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Estudio de prefactibilidad técnica y económica para la instalación de una planta fotovoltaica de autoconsumo en un Data Center
No full textIngeniería Civil Industrial Advance, Licenciado en Ciencias de la IngenieríaEste informe proporciona una descripción detallada del problema y los objetivos del estudio del primer proyecto de autoconsumo fotovoltaico en un Data Center en Chile. El problema de investigación abordó los altos costos asociados con la factura de electricidad en el Data Center, particularmente durante los períodos de mayor demanda, como el verano. El objetivo del estudio era implementar un sistema de autoconsumo fotovoltaico para reducir los costos de energía y asegurar el consumo total de la energía generada, cumpliendo con las normativas. La metodología involucró un análisis exhaustivo de los altos costos de electricidad existentes en el Data Center, su situación contractual y las implicaciones financieras. El estudio se centró en la viabilidad técnica y económica del proyecto de autoconsumo fotovoltaico, considerando aspectos técnicos y normativos, y análisis de viabilidad económica. Los resultados mostraron que la implementación de un sistema fotovoltaico de 2.5 MWp generaría aproximadamente 4,000 MWh por año, lo que llevaría a ahorros significativos en costos. La conclusión destacó la evaluación económica del proyecto, estimando un ahorro de \$301.063.917 de pesos en el primer año. El diseño incluyó 4.178 módulos fotovoltaicos y 21 inversores colocados estratégicamente para una eficiencia energética óptima. Se estimaron los costos totales del proyecto, incluyendo infraestructura y equipos, en \$1.976.371.666 de pesos, con un retorno de la inversión proyectado en seis años. Las implicaciones de esta investigación sugieren que la implementación de sistemas de autoconsumo fotovoltaico en Data Center puede reducir efectivamente los costos de energía y promover la sostenibilidad.This report provides a detailed description of the problem and objectives of the study of the first photovoltaic self-consumption project in a Data Center in Chile. The research problem addressed the high costs associated with the electricity bill in the Data Center, particularly during peak demand periods like summer. The aim of the study was to implement a photovoltaic self-consumption system to reduce energy costs and ensure total consumption of the generated energy, complying with regulations. The methodology involved an in-depth analysis of the existing high electricity costs in the Data Center, its contractual situation, and financial implications. The study focused on the technical and economic feasibility of the photovoltaic self-consumption project, considering technical and regulatory aspects, and economic viability analyses. The results showed that implementing a 2.5 MWp photovoltaic system would generate approximately 4,000 MWh per year, leading to significant cost savings. The conclusion highlighted the economic evaluation of the project, estimating a first-year savings of \$301,063,917. The design included 4,175 photovoltaic modules and 21 inverters strategically placed for optimal energy efficiency. The project's total costs, including infrastructure and equipment, were estimated at \$1,976,371,666 CLP, with a projected return on investment in six years. The implications of this research suggest that implementing photovoltaic self-consumption systems in Data Centers can effectively reduce energy costs and promote sustainability
Efficient Bio-Based Insulation Panels Produced from Eucalyptus Bark Waste
Get PDFPublisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.Traditional thermal insulation panels consume large amounts of energy during production and emits pollutants into the environment. To mitigate this impact, the development of bio-based materials is an attractive alternative. In this context, the characteristics of the Eucalyptus fiber bark (EGFB) make it a candidate for insulation applications. However, more knowledge about the manufacturing process and in-service performance is needed. The present study characterized the properties that determine the in-service behavior of the EGFB insulation panel. The assessment involved two different manufacturing processes. The results indicated that the hot plates and the saturated steam injection manufacturing system can produce panels with similar target and bulk density. The thermal conductivity fluctuated between 0.064 and 0.077 W/m·K, which indicated good insulation, and the values obtained for thermal diffusivity (0.10–0.37 m mm2/s) and water vapor permeability (0.032–0.055 m kg/GN s) are comparable with other commercially available panels. To guarantee a good in-service performance, the panels need to be treated with flame retardant and antifungal additive. The good performance of the panel is relevant because bio-based Eucalyptus bark panels generate less CO2 eq and require less energy consumption compared to traditional alternatives, contributing to the sustainability of the forestry and the construction industry
Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries : protocol of a randomized control trial
