EANSO East African Nature and Science Organization Journals
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Anthropogenic Activities Shape Bee Species Diversity and Composition in Biharamulo-Kahama Forest Reserve in Tanzania
Get PDFBees are vital pollinators that sustain biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and agricultural production, yet their populations are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic disturbances. This study assessed the effects of human disturbances on bee diversity and composition in the Biharamulo–Kahama Forest Reserve (BKFR), northwestern Tanzania. Five sites adjacent to nearby villages were purposively selected based on accessibility, proximity to the forest, and evidence of human disturbances. Bee communities were comprehensively sampled across 40 plots within the forest using complementary UV-reflecting pan traps and standardised random walks. The plots, each measuring 50 m × 50 m, were systematically established at 100 m intervals from the forest edge toward the interior. A total of 908 bee individuals representing 47 species and four families were recorded. Species richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity index and evenness were significantly higher in undisturbed plots S=37, H’=3.24, J’=0.897) compared to disturbed plots (S=35, H’=2.80, J’=0.788). Family Halictidae contributed about 51% of the species. The community was numerically dominated by Apis mellifera, which also showed the highest frequency of occurrence overall. Anthropogenic activities recorded included fire (15%), charcoal making (10%), grazing (9%), tree cutting (9%), farming (6%), debarking (6%), and footpaths (2%). Generalised Linear Model (GLM) analysis revealed that fire significantly reduced bee diversity (p < 0.001), while other disturbances showed weak or non-significant effects. These findings demonstrate that anthropogenic activities, particularly fire, negatively affect bee diversity by altering habitat structure, floral resources, and nesting opportunities. The study highlights the ecological importance of conserving intact Miombo woodlands and recommends effective fire management, regulation of charcoal production, and community-based conservation as key strategies to safeguard pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide
Pan Africanism Ideas among the Young Generations in Post-Colonial Tanzania and Their Inclination to African Unity in the 21st Century
Get PDFThis paper analysed of youth perception of Pan-Africanism in post-colonial Tanzania and their inclination towards African unity in the 21st century. It examined the influence of the younger generation's ideas on Pan-Africanism and their impact on efforts in favour of African unity in the current century. Additionally, the study explored how the thoughts and philosophies of the first generation of African leaders have shaped youth understanding of Pan-Africanism in relation to African unity. To achieve its objectives, the study consistently referenced both perspectives, the youth and the first-generation leaders, regarding Pan-Africanism and its connection to African unity. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative aspect used descriptive and correlational methods to assess the level of understanding of Pan-Africanism and African unity among selected respondents, and to examine the relationship between the two concepts. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and response frequencies were used to analyse the data. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted to gather insights into youth perceptions of Pan-Africanism and its relevance to African unity. The findings revealed that youth in Tanzania lack sufficient content knowledge on Pan-Africanism and African unity. The study recommends promoting Pan-African ideals through social media and internet platforms, where youth engagement is highest
Pre-Iconographic Description of Evil in The Lion Guard
Get PDFThis study delves into the pre-iconographical analysis of elements that define evil in the film The Lion Guard. This study explores how the filmmakers use fundamental visual and auditory cues such as character appearance, environmental settings, and symbolic objects to identify and describe evil. The analysis focuses on three key areas: the Appearance of Evil, manifested through the sinister physical traits and possessions of antagonists like Scar and Zira; the Image of Chaos and the Human Quest for Power, revealed through the desolate landscapes of the Outlands; and the archetype of Women as Evil Doers, which is examined through the manipulative and vengeful actions of female villains. The paper argues that these observable markers are not just decorative but are crucial to the film’s narrative, making abstract concepts of disruption, immorality, and ambition tangible for the audienc
Teaching Change: TESCEA’s Journey Toward Gender-Equitable Higher Education – A Case Study of Gulu University, Uganda
Get PDFThis study critically examined the effectiveness of TESCEA’s gender mainstreaming initiatives at Gulu University, focusing on gender training workshops, policy advocacy, and the establishment of a dedicated Gender Mainstreaming Unit. Employing qualitative methods, data were collected from academic staff and university leadership to explore how these interventions embedded gender-responsive pedagogy within the institution’s teaching and policy frameworks. Findings revealed that participatory gender training significantly enhanced staff awareness and fostered transformative teaching practices, while policy reforms contributed to institutionalising gender equity mandates. The Gender Mainstreaming Unit emerged as a key actor in sustaining momentum and ensuring accountability. However, challenges such as limited resource allocation and entrenched cultural norms continued to hinder comprehensive progress. The study highlights the critical importance of context-sensitive, multi-level strategies that address both institutional structures and socio-cultural realities to effectively advance gender equity in higher education. These insights contribute to the growing body of research on gender mainstreaming in African universities and offer practical implications for policy and practic
