EANSO East African Nature and Science Organization Journals
Not a member yet
3828 research outputs found
Sort by
Development of Maintenance Management Model for Reducing Power Consumption for Grinding Mills and Kilns in the Cement Industry: A Case of Kisarawe Cement Plant – Tanzania
Get PDFThis study developed a comprehensive maintenance management model aimed at reducing power consumption in grinding mills and kilns within the cement industry, using Kisarawe Cement Plant in Tanzania as a case study. The research addresses the critical issue of excessive energy consumption in cement manufacturing, where grinding and kiln operations account for approximately 70-80% of total electrical energy usage, significantly impacting production costs and environmental sustainability (Madlool et al., 2011; World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2022). The study employed a quantitative case study approach, combining field data collection, analysis of equipment performance records, and expert interviews with maintenance personnel. Statistical analysis, utilising the Relative Importance Index (RII) methodology, was applied to identify and rank maintenance factors affecting power consumption (Kumar et al., 2022). Multiple regression analysis was employed to develop predictive relationships between maintenance practices and energy efficiency (Vincent et al., 2024). Data was collected from 101 equipment records across multiple operational periods, with comprehensive validation conducted over a 12-month timeframe. The analysis revealed twelve critical maintenance-related factors, with six achieving very high priority status (RII > 0.9), including kiln coating/ring formation issues (RII = 0.927), fan/blower impeller fouling (RII = 0.921), and worn grinding media in ball mills (RII = 0.921). A statistically robust mathematical model was developed with exceptional predictive capability (R² = 0.99), incorporating seven key maintenance factors: worn grinding media, misaligned mill drives, motor bearing deterioration, poor lubrication systems, kiln coating issues, fan impeller fouling, and kiln refractory degradation (Nakajima, 1988; Moubray, 2001). The model equation: Power Reduction (%) = 0.11 + 0.032×WGM + 0.05×MMD + 0.05×MBD + 0.03×PLS + 0.025×KCR + 0.011×FBF - 0.06×KRD demonstrates that targeted maintenance interventions can achieve significant energy savings. Validation results showed remarkable accuracy with 98% predicted versus 98% actual availability performance, confirming the model's practical applicability in industrial settings (Law et al., 2007). Implementation of the proposed maintenance management model led to measurable improvements in energy efficiency, reduced operational costs, and extended equipment lifecycles. The research contributes to both academic knowledge and industrial practice by providing cement manufacturers with a scientifically validated, quantitative framework for implementing energy-focused maintenance strategies that address root causes of power inefficiency while maintaining operational reliability and production quality standards
Authenticating Electronic Evidence in Tanzania: Lessons from India
Get PDFThis paper aims to investigate a legal challenge regarding means for the authentication of electronic evidence in Tanzania. This study is centred on a practical aspect regarding the manner electronic evidence is authenticated from acquisition to the tendering stage in trial. In Tanzania, electronic evidence has been authenticated; orally, the use of an affidavit and the use of a certificate of authenticity as if all refer to the same thing. Therefore, this study aims to critically analyse the process of authenticating electronic evidence in Tanzania and recommend a coherent, comprehensive, and contextually appropriate legal framework for its admission in courts. This study employed a mixed-methods research approach, primarily grounded in doctrinal legal research, complemented by empirical legal research have been employed. Doctrinal legal research has analysed primary sources, which are statutes and case laws, while books, journals, articles and model laws have been analysed as secondary data. On the other hand, the study has employed empirical legal research where interviews with legal practitioners, including judges, magistrates, State Attorneys, and police officers, have been conducted, which is considered a primary source of data to achieve the study. Worth noting, the study has revealed that authenticity can be proved orally. What is important to consider are; establishing a proper chain of custody (Audi Trail), encryption of evidence before it is tendered in court, using Hash functions, considering metadata and insisting on expert testimony, preferably a forensics-certified expert, for a solid legal foundation. Finally, the study has recommended the best legal framework from the Indian jurisdiction as their laws are pari materia to those of Tanzania
Evaluating Factors Influencing Weighing Technology Discrepancies and Their Impact on Maintenance Costs of Trunk Roads in Tanzania