No full textPublisher Copyright: Copyright © 2024 Dominguez-Rodriguez, Herdoiza-Arroyo, González-Ramírez, Martínez-Arriaga, Villarreal-Zegarra, Silva, González-Cantero, Vargas Salinas, Mensorio, Cisneros Hernández, Lourenço dos Santos, Nieto Ramos, Albán-Terán, Mateu-Mollá, Ramírez-Martínez, Colmenero Guadián, Martínez-Rubio, Langer, Araya and Castellanos-Vargas.Background: Online psychological interventions have emerged as a treatment alternative because they are accessible, flexible, personalized, and available to large populations. The number of Internet interventions in Latin America is limited, as are Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) of their effectiveness and a few studies comparing their effectiveness in multiple countries at the same time. We have developed an online intervention, Well-being Online, which will be available to the public free of charge in 7 countries: Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Brazil, Spain, and the Netherlands. We expect a reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms and an increase in well-being of the participants. Methods: A multi-country, randomized controlled trial will be conducted. The intervention is multicomponent (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Behavioral Activation Therapy, Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Positive Psychology), with 10 sessions. In each country, eligible participants will be randomized to one of three groups: Enriched Intervention (interactive web design with videos, infographics, text, audio, and forum), Text Intervention (text on the website), and Wait List (control group). Repeated measures will be obtained at 5-time points. Our primary outcomes will be anxiety symptomatology, depressive symptomatology, and mental well-being. MANOVA analysis will be used for our main analysis. Discussion: This protocol describes the design of a randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a web-based intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and increase subjective well-being. The intervention will be made available in four languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and English). Its results will contribute to the evidence of effectiveness in terms of randomized trials and Internet interventions, mainly in Latin America and Europe
Análisis metagenómico de microorganismos de relevancia en medicina veterinaria identificados en humedales urbanos de la región de Los Lagos
Get PDFLos humedales, ecosistemas de vital importancia para la biodiversidad y el equilibrio ecológico, enfrentan una constante amenaza por las actividades humanas. La contaminación y la sobrepoblación, junto con prácticas agrícolas y ganaderas intensivas, provocan un exceso de nutrientes que desencadena un crecimiento descontrolado de microorganismos. Esta alteración de la calidad del agua genera riesgos para la salud animal, humana y ambiental. En respuesta a este desafío, el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) de Chile ha implementado un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica mediante la lista de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO). Esta iniciativa permite la detección y notificación oportuna de enfermedades contagiosas de relevancia veterinaria, contribuyendo a la protección de la salud pública y el cuidado del medio ambiente. En este trabajo se empleó la metagenómica de escopeta para caracterizar de manera integral las comunidades microbianas presentes en 13 humedales urbanos de la Región de Los Lagos, Chile. El objetivo principal fue identificar microorganismos de relevancia veterinaria, evaluar su potencial de resistencia a los antibióticos y caracterizar elementos genéticos móviles como plásmidos. Además, se proporcionó una descripción detallada de cada microorganismo que contiene genes de virulencia. El estudio logró identificar una variedad de microorganismos de importancia veterinaria, incluyendo aquellos sujetos a declaración obligatoria ante el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG). Además, se encontraron especies de alta relevancia debido a su prevalencia en enfermedades animales en los distintos humedales estudiados. Cabe destacar que el análisis detectó genes de resistencia a antibióticos, genes de virulencia y elementos genéticos móviles, reflejando así la calidad sanitaria de cada humedal urbano estudiado.Wetlands, ecosystems of vital importance for biodiversity and ecological balance, face constant threats from human activities. Pollution and overpopulation, along with intensive agricultural and livestock practices, lead to an excess of nutrients that trigger uncontrolled microbial growth. This deterioration in water quality poses risks to animal, human, and environmental health. In response to this challenge, the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) of Chile has implemented an epidemiological surveillance system through the List of Notifiable Diseases (EDO). This initiative allows for the timely detection and reporting of contagious diseases of veterinary relevance, contributing to the protection of public health and environmental care. In this study, shotgun metagenomics was employed to comprehensively characterize the microbial communities present in 13 urban wetlands in the Los Lagos Region of Chile. The main objective was to identify microorganisms of veterinary relevance, assess their potential antibiotic resistance, and characterize mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. Additionally, a detailed description of each microorganism containing virulence genes was provided. The study managed to identify a variety of microorganisms of veterinary importance, including those subjects to mandatory declaration before the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG). In addition, species of high relevance were found due to their prevalence in animal diseases in the different wetlands studied. It should be noted that the analysis detected antibiotic resistance genes, virulence genes and mobile genetic elements, thus reflecting the health quality of each urban wetland studied
