EANSO East African Nature and Science Organization Journals
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Risk-Based Assessment to Enhance the Functional Reliability of Sewerage Systems in Urban Areas
Get PDFThe analysis of urban sewerage system components reveals varying reliability levels and criticality. Descriptive statistics show that the Pump Station has the highest variability, with an MTBF of 185.58 hours, a standard deviation of 112.54, and a CV of 0.606, alongside a relatively high failure rate (0.0066), indicating a greater likelihood of operational interruptions. Conversely, the Lateral Line and Manhole Line demonstrate higher reliability and operational consistency. Correlation analysis indicates that total operational time is strongly positively correlated with total failures (r = 0.903), while average MTBF is negatively correlated with failures and operational time, confirming that components with longer intervals between failures experience fewer breakdowns. Performance scoring, based on combined CVs of MTBF and failure rate, ranks the Sewer Chamber as the most reliable component, followed by the Lateral Line. The Pump Station requires focused maintenance due to its higher variability, whereas the Manhole shows the lowest stability. Risk-based factor assessment identifies Sewage System Design and Construction Quality as the most critical factor (composite score = 4.037), followed by Condition Assessment and Corrosion Resistance. Normalised scores highlight Ageing Infrastructure, Pumping and Flow Control Mechanisms, and Risk Transfer Mechanisms as high-impact factors, while Material Durability, Hydraulic Capacity, Peak Load Management, and System Complexity are lower impact. FMECA analysis confirms Pumping and Flow Control as the component with the highest RPN (100), representing the greatest risk of leaks, contamination, and collapse. Design and Construction Quality (RPN = 75) and Ageing Infrastructure (RPN = 40) also pose significant risks. These results emphasise that proactive maintenance, robust design, and continuous condition monitoring are essential for improving the reliability and operational performance of urban sewerage systems
Development of a Maintenance Management Model for Terminal Truck Operations to Improve Availability Performance at Dar es Salaam Port
Get PDFDar es Salaam Port handles 95% of Tanzania's international trade and serves landlocked East/Central African countries. As of June 2024, 50% of terminal trucks were grounded due to technical failures in their engines, transmissions, braking systems, suspension, and container mounting mechanisms, resulting in significant operational disruptions. This study developed a maintenance management model for terminal truck operations using a mixed-methods analysis of 28 trucks over 12 months. The Relative Importance Index methodology identified twelve technical factors, with seven high-importance factors (RII > 0.8), including hydraulic system failures (RII = 0.9286), tyre/wheel issues, and fuel system problems. A robust statistical model was developed with strong predictive power (R = 0.88, R² = 0.774) explaining 77.4% of downtime variance. The model demonstrated 98% validation accuracy across the 12 months, enabling transformation from reactive to proactive maintenance strategies. Implementation can substantially reduce downtime and improve operational efficiency at Dar es Salaam Port and similar maritime facilities
Preparations of Witnesses Vis-à-vis Coaching of Witnesses in Mainland Tanzania: A Practical and Ethical Dilemma to Legal Practitioners
No full textThis article examines two crucial and practical concepts in the law of evidence, specifically the preparation and coaching of witnesses in a trial in Mainland Tanzania. The primary practical challenge addressed in this article is that most coaching of witnesses occurs during the witness preparation process. Although this is unacceptable, it can be easily justified under that pretext. The preparation of witnesses falls under the duty of the legal practitioner to protect their client's interests, as a means of competently and diligently doing what is necessary to provide the best representation possible. In contrast, coaching the witness falls under the duty to help the court administer justice, where any intentional attempt to alter, add to, or conceal the facts in issue to influence the final decision is against the duty to enable and assist the court in administering justice. The ethical dilemma arises