Get PDFThis journal evaluated the factors influencing weighing technology discrepancies and their impact on the maintenance costs of Tanzania’s trunk roads. Data were collected from three weighing technologies static, portable, and weigh-in-motion (WIM) between June 2024 and February 2025, normalised using a 0–1 scaling method, and analysed through descriptive statistics, correlation, and composite indexing. The normalised Weighing Discrepancy Index (WDI) ranged from 0.24 (August 2024) to 0.91 (October 2024), while overloading frequency peaked in December 2024 at 0.95, coinciding with the highest monthly maintenance expenditure of 2.6 million TZS. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a moderate relationship between WDI and overloading frequency (r = 0.579, p = 0.102), but a weak relationship with maintenance cost (r = 0.076, p = 0.845). Factor coding and ranking showed that the accuracy of weighing equipment (F1) and operational/maintenance issues (F5) were the most critical contributors, with occurrence counts of 10 and 8 respectively, followed by technology and data processing (F3, count = 6) and integration with road asset management systems (F8, count = 5). In contrast, environmental fluctuations (F2) ranked lowest (count = 1). Overall, the findings highlight that discrepancies in weighing technologies significantly amplify overloading frequency and accelerate pavement deterioration, though their direct effect on costs is moderated by administrative and contextual factors. The study concludes that stricter calibration, enhanced enforcement, and improved integration of weighing technologies with asset management systems are essential to minimising discrepancies and reducing long-term maintenance costs on trunk roads
The Impacts of Local Community Participation in the Planning of Water Project at Lushoto Town from Tanga Region, Tanzania
Get PDFThe study was intended to assess the impacts of the local community participation in the planning of the water project in Lushoto Town. The study examined the negative and positive impacts of the local community participation in the planning of the water projects. Some of the positive impacts of the local community participation in planning of the water projects include: trust between beneficiaries; increased communication and participation of local institutions; involvement of beneficiaries; contribution of energy and materials, belonging to the project; and lastly, increased participation of local communities in water projects. The negative impacts of local community participation in planning of the water projects, such as: poor transparency, poor capital and facilities, poor accountability, ineffective leadership and inadequate information, and poor community participation in the whole process. The qualitative and quantitative researches were used too. The study adopted the cross-sectional research design. The study used the methods of data collection, which included the physical observation at the site, interview, and questionnaire with open and closed-ended The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 21) was used to analyse the data. This study used 75 respondents for data collection from the study area. The study revealed that there was poor community participation in the planning of the water projects. The study concludes that there was poor community participation in the planning of the water projects, which resulted a poor transparency, poor capital and facilities, poor accountability, ineffective leadership and inadequate information, and poor community participation in the whole process of water projects. The study recommends that the community should be able to participate in the planning of the water project in the area of study
The Effect of the Porous Kenya-Somalia Border on Education in Garissa County
Get PDFGlobally, border regions face unique developmental challenges, particularly in fragile and conflict-affected environments. These regions are vulnerable to security threats, governance challenges, and the provision of basic services, including education. In most areas of the world, open borders are associated with cross-border criminality, migration of armed groups, smuggling, and population displacement, all bear adverse implications on public service delivery and community stability. In East Africa, the Kenya-Somalia border has long been described as porous and insecure, marked by frequent insurgent activity, refugee flows, and informal economic exchange. The porous Kenya–Somalia border has played a central role in enabling cross-border insecurity, which continues to undermine education in Garissa County. Extremist groups such as Al-Shabaab exploit the unmonitored and poorly secured border to infiltrate the region, conduct attacks, and create widespread fear among educators, students, and parents. A tragic example is the 2015 Garissa University attack, which triggered a mass exodus of non-local teachers and severely disrupted learning across the county. This study employed a qualitative research design to assess the impact of the porous Kenya–Somalia border on education in Garissa County. The study targeted key stakeholders relevant to the effect of the porous Kenya–Somalia border on education in Garissa County. Data was collected from three Deputy County Commissioners (DCCs) and twelve chiefs, purposively selected from the border sub-counties of Dadaab, Fafi, and Hulugho due to their direct involvement in security and administrative matters. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with DCCs and chiefs to gain qualitative insights into security challenges affecting education. The collected data underwent thematic qualitative analysis. Secondary literature was used to complement the primary data. The triangulation of interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs), and secondary sources enhanced the credibility and depth of the findings. Garissa County, especially the Dadaab area, has experienced continuous refugee inflows due to the unstable conditions in Somalia. These movements have placed a heavy burden on the local education system. Teachers and local leaders cited severe overcrowding in classrooms, sometimes exceeding 80 pupils per teacher, and noted shortages in textbooks and learning materials. One education officer remarked that schools lack the infrastructure and human resources to accommodate both refugee and host community children effectively. The porous Kenya-Somalia border has played a central role in undermining education in Garissa County. Cross-border insecurity has led to school attacks, teacher withdrawal, and student dropouts. These challenges, compounded by policy gaps and under-resourced emergency response systems, have fostered environments where children, especially girls, struggle to access and complete basic education. The Kenyan government, in collaboration with local leaders and regional security agencies, should enhance security along the Kenya-Somalia border. This includes deploying more well-trained and community-sensitive security personnel in border schools and education offices
Ethnicity, Politics and Security in South Sudan – 2011 To 2024
Get PDFThis study examined the influence of ethnicity and political dynamics on security outcomes in South Sudan during the post-independence period (2011–2024). Specifically, it pursued three objectives: to analyse the evolving security landscape, to assess the role of ethnicity in shaping security practices and institutions, and to explore how political dynamics contribute to instability. Adopting a qualitative cross-sectional design, the study engaged 29 purposively selected participants, including government officials, civil society leaders, military personnel, academics, and traditional authorities from diverse ethnic and professional backgrounds until data saturation was achieved. Primary data from in-depth interviews were triangulated with secondary sources, and thematic analysis was conducted following established ethical and methodological protocols. The findings reveal a security crisis marked by systemic state fragmentation, where armed groups established parallel governance systems that undermined state authority, particularly in rural areas. Ethnicity was found to be deeply institutionalised within security forces, with promotions and command structures consistently aligned to ethnic identity, transforming state institutions into partisan actors. Political elites deliberately weaponised ethnic divisions, using violence as a political strategy to consolidate power, while external interference deepened institutional fragility. Additionally, youth militarisation and gendered insecurity emerged as critical drivers of cyclical violence, with women disproportionately targeted as instruments of war. In light of these dynamics, the study recommends a comprehensive reform agenda that prioritises merit-based security sector restructuring to dismantle ethnic patronage networks, community-sensitive disarmament programs linked to alternative livelihoods, and hybrid justice systems blending formal and traditional mechanisms. It further calls for political accountability measures to penalise ethnic incitement, equitable distribution of security resources between urban and rural areas, and enhanced regional cooperation to stem the flow of arms. These interventions target the structural drivers of insecurity rather than its symptoms, offering a pathway to rebuild South Sudan’s fractured social contract. The study contributes to broader debates on post-conflict state-building by demonstrating how ethnicity and political manipulation, when left unchecked, can institutionalise insecurity and undermine sustainable peace processes.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Its Effect on International Trade Performance: A Kenyan Case