Task-Oriented Leadership Behaviour and Management of Curriculum Changes in Lower Secondary Schools in Uganda
Get PDFThis study examined the influence of headteachers’ task-oriented leadership behaviours on the management of curriculum changes in secondary schools within the Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. Specifically, it sought to (1) establish the status of headteachers’ task-oriented leadership behaviours, (2) assess the extent of curriculum change management, and (3) determine the effect of task-oriented leadership on curriculum change management. Guided by the Path-Goal Leadership Theory and underpinned by a pragmatic philosophical stance, the study employed a mixed-methods convergent design integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sample size comprised 256 key education stakeholders, including headteachers, deputy headteachers, directors of studies, NCDC staff, MoES staff and teachers across 23 secondary schools. Participants were selected using purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected through Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and interview guides. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were examined thematically. Findings revealed that headteachers’ task-oriented leadership behaviour significantly influenced the management of curriculum changes (r = .225, p = .000 < .05), explaining 22.5% of the variance in effective curriculum change management. The results indicate that when headteachers adopt structured, goal-driven, and performance-focused leadership practices, curriculum changes are more successfully implemented in their schools. The study concluded that a strong and statistically significant relationship exists between task-oriented leadership and the management of curriculum changes in secondary schools in the Karamoja sub-region. It emphasised that headteachers’ ability to plan, coordinate, and monitor tasks directly enhances curriculum reform implementation. The study recommends that educational authorities promote structured, goal-focused leadership training for school leaders, particularly in resource-constrained and change-sensitive contexts such as Karamoja. However, it also underscores the importance of balancing task orientation with stakeholder engagement and relational leadership to foster sustainable educational transformation
A Comparison of the Nature of Strikes Happening in Private and Public Universities in Uganda?
Get PDFUsing a qualitative approach, the current study was carried out in September, 2025 to compare the nature of strikes happening in universities in Uganda. The study considered three private universities and one public university in Uganda. Higher education is expected to develop the intellectual capabilities of individuals to enable them to understand and appreciate their environment. The main objective of the study was to compare the nature of strikes happening in Private and Public Universities in Uganda. One hundred and ten students and 30 academic staff were the oral informants, selected randomly without considering the Faculties/Schools they were from. They were asked to explain why strikes have occurred in private universities to an extent that does not merit mention, yet in public universities, they have occurred from time to time. The data were collected using oral interviews, as well as documentary review, such as the reports of the various university Committees to public universities. The majority of respondents noted that although salary, working conditions and students’ affairs in public universities were far better than those in private universities, strikes by staff and students were too rare in private universities because of job insecurity, rampant unemployment in the country, employees working without appointment letters, the founders being “highly connected to the security agencies”, having many informers, as well as the students being listened to so much. The study concluded that, whereas some academic members of staff and some students sponsored by the government in public universities have a superiority complex and are taking themselves too high, which at times causes them to perceive those working in private universities as academic failures, the fact is that strikes are not the solution to discontent. The study recommended that university managers should not only immediately address the complaints raised by students and staff, but they should also be tough and employ disciplinary measures against the mediocre members of staff and students who usually agitate for strike
Effects of Employee Self-service on Employee Performance
Get PDFThe study investigated the effect of Employee Self-Service (ESS) on Employee Performance. It aimed to assess how enabling employees to independently access and manage HR-related services through digital platforms influences their efficiency, productivity, and overall job performance. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 86 respondents through structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression in SPSS version 20. The findings revealed that ESS has a statistically significant positive relationship with employee performance, with ESS contributing to greater task independence, reduced administrative delays, and improved access to HR services. The study concludes that effective utilisation of ESS features within HRIS enhances employee autonomy, operational efficiency, and productivity, provided that sufficient infrastructure, user training, and system accessibility are ensured