Elucidating, understanding, and correlating the (photo)electrochemical and physicochemical properties of HKUST-1 through an experimental and computational approach
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.HKUST-1 MOF and HKUST-1-based compounds have been employed to develop active photocatalytic materials; however, a deep understanding of several fundamental physicochemical properties to explain the photocatalytic activity of these materials is limited. Several physicochemical properties of HKUST-1 were studied through experimental and computational approaches to determine its (photo)electrochemical (PEC) properties and applications. These properties were correlated with the structural features of the material and the photocatalytic activity towards the hydrogen evolution reaction. A meticulous characterization confirmed the synthesis of HKUST-1 using a slow evaporation methodology. XRD measurements revealed a large crystallite size (≈123 nm). Meanwhile, UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements, and DFT calculations allowed us to identify three fundamental issues that limit the photocatalytic activity of HKUST-1: (i) a low relative permittivity of the semiconductor (ϵ r), (ii) a wide bandgap value, and (iii) a low reduction potential for the conduction band (CB). The issues mentioned above are related to high porosity, a small conjugated system, and the presence of open metal sites in the secondary building units (SBU) that constitute the CB, respectively. Instability problems are also related to the decrement of the observed open metal sites. Regarding PEC measurements, it was determined that HKUST-1 is an n-type semiconductor suitable for photocatalytic reduction or PEC oxidation processes, however, it presents recombination issues. Determining the relative permittivity for HKUST-1 through computational tools provides an accurate methodology to calculate the density of charge carriers (N D) through the Mott-Schottky equation. The measurements and analysis presented in this work point out the main issues responsible for low photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and suggest the employment of HKUST-1 in PEC oxidation processes
La dimensión transnacional en el quiebre de la Confederación de Trabajadores de Chile (1946-1952)
Get PDFUtilizando un enfoque transnacional, este artículo examina la división de la Confederación de Trabajadores de Chile (CTCH) entre 1946 y 1952. La literatura histórica existente se ha centrado principalmente en los conflictos entre las facciones socialistas y comunistas, enfatizando el sentimiento anticomunista que prevaleció durante el liderazgo de Bernardo Ibáñez y el Presidente Gabriel González Videla, particularmente con la aplicación de la "Ley Maldita". Mediante la utilización de fuentes primarias, archivos, materiales de prensa y la realización de una revisión bibliográfica específica, este estudio pretende ampliar el discurso y arrojar luz sobre la compleja dinámica que se desarrolló en el seno del sindicalismo latinoamericano con el telón de fondo de la Guerra Fría y la influencia de Estados Unidos, canalizada a través de la American Federation of Labor (AFL), para promover un sindicalismo "democrático" en las Américas. En última instancia, esto condujo a la fragmentación de la CTCH debido a la rivalidad entre facciones socialistas y comunistas. En este contexto, se resitúa la figura de Bernardo Ibáñez, quien ocupó posiciones estratégicas en el sindicalismo nacional e internacional, así como en el socialismo que predominó entre 1946-1952, pero cuyo protagonismo está subvalorado en la hagiografía partidaria y la historiografía política y sindical
Factores asociados a la toma de Papanicolaou en personas lesvianas y bisexuales un estudio transversal de la Encuesta CASEN Chile 2022
Get PDFIntroducción: El examen Papanicolaou está destinado a detectar y prevenir
enfermedades del cuello uterino. En Chile, este procedimiento se recomienda
hacer cada 3 años desde los 25 hasta los 64 años, a todas las personas que
posean cuello uterino. Las mujeres pertenecientes a minorías sexuales
(lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, entre otras), según reportes, tienen menos acceso
a servicios de salud preventivos, como el test Papanicolau. El objetivo de este
estudio fue analizar los factores asociados a la forma del Papanicolaou en
mujeres lesbianas y bisexuales, comparándolas con las mujeres heterosexuales,
en base a la encuesta CASEN 2022. Metodología: estudio cuantitativo analítico
de corte transversal, basado en la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica
Nacional (CASEN) de 2022. Se realizó el test de contraste de hipótesis chi
cuadrado para analizar la diferencia en la tasa de utilización del PAP entre ambos
grupos. Para determinar la probabilidad de tomarse el PAP y también para
identificar los factores asociados al acceso en mujeres lesbianas/bisexuales, se
realizaron regresiones logísticas. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el
programa STATA15. Resultados: Las mujeres lesbianas/bisexuales tienen un
43% menos de probabilidades de realizarse el Papanicolaou que las mujeres
heterosexuales. Aquellas de 25 a 64 años tienen más probabilidades de tomarse
el PAP, que las de 18 a 24 años. Las mujeres lesbianas/bisexuales solteras
tienen menos probabilidades que las casadas, y las inactivas menos que las
ocupadas. En cuanto a la afiliación de salud, las afiliadas a ISAPRE tienen más
probabilidades de realizarse el examen que las afiliadas a FONASA.