Get PDFInternational trade policies play a consequential role in a country’s international trade performance and its global competitiveness. Since independence, Kenya has formulated and adopted various trade policy instruments to enhance and optimize international trading activities, aiming to boost economic growth. This study analyzed the effects of Exchange Rate Volatility from 1994 to 2024 and its effects on Kenya’s international trade performance (ITP). The institutionalist theory provided the foundation for the empirical analysis, treating formal policies such as exchange rates as a measurable variable for statistical analysis and econometric testing. An explanatory research design was adopted to explain the short-run and long-run effects of exchange rate volatility on Kenya’s international trade performance. The study used secondary data from the World Bank, KNBS, UNCTAD, Central Bank of Kenya, and WTO databases. Using time series data, the study employed a multi-step econometric procedure, which included unit root tests and the Johansen cointegration test to confirm a long-run relationship. This was followed by a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyse both short-run and long-run dynamics between the two variables. The findings suggested that a 1% increase in Exchange Rate Policies is associated with a 0.6669% decrease in trade performance. The study concludes that policies aimed at stabilising the currency and minimising fluctuations can enhance trade predictability and encourage international trad
Kiswahili katika TEHAMA: Tafsiri kama Daraja la Upatikanaji wa Maarifa
Get PDFKatika enzi ya kidijitali, tafsiri ya Kiswahili inachukua nafasi muhimu katika kuwezesha upatikanaji wa maarifa kupitia Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano (TEHAMA). Makala hii inajadili jinsi tafsiri ya Kiswahili inavyotumika kama daraja kati ya watumiaji na maarifa ya kidijitali, kwa kutumia Nadharia ya Ufikiaji wa Maarifa na Nadharia ya Mawasiliano katika Tafsiri. Kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchambuzi wa maudhui na mahojiano ya kina na wataalamu wa lugha, TEHAMA, na watumiaji wa majukwaa ya kidijitali, ilibainika kuwa tafsiri ya Kiswahili hairahisishi tu mawasiliano, bali pia huchochea usawa wa maarifa, ukuzaji wa lugha katika nyanja za kiteknolojia, na ujumuishaji wa jamii katika maendeleo ya kidijitali. Hata hivyo, changamoto kama ukosefu wa istilahi sanifu na ushirikiano mdogo kati ya wataalamu wa lugha na teknolojia huathiri ubora wa tafsiri. Makala inapendekeza uwekezaji katika tafsiri bora, maendeleo ya istilahi bunifu, na ushirikiano wa kitaaluma ili kuhakikisha Kiswahili kinapata nafasi endelevu na thabiti katika mazingira ya TEHAM
Sababu za Kuwepo kwa Mapengo katika Violezofaridi katika Lugha ya Kiswahili
Get PDFVipashio vya lugha vinapokosa kuzingatia ruwaza iliyopo, huwa kuna sababu muhimu ya kufanya hivyo. Makala haya yanalenga kubainisha sababu za kuwepo kwa mapengo katika violezofaridi katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Kiolezofaridi (paradigm) ni mfumo wa miundo ya kisarufi. Kuna wakati ambapo vipashio vya lugha vinakubalika licha ya kuwa vimekiuka kanuni za lugha pia, vipashio vingine vinakosa kukubalika licha ya kuzingatia sheria. Hali hii ndio tunaita pengo la kiolezofaridi. Katika makala hii, tumeweka wazi baadhi ya mapengo ya kiolezofaridi katika lugha ya Kiswahili na kisha kueleza sababu ya kuwepo kwa mapengo hayo. Nadharia ya Kiolezofaridi Bora (Optimal Paradigms) iliyoasisiwa na McCarthy (2005) ndiyo iliyotumika. Nadharia hii hujikita katika mtagusano wa mashartizuizi ya uadilifu na uziada katika kuteua mshindi. Kwa upande wake, mashartizuizi ndiyo nguzo ya kiolezofaridi ambacho huteua mshindi kutoka kwa maumboshindani anuawai ambayo yanaweza kuzalishwa na kanuni za kisarufi za lugha husika. Data ya utafiti ilipatikana maktabani na mtandaoni. Watafiti walichambua vitabu vya lugha ya Kiswahili ambavyo vimechapishwa, tasnifu na pia, makala yaliyochapishwa mtandaoni. Asili ya data ni matini teule za isimu na data yenyewe ni violezofaridi vyenye mapengo. Usampulishaji dhamirifu ulitumika kuteua kazi za isimu. Data iliteuliwa kimakusudi na kuwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo na majedwali. Utafiti huu ulionyesha wazi uwepo wa mapengo kwenye violezofaridi katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Lugha ya Kiswahili huongozwa na sheria kila mara hivyo basi pengo linapotokea huwa kuna sabab
Dhima za Mbinu ya Thieta ya Jukwaa katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili: Mifano kutoka Filamu Teule za Kiswahili
Get PDFMakala haya yanahusu matumizi ya mbinu ya thieta ya jukwaa katika filamu teule za Kiswahili. Filamu zilizochaguliwa ni Watatu (2015) na Empowered Girls Speak Out (2018). Lengo kuu la makala haya ni kuchunguza matumizi ya mbinu ya thieta ya jukwaa katika filamu za Watatu (2015) na Empowered Girls Speak Out (2018). Makala haya yaliongozwa na Nadharia ya Mwingilianomatini. Utafiti huu ulitumia sampuli ya filamu hizo mbili zilizopatikana kwa mbinu ya usampulishaji lengwa. Data za utafiti zilikusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchambuzi wa filamu teule na mbinu ya usaili kwa kutumia simu. Katika uchambuzi wa data, tuliongozwa na. Nadharia ya Mwingilianomatini kukusanya, kuchambua na kujadili ili kufikia lengo la utafiti huu. Mkabala wa kitaamuli ulituwezesha kujibu maswali ya utafiti. Makala haya yalibainisha vipengele vya mbinu ya thieta ya jukwaa kama vile: kuwapo kwa hali ya ukandamizwaji, utendaji mara mbili, matumizi ya ‘mcheshi’ wa jukwaa. Vilevile, makala haya yameeleza dhima za mbinu ya thieta ya jukwaa katika filamu teule. Kuna dhima kama vile: kuhamasisha ushiriki wa kipekee wa hadhira, kuchochea hisia na fikra za hadhira, kukomboa jamii, kuwasilisha falsafa ya mtunzi na kuwasilisha msimamo wa jamii