rolling Pampa of Argentina trough the study of the bacterial partition coefficient (BactKdQ) of SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Biological contamination sceneries were estimated for two stocking rates (0.5 and 1 Animal Units) using two values of BactKdQ: the value set by default in SWAT model (175 m3 Mg-1) and a real value measured in situ (10 m3 Mg-1). For the real scenery, a close relationship between rainfall and runoff events and biological contamination of water courses was confirmed. Real BactKdQ values, yet still low, significantly influenced the dynamics of transport of fecal coliforms. Therefore it is of interest to include parameters such as BactKdQ measured locally instead of those that the SWAT sets as default. In addition, we observed a high concentration of fecal coliforms in the microbasin, pointing it as an environment with high risk of biological contamination, since for this application of SWAT model all the guidelines were exceeded. This work highlights the importance of using computational models to support both production and environmental decisions.Se evaluó la dinámica de contaminación biológica en una microcuenca con uso ganadero de la Pampa Ondulada de Argentina, mediante el coeficiente de partición bacteriano (BactKdQ) del modelo SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Se simularon escenarios de contaminación para dos cargas ganaderas (0,5 y 1 equivalente vaca por ha), utilizando dos valores de BactKdQ: el propuesto por el SWAT (175 m3 Mg-1) y uno real medido in situ (10 m3 Mg-1). Para el escenario real se corroboró la íntima relación entre los eventos de precipitaciones - escurrimientos y la contaminación biológica de los cursos de agua. Los valores reales de BactKdQ, aún siendo bajos, incidieron de forma significativa en la dinámica de transporte de coliformes fecales. Por ende, es de interés la inclusión de parámetros como el BactKdQ medidos localmente y no de aquellos que el modelo SWAT incluye por defecto. Además, se pudo observar una importante concentración de coliformes fecales en la microcuenca, señalándola como un ambiente de alto riesgo de contaminación biológica, ya que para esta aplicación del SWAT todos los niveles guías fueron sobrepasados. Este trabajo destaca la relevancia de la utilización de modelos computacionales como soporte de decisiones productivas y ambientales
Comportamiento del Chile Húngaro (Capsicum annuum) en mezclas de vermicompost- arena bajo condiciones protegidas
Get PDFWork was carried out to determine optimal concentration of the mixture vermicompost: sand (VC:S, by volume) which meets nutritional requirements of the cultivation of chile pepper type Hungaro (Capsicum annum) under protected conditions. The mixtures evaluated were four combinations of VC:S with ratios 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and a control 0:1 (sand with nutrient solution). The variables evaluated were plant height and basal stem diameter, in the fruit: length, equatorial diameter, pericarp thickness, number of locules, weight, and yield. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with five replications. Order to determine the treatment effects on the evaluated variables ANOVA was applied and averages were compared by the Tukey test(5%). It was established that of the variables evaluated en chile pepper as plant height, basal stem diameter, fruit length, pericarp thickness, fruit weight and yield had significant differences (P≤0.01), while equatorial diameter and number of locules did not show any statistical differences between treatments evaluated. The ratio of 1:1 by volume of VC:S was most appropriate mixture for development of chile pepper type Hungaro in protected conditions.El trabajo se realizó para determinar la concentración óptima de la mezcla vermicompost:arena (VC:A; v:v) que satisfaga las necesidades nutricionales del cultivo de chile tipo Húngaro (Capsicum annum) bajo condiciones protegidas. Las mezclas evaluadas fueron cuatro combinaciones de VC:A con las relaciones 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 y un testigo 0:1 (arena más solución nutritiva). Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de planta y diámetro basal del tallo, en el fruto longitud, diámetro ecuatorial, espesor del pericarpio, número de lóculos, peso y rendimiento. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques al azar con cinco repeticiones. Para determinar el efecto de los tratamientos sobre las variables evaluadas se aplicó el ANDEVA y para la comparación de medias se utilizó la prueba de Tukey0,05. Se determinó que para las variables evaluadas en el cultivo del chile como: altura de planta, diámetro basal del tallo, longitud del fruto, espesor del pericarpio, número de frutos por planta, peso de fruto y rendimiento, presentaron diferencias altamente significativas (P≤0,01) mientras que las variables diámetro ecuatorial y número de lóculos del fruto resultaron estadísticamente iguales. La relación 1:1 en volumen de VC:A resultó la mezcla más adecuada para el desarrollo del cultivo de chile tipo Húngaro bajo condiciones protegidas
Biofertilización de Azospirillum spp. y rendimiento de grano de maíz, sorgo y trigo
