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Elites políticas, discrecionalidad de agencias y gobernanza anticorrupción en Chile
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation/Centro de Estudios y Documentación Latinoamericanos (CEDLA). All rights reserved.Between 2015 and 2018, Chile experienced several political corruption scandals that implicated the country's political elite across the party spectrum. However, the outcomes of the ensuing judicial investigations have faced wide-spread criticism for being unsatisfactory, failing to set legal precedence, and weakening Chile's anti-corruption governance. This article addresses the gap between Chile's strong structural and formal conditions and the limited legal consequences faced by politicians involved in corruption. It examines the factors that allowed most politicians and their allies to avoid significant legal penalties. Drawing on different literatures related to professional politicians and political elites, institutional weakness, and agency discretion, the article analyses four prominent political corruption cases. We argue that favourable appointments of sympathetic executives allowed the Chilean political elite to exert control over the discretionary powers of state agencies involved in the legal processes. The article relies on a press review, secondary literature, and expert interviews
Differential scanning calorimetry in drug-membrane interactions
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The AuthorsDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a central technique in investigating drug - membrane interactions, a critical component of pharmaceutical research. DSC measures the heat difference between a sample of interest and a reference as a function of temperature or time, contributing essential knowledge on the thermally induced phase changes in lipid membranes and how these changes are affected by incorporating pharmacological substances. The manuscript discusses the use of phospholipid bilayers, which can form structures like unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles, providing a simplified yet representative membrane model to investigate the complex dynamics of how drugs interact with and penetrate cellular barriers. The manuscript consolidates data from various studies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug - membrane interactions, the determinants that influence these interactions, and the crucial role of DSC in elucidating these components. It further explores the interactions of specific classes of drugs with phospholipid membranes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticancer agents, natural products with antioxidant properties, and Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. The manuscript underscores the critical importance of DSC in this field and the need for continued research to improve our understanding of these interactions, acting as a valuable resource for researchers
A Psychological Examination of the Status Syndrome and Its Application for Promoting Well-Being
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.The status syndrome proposed by Marmot is located at the closest level of influence within the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) framework, connecting the body’s response to the mental states that arise from the subjective experience of social status. Marmot defines these psychological states through concepts of autonomy and social integration articulated in the Capability Approach (CA). These elements are further explored and expanded upon with the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), an empirically based framework with an extensive tradition of practical application. This lays the groundwork not only for understanding what makes a social environment conducive to well-being but also for shedding light on ways to promote it. The article goes beyond theoretical discussions by introducing a structured model based on the principles of the SDT for health promotion interventions. The model emphasizes the importance of providing a supportive atmosphere and is organized into four distinct phases aimed at aligning interventions with individual motivations, and cultural contexts. Ultimately, the goal is to engage individuals to actively participate in their own well-being while addressing the complexities associated with social inequalities in developed societies.El síndrome de estatus propuesto por Marmot se ubica en el nivel más cercano de influencia dentro del marco de los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud (DSS), conectando la respuesta del cuerpo a los estados mentales que surgen de la experiencia subjetiva del estatus social. Marmot define estos estados psicológicos a través de los conceptos de autonomía e integración social articulados en el Enfoque de las Capacidades (EC). Estos elementos se exploran y amplían aún más con la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (TAD), un marco empíricamente fundamentado con una extensa tradición de aplicación práctica. Esto sienta las bases no solo para comprender qué hace que un entorno social sea propicio para el bienestar, sino también para iluminar las formas de promoverlo. El artículo va más allá de las discusiones teóricas al introducir un modelo estructurado basado en los principios de la TAD para intervenciones de promoción de la salud. El modelo enfatiza la importancia de proporcionar un ambiente de apoyo y se organiza en cuatro fases distintas, dirigidas a alinear las intervenciones con las motivaciones individuales y los contextos culturales. En última instancia, el objetivo es involucrar a las personas para que participen activamente en su propio bienestar, al mismo tiempo que se abordan las complejidades asociadas con las desigualdades sociales en las sociedades desarrolladas
Psychometric evidence of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) : an item response theory analysis in university students from Chile
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.Background: Experiential avoidance (EA) is a psychological mechanism associated with several mental health disorders and is regarded as a relevant target by third-generation cognitive behavioral therapies. It has been mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires, and the AAQ-II is the most used tool. Its psychometric evidence has been mostly tested through the classical test theory (CTT) and very scarcely assessed through Item Response Theory (IRT). Methods: We used the Graded Response Model to examine its psychometric properties in Spanish-speaking university students (n = 1503; women = 995 (66.2%), mean age = 19.29, SD = 2.45). We tested whether the empirical data fit the model’s predictions and estimated the dispersion of persons and items along the experiential avoidance continuum. Moreover, we examined category probability curves to identify the response probability of each answer. Likewise, an item-person map was made where the measurement of persons and items, both on the same scale and along the experiential avoidance continuum, could be observed jointly. Finally, we tested the gender invariance of the scale. Results: We found that the values of the individuals and the items were in the established range to be considered an adequate measure of EA. Additionally, we observed high discrimination indices for all items. The current version with seven answer options could not be optimal and should be tested in future studies. Finally, we found evidence of differential functioning by gender in one of the seven items of the instrument. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the AAQ-II is a suitable tool for measuring EA and accurately classifying and differentiating EA levels in university students