Conclusiones: las mujeres pertenecientes a minorías sexuales en Chile tienen
menos acceso al cribado de cáncer cervicouterino en comparación a las mujeres
heterosexuales. Existen factores que inciden en la toma del PAP, tales como la
edad, el estado civil, empleo, seguro social y estar en tratamiento médico.Introduction: The Pap smear test is designed to detect and prevent cervical diseases. In Chile, this procedure is recommended every three years for all individuals with a cervix, from ages 25 to 64. Sexual minority women (lesbians, bisexuals, among others) reportedly have less access to preventive healthcare services, such as Pap smears. The aim of this study was to analyze factors associated with Pap smear uptake among lesbian and bisexual women compared to heterosexual women, based on the 2022 CASEN survey. Methods:Cross-sectional analytical quantitative study based on the 2022 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). A chi-square hypothesis test
was performed to analyze the difference in Pap smear utilization rates between the two groups. Logistic regressions were conducted to determine the likelihood of undergoing a Pap smear and to identify factors associated with access among lesbian/bisexual women. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA15 software. Results: Lesbian/bisexual women were 43% less likely to undergo Pap smear testing compared to heterosexual women. Women aged 25–64 were more likely to get a Pap smear than those aged 18–24. Single lesbian/bisexual women were less likely to undergo the test than their married counterparts, and unemployed women were less likely than employed women. Regarding health insurance, women affiliated with ISAPRE were more likely to undergo the exam compared to those in FONASA. Conclusions: Sexual minority women in Chile
have less access to cervical cancer screening compared to heterosexual women. Factors influencing Pap smear uptake include age, marital status, employment, health insurance, and being under medical treatment
LAT1-dependent placental methionine uptake is a key player in fetal programming of metabolic disease
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis sustains that exposure to different stressors during prenatal development prepares the offspring for the challenges to be encountered after birth. We studied the gestational period as a particularly vulnerable window where different stressors can have strong implications for fetal programming of the offspring's life-long metabolic status via alterations of specific placentally expressed nutrient transporters. To study this mechanism, we used a murine prenatal stress model, human preeclampsia, early miscarriage, and healthy placental tissue samples, in addition to in vitro models of placental cells. In stressed mice, placental overexpression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (Lat1) and subsequent global placental DNA hypermethylation was accompanied by fetal and adult hypothalamic dysregulation in global DNA methylation and gene expression as well as long-term metabolic abnormalities exclusively in female offspring. In human preeclampsia, early miscarriage, and under hypoxic conditions, placental LAT1 was significantly upregulated, leading to increased methionine uptake and global DNA hypermethylation. Remarkably, subgroups of healthy term placentas with high expression of stress-related genes presented increased levels of placental LAT1 mRNA and protein, DNA and RNA hypermethylation, increased methionine uptake capacity, one-carbon metabolic pathway disruption, higher methionine concentration in the placenta and transport to the fetus specifically in females. Since LAT1 mediates the intracellular accumulation of methionine, global DNA methylation, and one-carbon metabolism in the placenta, our findings hint at a major sex-specific global response to a variety of prenatal stressors affecting placental function, epigenetic programming, and life-long metabolic disease and provide a much-needed insight into early-life factors predisposing females/women to metabolic disorders
Genética reversa del virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa
Get PDFLa acuicultura es una de las principales actividades económicas de Chile. En
consecuencia, los patógenos de los organismos acuáticos pueden ocasionar grandes
pérdidas económicas. Una de las patologías más graves en salmónidos es provocada
por el virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa (IPNV), que es conocido por causar la
enfermedad de necrosis pancreática infecciosa (IPN). A pesar de la introducción de
estrategias de vacunación, el número de brotes de IPN ha aumentado en los últimos