Get PDFThis manuscript argues about the Azospirillum spp. biofertilization profit, through grain yield of corn, sorghum and wheat tilled in Mexico. The assays were development in two different places. The seeds were inoculated with A. lipoferum or A. brasilense strains and later sowed. The results demonstrated a beneficial response to inoculation only for sorghum because of A. lipoferum VS-7 or VS-9 strains effect: the grain yield was significantly greater (55% and 49%) than nitrogen fertilizer effect. This result shown the affinity between sorghum plants and A. lipoferum VS-7 or VS-9 strains and the biofertilization potential use in a Mexico region where the agriculture production development a middle technology.El escrito muestra evidencias del uso de Azospirillum spp. en la producción de grano de maíz, sorgo y trigo en México. Los ensayos en campo se desarrollaron en dos sitios geográfica y tecnológicamente distintos con semillas inoculadas y sembradas con cepas de A. lipoferum o A. brasilense. Los resultados permiten apreciar una respuesta benéfica de la inoculación sólo para sorgo con cepas de A. brasilense VS-7 o VS-9, debido a que el rendimiento de grano fue significativamente mayor (55 y 49%), que el testigo fertilizado. Este resultado prueba la afinidad existente entre sorgo y A. lipoferum VS-7 ó VS-9 y el uso potencial de la biofertilización en una región con nivel tecnológico-productivo medio
Respuesta al déficit hídrico en el crecimiento de forestales del bosque urbano de Mendoza. Análisis comparativo en árboles jóvenes
Get PDFThe objective was to evaluate the young plants response of four urban forest species at different levels of water deficit. The manipulative experiment was conducted in nursery for three growing seasons, with saplings of Platanus x hispanica cv. acerifolia (London plane), Morus alba (mulberry), Fraxinus americana (American ash) and Acacia visco (visco). The catering treatments were: control (replacement of 100% water transpired), moderate deficit watering (replacement of 66% water transpired) and severe deficit watering (replacement of 33% water transpired). Response variables measured were height, stem diameter, leaf area and annual tree-rings width. Plants under severe deficit watering showed decreases in all growth parameters considered. Acacia visco under moderate deficit watering equivalent to 66% of transpired water had a growth comparable to control. Therefore, this specie could be considered relevant to new forestations in moderate water stress conditions.El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta de plantas jóvenes de cuatro especies forestales urbanas a diferentes niveles de déficit hídrico. El ensayo se realizó en vivero, durante tres ciclos vegetativos, con plantas de Platanus x hispanica cv. acerifolia (plátano), Morus alba (morera), Fraxinus americana (fresno americano) y Acacia visco (visco). Los tratamientos de riego fueron: control (reposición del 100% transpirado); riego deficitario moderado (reposición del 66% transpirado) y riego deficitario severo (reposición del 33% transpirado). Las variables de respuesta evaluadas fueron altura, diámetro de tallos, área foliar y ancho de anillos de crecimiento. Las plantas bajo riego deficitario severo presentaron disminuciones en todos los parámetros de crecimiento considerados. Acacia visco resultó con crecimientos comparables al control, bajo riego deficitario equivalente al 66% del agua transpirada, con lo cual puede ser considerada especie de interés para forestaciones en condiciones de estrés hídrico moderado
Predicción de rendimiento y endogamia de sintéticos de maíz generados con líneas y cruzas simples. Probabilidad clásica
Get PDFReduce costs and labor associated with predicting the genotypic mean (GM) of a synthetic variety (SV) of maize (Zea mays L.), breeders can develop SVs from L lines and s single crosses (SynL,SC) instead of L+2s lines (SynL). The objective of this work was to derive and study formulae for the inbreeding coefficient (IC) and GM of SynL,SC, SynL, and the SV derived from (L+2s)/2 single crosses (SynSC). All SVs were derived from the same L+2s unrelated lines whose IC is FL, and each parent of a SV was represented by m plants. An a priori probability equation for the IC was used. Important results were: 1) the largest and smallest GMs correspond to SynL and SynL,SC, respectively; 2) the GM predictors with the largest and intermediate precision are those for SynL and SynL,SC, respectively; 3) only when FL=1, or m is large, SynL and SynSC are the same population, but only with SynSC prediction costs and labor undergo the maximum decrease, although its prediction precision is the lowest. To determine the SV to be developed, breeders should also consider the availability of lines, single crosses, manpower and land area; besides budget, target farmers, target environments, etc.Para reducir costos y trabajo para predecir la media genotípica (GM) de una variedad sintética (SV) de maíz (Zea mays L.), se puede desarrollar SVs con L líneas y s cruzas simples (SynL,SC) en lugar de L+2s líneas (SynL). El objetivo de este trabajo fue derivar y estudiar fórmulas para el coeficiente de endogamia (IC) y la GM del SynL,SC, SynL y de la SV derivada con (L+2s)/2 cruzas simples (SynSC). Las SVs fueron generadas con las mismas L+2s líneas no emparentadas, con IC igual a FL. Cada progenitor se representó por m plantas. Se usó el concepto de probabilidad a priori para derivar fórmulas para IC. Resultados importantes fueron: 1) las GMs mayor y menor corresponden a SynL y SynL,SC, respectivamente, 2) la mayor mayor e intermedia precisiones para estimar GM, respectivamente, se obtienen con SynL y SynSC, y 3) solo cuando FL=1 o m es grande, SynL y SynSC son la misma población, pero SynSC, requiere menos trabajo y costos para la predicción aunque esta es menor. Para determinar qué SV desarrollar, se debe considerar también la disponibilidad de líneas, cruzas simples, mano de obra y área experimental; además de presupuesto, y ambientes y usuarios potenciales, etc