when a conflict between these two duties occurs, and the solution thereto is that one must prevail over the other. This study uses a doctrinal legal research methodology as its research design approach. The central argument is that, for the interest of justice, the duty of legal practitioners to act with integrity should guide their conduct, particularly in the context of preparing a witness against coaching them. Most importantly, the analysis of the standards set by the Advocates’ Professional Conduct Regulations and the Penal Laws highlights the demands placed on legal practitioners regarding the coaching of witnesses and the diligence required in witness preparation. Lastly, in light of existing laws and regulations, this article contributes to the existing body of scholarship by contextualising the key ethical considerations, practical professional conduct, and possible criminal implications in the trial process, shedding light on the dos and don’ts of preparing witnesses versus coaching witnesse
Building Sustainable Multiplier Networks in Higher Education Institutions: Insights from the TESCEA Model
Get PDFThis study examines the sustainability of multiplier networks established under TESCEA’s gender mainstreaming initiative at Gulu University, Uganda. Multiplier networks, composed of faculty trained to promote gender-responsive pedagogy, are pivotal in embedding gender equity within institutional cultures. The research explores how formal certification, career incentives, and institutionalisation contribute to the durability of these networks. Utilising a qualitative case study approach, data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with 25 multipliers and 5 senior leaders, supplemented by document analysis. Findings indicate that certification enhances professional legitimacy, career incentives motivate participation, and institutional embedding through governance structures fosters accountability and sustainability. However, challenges such as resource limitations, workload pressures, and ambiguous role expectations undermine effectiveness. This study highlights the critical need to align individual and institutional incentives to sustain gender mainstreaming in higher education within post-conflict, resource-constrained contexts. The implications for policy and practice include strategic institutional support mechanisms and incentive alignment to ensure the resilience of multiplier network
Comparative Analysis of Climatic Indices for Basis Risk Reduction in Senegal’s Crop Index Insurance
Get PDFThis study investigates agricultural risk mapping and the performance of climate index insurance in Senegal, with emphasis on basis risk—the gap between actual farmer losses and compensation determined by indices. Data were collected through surveys with 203 insured producers in 17 villages across Kaolack and Tambacounda, combined with meteorological records from ANACIM and IRD and compensation data from CNAAS. Results highlight drought, locust invasions, and parasitism as major risks, with drought perceived as the most critical hazard. Farmers expressed reservations about index reliability: in Kaolack, 65% reported discrepancies between manual rainfall gauges and satellite estimates, while in Tambacounda, 47% considered satellite rainfall estimates (RFE) less reliable than ground measures. Concerns included excessive spatial coverage of automatic gauges (83% in Kaolack) and irregular rainfall distribution (76% in Tambacounda). Quantitative analysis revealed varying levels of basis risk across indices: ARS (3.75% for producers; 0% for CNAAS), RFE (6.7% for both producers and CNAAS), and EARS/ETr (3.125% for producers; 12.5% for CNAAS). Findings suggest that ARS and EARS indices are better adapted to local realities, while RFE requires methodological adjustments to improve accuracy and farmer confidence. The study concludes that reducing basis risk is crucial for the wider adoption of index insurance in Senegal. Enhanced calibration of indices, integration of composite indicators, and participatory design involving farmers are recommended to strengthen trust, ensure fair compensation, and improve the sustainability of climate insurance as a resilience strategy for smallholder agriculture
Visababishi vya Mielekeo ya Walimu na Wanafunzi kuhusu Lugha, Mbinu na Mazingira ya Kufunza na Kujifunza Kiswahili Nchini Kenya