años. Por este motivo, un conocimiento más acabado sobre la biología molecular del virus
resulta sumamente importante para futuras tácticas de control de brotes de IPN. La
genética inversa ha demostrado ser una herramienta provechosa para comprender los
mecanismos de replicación viral y el diseño de estrategias para prevenir y tratar
enfermedades virales. Esta consiste en clonar el genoma viral en vectores que puedan
ser transfectados en células blanco. La utilidad de esta técnica es que, al tener clonado
el genoma viral, pueden modificarse sus proteínas y genomas, con el fin de estudiar su
participación en el ciclo viral. Sin embargo, para aplicar esta herramienta para IPNV, es
necesario que las secuencias 5´ y 3´ no traducidas (UTR) no tengan ninguna modificación
respecto al virus silvestre, ya que ambos extremos son requeridos para la síntesis de
ARN viral. Por lo tanto, se utilizaron ribozimas para conservar la secuencia exacta de los
extremos 5' y 3'. Mediante la transfección de los vectores que contienen el genoma viral,
es posible reconstituir el virus en las células transfectadas. Luego de sucesivos pasajes
de los sobrenadantes de las células infectadas a un nuevo cultivo celular, este virus se
puede amplificar, lo que puede corroborarse mediante la detección de los ARNm virales.
Por lo que mediante un sistema de genética reversa, se espera que la expresión de
vectores que contienen los segmentos A y B del genoma del virus de la necrosis
pancreática infecciosa (IPNV), flanqueados por ribozimas, en células CHSE-214 permita
detectar el ARNm de las proteínas virales en pasajes celulares sucesivos.Aquaculture is one of the main economic activities in Chile. As a result, pathogens of
aquatic organisms can cause significant economic losses. One of the most severe
diseases in salmonids is caused by the Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), which
is known to cause Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN). Despite the introduction of
vaccination strategies, the number of IPN outbreaks has increased in recent years. For
this reason, a more thorough understanding of the virus's molecular biology is crucial for
future strategies to control IPN outbreaks. Reverse genetics has proven to be a valuable
tool for understanding viral replication mechanisms and designing strategies to prevent
and treat viral diseases. This involves cloning the viral genome into vectors that can be
transfected into target cells. The advantage of this technique is that, by having the viral
genome cloned, its proteins and genome can be modified to study their role in the viral
cycle. However, to apply this tool for IPNV, it is necessary that the 5' and 3' untranslated
regions (UTRs) remain unchanged compared to the wild-type virus, as both ends are
required for viral RNA synthesis. Therefore, ribozymes were used to preserve the exact
sequence of the 5' and 3' ends. By transfecting vectors containing the viral genome, the
virus can be reconstituted in the transfected cells. After successive passages of the
supernatants from infected cells to a new cell culture, the virus can be amplified, which
can be confirmed by detecting viral mRNA. Therefore, using a reverse genetics system,
the expression of vectors carrying segments A and B of the infectious pancreatic necrosis
virus (IPNV) genome, flanked by ribozymes, in CHSE-214 cells is anticipated to enable
the detection of viral protein mRNA across successive cell passages
On the central singularity of the BTZ geometries
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 American Physical Society.The nature of the central singularity of the BTZ geometries - stationary vacuum solutions of 2+1 gravity with negative cosmological constant Λ=-ℓ-2 and SO(2)×R isometry - is discussed. The essential tool for this analysis is the holonomy operator on a closed path (i.e., Wilson loop) around the central singularity. The study considers the holonomies for the Lorentz and AdS3 connections. The analysis is carried out for all values of the mass M and angular momentum J, namely, for black holes (Mℓ≥|J|) and naked singularities (Mℓ<|J|). In general, both Lorentz and AdS3 holonomies are nontrivial in the zero-radius limit revealing the presence of deltalike singularity at the origin in the curvature and torsion two-forms. However, in the cases M±J/ℓ=-n±2, with n±∈ℕ, recently identified by Giribet et al. [BPS defects in AdS3 supergravity, arXiv:2402.00171] as Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield configurations, the AdS3 holonomy reduces to the identity. Nevertheless, except for the AdS3 spacetime (M=-1, J=0), all BTZ geometries have a central singularity which is not revealed by local operations