The Paradox of Taxation and Development in Ivory Coast: An Empirical Inquiry into High Tax Burdens amidst Low Development Outcomes
Get PDFThe paradox of taxation and development refers to a puzzling phenomenon where high tax burdens do not necessarily translate into commensurate economic development. This study investigates the existence and nature of this paradox in the Ivory Coast using quarterly time-series data from 2001 to 2024. Employing secondary data obtained from the World Bank, the study applies the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to examine the dynamic relationship between taxation and economic development. GDP per capita growth (annual%) is used as the dependent variable, while the independent variable is taxes on income, profits, and capital gains (% of revenue). Empirical results reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between GDP per capita growth and its first lag (coefficient = 0.703779), indicating economic growth persistence. Additionally, taxes on income, profits, and capital gains exhibit a statistically significant positive short-run impact (coefficient = 0.406910), but a negative and significant coefficient on its first lag (-0.392855). This mixed effect reflects the paradox: while taxation may initially support development through increased public revenues, its lagged impact may constrain long-term growth, possibly due to inefficiencies in public spending or distortions in private investment incentives. Diagnostic tests confirm robustness of the ARDL model, showing no evidence of serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, or cointegration issues. Based on these findings, we recommend enhancing the efficiency and transparency of public expenditure, reforming tax policy to minimise economic distortions, and aligning fiscal policy with inclusive development priorities to bridge the gap between tax collection and development outcomes in the Ivory Coas
Mikakati ya Kimtindo katika Muziki wa Benga wa Jamii ya Wakamba: Mkabala wa Umtindo
Get PDFMuziki wa benga ni utanzu maarufu nchini Kenya. Hujitambulisha kwa sifa ya mdundo na mapigo ya kasi pamoja na ustadi wa msanii wa kucheza gitaa na kuimba kwa mtindo maalum. Utafiti huu ulilenga kubainisha mikakati ya mtindo inayotumika katika muziki wa benga wa jamii ya Wakamba kujenga hisia na athari za kijamii. Uchunguzi huu uliongozwa na kielelezo cha Umtindo. Umtindo hufasiri na kuhakiki tungo kwa kuzingatia mtazamo wa kiisimu kama taaluma iliyo na uhusiano wa karibu na fasihi. Uchunguzi wa kimtindo huhusisha namna lugha inavyotumika katika matini ili kujenga maana na athari. Usampulishaji ulifanywa kimakusudi ambapo nyimbo tano za muziki wa benga wa jamii ya Wakamba ziliteuliwa. Ukusanyaji wa data ulihusisha upakuaji wa nyimbo za benga kutoka kwa mtandao wa kijamii wa Youtube na unakili wa mishororo yake. Mbinu ya uchanganuzi matini ilitumika kubainisha mikakati ya kimtindo na kuchanganuliwa kithamano kwa kuelekezwa na mihimili ya nadharia ya umtindo. Data zilikuwa ni maneno, dhana, kauli, virai na sentensi zinazotumiwa na waimbaji wa muziki wa benga wa jamii ya Wakamba zinazohusisha vipengele vya kimtindo. Matokeo ya utafiti yaliwasilishwa kimaelezo. Ilibainika kuwa, waimbaji wa muziki wa benga wa jamii ya Wakamba hutumia mikakati ya kimtindo kama vile ugawaji wa beti, uradidi, urudiaji, tamathali za usemi na aina anui za sentensi kuwasilisha ujumbe. Utafiti huu ni muhimu katika kuufanya muziki wa benga wa jamii ya Wakamba kutambulika katika nyanja za utafiti wa kielimu wa fasihi na lugha kama kategoria ya nyimbo za kitamaduni. Utachangia taaluma ya isimu na mawasiliano kwa kuangazia baadhi ya teuzi za kiisimu zinazofanywa na wasani
Usawiri wa Vyombo vya Dola katika Tamthilia ya Kilio cha Haki (1981) Kifo Kisimani (2001) na Upepo wa Mvua (2013)
Get PDFVyombo vya Dola ni taasisi za serikali zilizopewa mamlaka kikatiba kutekeleza sheria na kuendesha maswala ya nchi. Usalama na ulinzi wa nchi uhakikiswa kupitia kwa taasisi hizi. Umuhimu wake katika maisha ya binadamu ni wa juu zaidi. Fasihi ni kioo cha jamii na huyasawiri mambo yaliyopo na yanayotendeka katika jamii katika ukamilifu wake. Katika makala hii tulichambua namna waandishi wa tamthilia teule wanavyozisawiri taasisi hizi katika tamthilia zao. Tulitumia mbinu ya kusoma kwa kina maktabani kukusanya data ya utafiti. Nadharia ya mabadiliko iliyoasisiwa na Kurt Lewin ndiyo iliyotuongoza katika utafiti wetu iliyotusaidia kubaini utenda kazi wa Vyombo vya Dola na mabadiliko yaliyotokea katika utendakazi wa taasisi hizi katika mpito wa wakati. Tulibainisha kuwa taasisi hizi ni dhulumu na hutumiwa kutimiza matakwa ya viongozi au serikali iliyo hatamuni badala ya kushughulia wanajamii. Taasisi hizi huishia kukiuka sheria kwa kulinda na kutunza masilahi ya kisiasa na ya kiuchumi ya watawala badala ya kutetea haki za mtu binafsi. Mabadiliko yamepatikana kwa kiasi fulani hasa baada ya kuidhinishwa kwa katiba mpya ya mwaka 2010 iliyopendekeza mageuzi mbalimbali katika taasisi hizi. Baadhi ya taasisi hizi bado ziliendeleza dhuluma, japokuwa sasa kwa njia fiche si kwa njia ya uwazi. Japokuwa mabadiliko hayajapatikana kwa ukamilifu, hatua kubwa zimepigwa na mchakato huu endelevu unazidi kutiliwa mkazo. Makala hii inapendekeza kuwepo na sheria na kanuni na njia mbadala za kuwajibisha Vyombo vya Dola ili taasisi hizi ziweze kutumikia jamii pana na kuwepo na imani na amani katika ya asasi za utawala na wanajamii. Uwajibikaji huu utasaidia kuondoa ukatili na dhuluma inayoendelezwa na taasisi hizi kwa wanajamii na kuhakikisha kuwa japokuwa vikosi hivi viko chini ya uongozi wa serikali, havitumiwi na serikali na watawala kudumisha nguvu zao za kiutawala