Get PDFLengo la utafiti ni kuchunguza visababishi vya mielekeo ya walimu na wanafunzi wa shule za upili kuhusu lugha, mbinu na mazingira ya kufunza na kujifunza Kiswahili. Mielekeo ni hali ya kiakili ya mtu inayotokana na kichocheo cha aina fulani na huweza kuathiri namna mtu anavyoitikia kwa njia kubalifu au isiyo kubalifu kuhusu kitu au jambo fulan..Ni hali ya kupenda au kuchukia somo, shughuli ya kufunza, kujifunza, mtu; yaani mwalimu au mwanafunzi.Mielekeo ni muhimu katika ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili kama somo la kutahiniwa kando na kuwa lugha ya taifa na rasmi nchini Kenya. Mielekeo ya mtu huweza kuathiriwa pakubwa na mambo kadhaa ambayo huwa ndiyo visababishi vyake. Utafiti uliongozwa na nadharia ya Utabia na Utambuzi. Muundo wake ulikuwa jumuishi, vifaa vilivyotumiwa kukusanya data vilikuwa hojaji na mahojiano. Sampuli lengwa iliteuliwa kimaksuudi na kinasibu. Data ilichanganuliwa kitakwimu kwa kutumia uchanganuzi wa tarakimu na maelezo. Utafiti uligundua kuwa wanafunzi pamoja na walimu walikuwa na mielekeo mbalimbali kuhusu lugha, mbinu na mazingira ya kufundishia Kiswahili na mielekeo hiyo kusababishwa na mambo kadhaa. Walimu walikuwa na mielekeo chanya kuhusu lugha na mazingira ya ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wake kwa asilimia 100 Kisumu na 83.3 Kakamega, na asilimia 58.4 Kakamega na 75 Kisumu bali walikuwa na mielekeo hasi kuhusu mbinu zilizotumiwa kuifundisha kwani walitawala masomo kwa asilimia 33.3 Kakamega na 50 Kisumu. Wanafunzi walikuwa na mielekeo chanya kuhusu lugha na mazingira ya ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wake kwa asilimia 89.1 Kakamega na 68.3 Kisumu na asilimia 89.5 Kakamega na 85 Kisumu bali walikuwa na mielekeo hasi kuhusu mbinu zilizotumiwa kuifundisha kwa asilimia 68.0 Kakamega na 61.4, Kisumu. Baadhi ya visababishi vya mielekeo ni kama jinsia, eneo na mazingira, tajriba, umri, hadhi na majukumu yake pamoja na sababu za kibinafsi miongoni mwa wanafunzi wake. Kigezo kilichochangia zaidi ni jinsia kwa asilimia 90.1 na mazingira kwa asilimia 88.8 Pana haja kuu walimu waelekezwe vilivyo katika mbinu mwafaka za kufunzia, wanafunzi wahamasishwe kuhusu umuhimu wa somo hili, watumizi wote wa lugha wahimizwe kuzingatia sarufi yake kila mara na mazingira toshelevu yazingatiwe kwa kukuza sera thabiti za lugha. Utafiti zaidi unaweza kufanywa katika maeneo mengine ya nchi na kuzingatia masomo mengine ili kuthibitisha na au kutambua visababishi vinginevyo ili kuvielewa vyema kwa lengo la kuvitumia kukuza au hata kubatilisha mielekeo ya wanaohusika ili kuboresha utendaji wao katika Kiswahili
Mwingiliano wa Lugha ya Kinyankore Katika Ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili: Mtazamo Wa Kileksika Na Kisemantiki
Get PDFMakala hii inachanganua athari iliyonayo lugha ya kwanza katika ujifunzaji wa lugha ya pili katika viwango vya kileksika na kisemantiki. Utafiti huu ulifanywa katika taasisi za elimu zilizochaguliwa jijini Mbarara, nchini Uganda, na ulifanyika kwa wanafunzi pamoja na walimu, walimu wakuu na maofisa wa Elimu katika kipindi cha miezi mitatu. Utafiti huu ulilenga kutathmini athari ya L1 iliyo Kinyankore kwa mafunzo ya L2 iliyokuwa Kiswahili kwa viwango vya kilekska na kisemantiki. Pili, kubainisha mbinu za kukabili athari za kileksika na kisemantiki katika ujifunzaji wa Kiswahli. Ili kufanya utafiti huu, nadharia mseto kama vile nadharia ya uchanganuzi Linganishi (Contrastive Analysis) na uchanganuzi wa makosa (Error Analysis) zilizingatiwa. Katika utafiti huu, nilitumia mbinu kadhaa ambazo ni mbinu ya majadiliano, mbinu ya mahojiano, hojaji na dodoso. Mtafiti alilenga kutumia njia hizi zote ili kumrahisishia kupata data kutoka kwa wahojiwa. Matokeo katika utafiti huu yanapendekeza kuwa uchanganuzi Linganishi (CA) na uchanganuzi wa makosa (EA) ni njia mwafaka za kusoma na kuelewa jinsi lugha ya kwanza (L1) ya mwanafunzi inaweza kuwa na ushawishi katika mchakato wa kujifunza lugha ya pili (L2). Kulingana na utafiti wanafunzi wengi waliathirika na sarufi ya kinyankore katika ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya pili. Iligunduliwa kwamba mtagusano huo ulitokana na athari za lugha yao ya kwanza
Athari za Maendeleo ya Sayansi na Teknolojia Kwenye Ngano za Jamii ya Wasukuma