Association Between Hearing Loss Suspect with Diabetes and Arterial Hypertension Risk Under Different Body Composition Phenotypes : Results from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-17
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 Nevzat Demirci. All rights reserved.Purpose: 1) To characterize the glucose and blood pressure control in HLS adult participants based on four body composition phenotypes models from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-17. 2) to associate the HLS and body composition phenotypes (based on calf and waist circumference [WC]) with arterial hypertension and diabetes markers. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study based on the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-17, reporting adults with/without HLS based on four different phenotypes was carried out by the epidemiological group of the Institute of Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences of the Universidad Andres bello, Chile (ICER-UNAB). Groups were as follows; Low skeletal muscle [SMM] and high waist circumference [WC] (Lsmm−Hwc, n=278), Low SMM and low WC (Lsmm−Lwc, n=479), High SMM and high WC (Hsmm−Hwc, n=2140), and High SMM and low WC (Hsmm−Lwc, n=2709). The primary outcomes were fasting plasma glucose, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure. Findings: In systolic blood pressure, there were significant differences between each Lsmm−Hwc (150 vs. 123 mmHg), Lsmm−Lwc (140 vs. 123 mmHg), and Hsmm−Hwc vs. the Reference group (145 vs. 123 mmHg, all P<0.0001). Systolic blood pressure reported significant Group x HLS interaction F (3.33), P=0.019, ES 0.004. In diastolic blood pressure, there were significant differences between each Lsmm−Hwc (74 vs. 72 mmHg) and Hsmm−Hwc vs. the Reference group (76 vs. 72 mmHg, both P<0.0001). Diastolic blood pressure reported significant Group x HLS interaction F (4.49), P=0.004, ES 0.005. Chilean adults with HLS, low SMM and high waist circumference shows a higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Interacciones discursivas en el aula. Pistas para ampliar la investigación y potenciar la práctica docente
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.During the last five decades, the scientific study of classroom talk has converged in the tradition of classroom dialogue. Empirical research has progressed, showing how dialogic forms of organizing classroom talk would be more conducive to student learning and development than monologic forms. However, two major problems remain unresolved. On the one hand, and despite the research mentioned above, teachers still mostly use a monological teaching method, thus arranging monological ways of organizing classroom discourse. On the other hand, our understanding of the psychological processes that would explain the relationship between the way of organizing classroom talk and learning is still limited. In the present article, we introduce a special section in which we have brought together six papers that sought to extend conceptually and methodologically the limits of the study of classroom talk by explicitly adopting the notion of discursive interactions in the classroom
Navigating job satisfaction in family firms during crisis
No full textPublisher Copyright: Copyright © 2024 Ibañez, Andrade-Valbuena and Llanos-Contreras.Occupational health is one of the aspects significantly affected during crisis periods. It is essential to learn about the factors that improve organizational capacity in coping with such shocks. This study investigates how the working environment of a family business influences job satisfaction during crises. Conducting a survey with 516 employees at the peak of the pandemic, the research utilizes structural equation analysis, revealing that family business environments can mitigate burnout, enhance affective commitment, and consequently, boost job satisfaction. The study highlights the need to manage burnout and utilize resources, such as employee commitment, for family firms to sustain job satisfaction amidst disruptions. It deepens the comprehension of family businesses’ crisis response, emphasizing the significance of human resource commitment and management. The investigation illuminates the dynamic interplay between the work environment, employee well-being, and organizational resilience, providing valuable insights for both theoretical understanding and practical application
Entre trabajo prescrito y trabajo real: la hiperactuación compensatoria como rol expansivo de profesionales interventores del programa Familias en Chile
No full textEn este trabajo expongo parte de los hallazgos de una investigación sobre el papel que juega la agencia en la intervención social del programa Familias, una iniciativa estatal destinada a la superación de la pobreza en Chile. Guiada por los principios del método teoría fundamentada, presento resultados provenientes de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a profesionales[i] de las ciencias sociales respecto de la intervención social que desarrollan. Entre tensiones metodológicas, la burocracia característica de la medida estatal y la distancia entre el trabajo prescrito y el trabajo real, el rol de profesionales pareciese ser fundamental para la expansión de las capacidades individuales, estrategia neoliberal característica para la superación de la pobreza. En este sentido, sostengo que profesionales del programa Familias encarnan hiperactores compensatorios; concepto inspirado en los estudios sobre individuo y agencia desarrollados en Chile en los últimos años
Trabajo sexual femenino y su relación con las infecciones de transmisión sexual en América del 2014 al 2024
Get PDFIntroducción: El trabajo sexual ha estado presente a lo largo de los siglos, siendo considerada una de las profesiones más antiguas, estando siempre relacionada con el estigma de ser una de las poblaciones más susceptibles a contraer alguna Infección de
Transmisión Sexual (ITS). Estas infecciones comprenden un problema mundial con efectos e impacto en la salud y bienestar de las personas, ya que, actualmente según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se describe que cada día más de un millón de
personas contraen alguna infección de carácter sexual. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las Mujeres Trabajadoras Sexuales (MTS) y el aumento de ITS en el continente Americano durante los años 2014 al 2024. Metodología: Investigación de revisión literaria. Base de datos: PUBMED, PROQUEST, Web of Science (WOS), Buscador primo
USS, Scielo. Operador Booleano: AND. Filtros: Artículos fuera de los años 2014 a 2024, artículos que incluyan trabajadores sexuales pertenecientes a disidencias y sexo masculino, artículos que incluyen poblaciones fuera del continente Americano.
Resultados: Se seleccionaron un total de 16 artículos: 6 estudios cualitativos, 3 trasversales, 3 longitudinales, 2 observacionales y 2 descriptivos. Realizados en los países de: México, Guatemala, Ecuador, Perú, Estados Unidos, Brasil y Canadá. Se evidenció que las MTS constituyen un grupo de alto riesgo para la transmisión de ITS,
Determinando como factores influyentes la edad, migración, discriminación, consumo de drogas, entre otros. Conclusiones: La situación de las MTS en relación con las ITS revela una serie de desafíos significativos que requieren urgente atención. Este grupo es
particularmente vulnerable a las ITS, debido a factores como el estigma social, la falta de acceso a servicios de salud y la educación insuficiente sobre prevención, entre otros. Es fundamental implementar políticas y programas que eliminen las barreras y proporcionen educación adecuada sobre ITS, garantizando el acceso equitativo a servicios de salud y promoviendo su dignidad y autonomía.Introduction: Sex work has been present throughout the centuries, being considered one
of the oldest professions, always being related to the stigma of being one of the populations most susceptible to contracting a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). These infections comprise a global problem with effects and impact on the health and well-being of people, since, currently, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is described that every day more than one million people contract some infection of a sexual nature. Objective: To analyze the relationship between female sex workers (STD) and the increase in STIs in the American continent during the years 2014-2024. Methodology: Literature review research. Database: PUBMED, PROQUEST, Web of Science (WOS), USS Prime Finder, Scielo. Boolean operator: AND. Filters: Articles outside the years 2014 to 2024, articles that include sex workers belonging to dissidenceand male gender, articles that include populations outside the American continent.Results: A total of 16 articles were selected: 6 qualitative studies, 3 transversal, 3 longitudinal, 2 observational and 2 descriptive. Carried out in the countries of: Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, United States, Brazil and Canada. It was shown that STDs constitute a high-risk group for the transmission of STI, with age, migration, discrimination,drug use and other factors being considered as influencing factors. Conclusions: The MSW situation in relation to STIs reveals several significant challenges that require urgent attention. This group is particularly vulnerable to STIs, due to factors such as social stigma, lack of access to health services and insufficient education on prevention, amongothers. It is essential to implement policies and programmed that remove barriers and provide adequate education on STI, ensuring equitable access to health services and promoting their dignity and autonomy
Mejora de la funcionalidad del tejido adiposo en la obesidad: la senoterapéutica, la autofagia y la senescencia celular como diana
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.Obesity, a global health crisis, disrupts multiple systemic processes, contributing to a cascade of metabolic dysfunctions by promoting the pathological expansion of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This expansion is characterized by impaired differentiation of pre-adipocytes and an increase in senescent cells, leading to a pro-inflammatory state and exacerbated oxidative stress. Particularly, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and adipose tissue hypoxia further impair cellular function, promoting chronic disease development. This review delves into the potential of autophagy modulation and the therapeutic application of senolytics and senomorphics as novel strategies to mitigate adipose tissue senescence. By exploring the intricate mechanisms underlying adipocyte dysfunction and the emerging role of natural compounds in senescence modulation, we underscore the promising horizon of senotherapeutics in restoring adipose health. This approach not only offers a pathway to combat the metabolic complications of obesity, but also opens new avenues for enhancing life quality and managing the global burden of obesity-related conditions. Our analysis aims to bridge the gap between current scientific progress and clinical application, offering new perspectives on preventing and treating obesity-induced adipose dysfunction