Get PDFMakala haya yamelenga kuchunguza athari za maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia katika matumizi, uhifadhi, na uendelezaji wa ngano za Kisukuma katika Wilaya ya Kahama, Mkoa wa Shinyanga. Utafiti ulifanyika katika kata nne za Isagehe, Iyenze, Kahama Mjini na Nyandekwa, ukihusisha wazee 38 wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 70 walioteuliwa kwa usampulishaji lengwa. Data zilikusanywa kupitia dodoso na mahojiano ya kina, na kuchambuliwa kwa kutumia programu ya SPSS (toleo la 23) na uchambuzi wa maudhui kwa kutumia ATLAS.ti. Matokeo yalionyesha kuwa maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia yamechangia katika kuhifadhi na kusambaza ngano za Kisukuma kupitia redio, televisheni, mitandao ya kijamii na maandiko ya kielektroniki. Teknolojia pia imeongeza ubunifu katika usimulizi kupitia filamu, michezo ya kuigiza na majukwaa ya kidijitali, hivyo kukuza utambulisho wa Kisukuma. Hata hivyo, changamoto kama kupungua kwa nafasi ya wazee kama wahifadhi wa maarifa, kudhoofika kwa lugha ya Kisukuma, na kupotea kwa mila ya usimuliaji wa mdomo zilibainika. Aidha, maudhui ya ngano yameathirika kutokana na mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia, hivyo kupunguza uhalisia wa simulizi za kitamaduni. Utafiti unahitimisha kuwa sayansi na teknolojia zimechangia uhifadhi wa ngano, lakini matumizi yasiyozingatia maadili ya jadi yanaweza kuhatarisha urithi wa ngano za Kisukuma. Inapendekezwa kuwa matumizi endelevu ya teknolojia yafanyike kwa kulinda na kudumisha ngano za Kisukuma kwa vizazi vijavy
Nafasi ya Kiswahili katika Elimu Nchini Kenya: Mfumo wa 8.4.4 na Mfumo wa Elimu ya Kiumilisi
Get PDFMfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya umo katika kipindi cha mpito kutoka Mfumo wa 8-4-4 ambao ulianza kutekelezwa mwaka 1985 kufuatia mapendekezo ya Tume ya Mackay ya 1981 hadi Mfumo wa Elimu ya Kiumilisi. Huku utekelezwaji wa Mfumo wa Elimu ya Kiumilisi ukianza mwaka 2017, Mfumo wa 8-4-4 unatarajiwa kumalizika mwaka 2027 katika kiwango cha shule za upili. Utafiti huu ulikusudia kuchunguza nafasi ya Kiswahili katika asasi za elimu nchini Kenya huku ukionyesha jinsi kinavyochukuliwa katika mifumo hiyo miwili ya elimu. Data iliyotumiwa katika utafiti huu ilikuwa sehemu ya data pana ya utafiti wa Shahada ya Uzamifu na ilipatikana kwa kusoma maandishi mbalimbali kuhusu Kiswahili katika elimu nchini Kenya, na mahojiano yaliyofanywa na wataalam wa Kiswahili. Wataalamu hao walichaguliwa kwa kutumia sampuli ya makusudi kwa sababu ya nafasi na tajriba zao kama wahadhiri wa Kiswahili kwenye vyuo vikuu nchini Kenya, wakuza mitala na viongozi wa Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa (CHAKITA). Utafiti wenyewe ulifanywa kwa msingi wa Nadharia ya Saikolojia ya Kijamii. Utafiti huu ulibainisha kwamba Kiswahili kimekuwa na nafasi ndogo mno katika elimu ikilinganishwa na Kiingereza ambacho, mbali na kufunzwa kama somo katika shule za msingi na za upili, kinatumiwa kama lugha ya mafunzo katika viwango vyote vya elimu. Nafasi ya Kiswahili katika Mfumo wa Elimu ya Kiumilisi ni finyu huku nafuu ya pekee ikiwa kwamba ufunzaji wake utakuwa wa kina hasa katika Shule ya Upeo, ingawaje Kiingereza bado kinapendelewa zaidi. Upendeleo wa Kiingereza dhidi ya Kiswahili unaweza kuelezwa kwa kuzingatia mtazamo wa watunga sera katika elimu ambao wanaongozwa na ubepari wa kiisimu. Utafiti huu unapendekeza kuimarisha nafasi ya Kiswahili nchini Kenya kupitia elimu kwa kukitengea vipindi sawa na Kiingereza, pamoja na kukifanya Kiswahili lugha ya mafunzo katika masomo ya kijami
Gendered Challenges in Vanilla Production: A Case of Women Farmers in Hai District, Tanzania
Get PDFThis study examines the roles, challenges, and potential of women vanilla producers in Hai District, Tanzania. A descriptive research design was employed, using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and surveys to collect qualitative and quantitative data from women farmers. Findings show that women participate in nearly all stages of vanilla cultivation, from field preparation and planting to hand pollination, harvesting, sorting, and marketing, while also managing domestic responsibilities. Their engagement in technical tasks, such as hand pollination, demonstrates significant agricultural knowledge and contribution to household welfare and local productivity. However, women face major constraints, including limited access to structured markets, reliable buyers, formal advisory services, and financial support. Reliance on informal channels and the absence of cooperatives and contracts reduce bargaining power, income stability, and access to innovation. The study recommends formalising vanilla value chains through cooperative marketing, strengthened advisory services, and integration of women into organised markets to enhance productivity, income, and gender equity in the secto