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Entre trabajo prescrito y trabajo real: la hiperactuación compensatoria como rol expansivo de profesionales interventores del programa Familias en Chile
No full textEn este trabajo expongo parte de los hallazgos de una investigación sobre el papel que juega la agencia en la intervención social del programa Familias, una iniciativa estatal destinada a la superación de la pobreza en Chile. Guiada por los principios del método teoría fundamentada, presento resultados provenientes de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a profesionales[i] de las ciencias sociales respecto de la intervención social que desarrollan. Entre tensiones metodológicas, la burocracia característica de la medida estatal y la distancia entre el trabajo prescrito y el trabajo real, el rol de profesionales pareciese ser fundamental para la expansión de las capacidades individuales, estrategia neoliberal característica para la superación de la pobreza. En este sentido, sostengo que profesionales del programa Familias encarnan hiperactores compensatorios; concepto inspirado en los estudios sobre individuo y agencia desarrollados en Chile en los últimos años
Regulatory T cells administration reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice submitted to chronic restraint stress
No full textPublisher Copyright: Copyright © 2024 Cepeda, Elizondo-Vega, Garrido, Tobar, Araneda, Oliveros, Ordenes, Carril, Vidal, Luz-Crawford, García-Robles and Oyarce.Background: Major depression disorder (MDD) and anxiety are common mental disorders that significantly affect the quality of life of those who suffer from them, altering the person’s normal functioning. From the biological perspective, the most classical hypothesis explaining their occurrence relies on neurotransmission and hippocampal excitability alterations. However, around 30% of MDD patients do not respond to medication targeting these processes. Over the last decade, the involvement of inflammatory responses in depression and anxiety pathogenesis has been strongly acknowledged, opening the possibility of tackling these disorders from an immunological point of view. In this context, regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which naturally maintain immune homeostasis by suppressing inflammation could be promising candidates for their therapeutic use in mental disorders. Methods: To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 adult male mice were submitted to classical stress protocols to induce depressive and anxiety-like behavior; chronic restriction stress (CRS), and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Some of the stressed mice received a single adoptive transfer of Treg cells during stress protocols. Mouse behavior was analyzed through the open field (OFT) and forced swim test (FST). Blood and spleen samples were collected for T cell analysis using cell cytometry, while brains were collected to study changes in microglia by immunohistochemistry. Results: Mice submitted to CRS and CUS develop anxiety and depressive-like behavior, and only CRS mice exhibit lower frequencies of circulating Treg cells. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells decreased anxiety-like behavior in the OFT only in CRS model, but not depressive behavior in FST in neither of the two models. In CRS mice, Treg cells administration lowered the number of microglia in the hippocampus, which increased due this stress paradigm, and restored its arborization. However, in CUS mice, Treg cells administration increased microglia number with no significant effect on their arborization. Conclusion: Our results for effector CD4+ T cells in the spleen and microglia number and morphology in the hippocampus add new evidence in favor of the participation of inflammatory responses in the development of depressive and anxiety-like behavior and suggest that the modulation of key immune cells such as Treg cells, could have beneficial effects on these disorders
Revisión bibliográfica : actualización del uso de fitocanabinoides medicinal como complemento del tratamiento de trastornos relacionados con ansiedad en perros (canis lupus familiaris)
No full textHoy en día, aunque la Cannabis sativa es una terapia novedosa, cada vez son más los médicos veterinarios la utilizan. A pesar de que sus propiedades para tratar trastornos asociados a epilepsias, manejo del dolor, trastornos de ansiedad y cuidados paliativos son conocidas, no se describen dosis establecidas para su uso en terapias de comportamiento relacionadas con la ansiedad. Esta revisión bibliográfica tuvo como objetivo recopilar información sobre la utilización de los fitocannabinoides en trastornos asociados a la ansiedad en perros. Se utilizaron los buscadores PubMed, SciELO, ELSILVER y Google Académico, además de documentos como resúmenes, memorias de título y libros. En cuanto al marco legal, se investigaron páginas institucionales como la OMS, Asecvech, Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Ministerio de Salud y Chile Atiende. Los documentos se seleccionaron en base a diversas palabras clave y a criterios de inclusión y exclusión con respecto a los efectos probados de los fitocannabinoides sobre la ansiedad. Aunque la información disponible es limitada, se ha observado que las dosis de CBD más comúnmente utilizadas para tratar los trastornos de conducta relacionados con la ansiedad oscilan entre 2 y 4 mg/kg. Los eventos más estudiados incluyen los viajes en automóvil y la ansiedad por separación.Nowadays, although Cannabis sativa is a novel therapy, more and more veterinarians are using it. Despite its known properties for treating disorders associated with epilepsy, pain management, anxiety disorders, and palliative care, there are no established doses for its use in behavior therapies related to anxiety. This literature review aimed to gather information on the use of fitocanabidiol in anxiety-related disorders in dogs. Searches were conducted using PubMed, SciELO, ELSILVER, and Google Scholar, as well as documents such as summaries, thesis papers, and books. Regarding the legal framework, institutional websites such as WHO, Asecvech, the National Congress Library, the Ministry of Health, and Chile Atiende were investigated. The documents were selected based on various keywords and inclusion and exclusion criteria regarding the proven effects of fitocanabidiol on anxiety. Despite the limited information available, it is concluded that the most used doses of CBD for behavior disorders associated with anxiety range from 2 to 4 mg/kg. The most studied events are car trips and separation anxiety
Estrés en estudiantes universitarios de carreras de la salud: Impacto al retorno a educación presencial post pandemia por Covid-19
No full textIntroducción: En 2022 los estudiantes universitarios retornaron a la ‘’normalidad’’ en sus actividades académicas, regresando a las actividades presenciales y las estrategias de enseñanza utilizadas prepandemia, sumando un factor de estrés adicional al habitual. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el nivel de estrés académico en estudiantes universitarios de carreras de la salud en la ciudad de Valdivia (Chile) durante la vuelta a la normalidad postpandemia. Métodos: Muestra de 302 estudiantes de las carreras de Tecnología Médica, Enfermería, Medicina, Obstetricia, Kinesiología, Psicología, Terapia Ocupacional y Odontología. Se aplicó de manera virtual el inventario SISCO, el cual mide nivel de estrés, factores estresantes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento. Resultados: El 100 % de los estudiantes experimentó algún grado de estrés académico, siendo mayor quienes se identificaron como mujeres (100 %) y otro género (100 %). Los factores estresantes más frecuentes fueron la realización de un examen (96,1 %), sobrecarga de tareas y trabajos (91,1 %) y nivel de exigencia de mis profesores/as (85,7 %). Los estresores más frecuentes fueron somnolencia o mayor necesidad de dormir (91,4 %), fatiga crónica (90,2 %) y desgano para realizar las labores escolares (88,7 %). Las estrategias de afrontamiento más comunes fueron escuchar música o distraerse viendo televisión (90,7 %), concentrarse en resolver la situación que me preocupa (81,1 %) y habilidad asertiva (71,6 %). Conclusiones: La vuelta a la normalidad post Covid se presentó con un alto estrés académico en los estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina, siendo mayor en mujeres y en quienes se identificaron como “otro género”. Palabras clave: Estrés académico, estudiantes universitarios, pandemia, Covid
Mexican Clinical Practice Guidelines for Adult Overweight and Obesity Management
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.Purpose To develop Mexico’s first methodologically rigorous clinical practice guideline for the management of adult overweight and obesity. The target audiences are interdisciplinary healthcare professionals across healthcare systems who are the first point of contact for patients with obesity in Mexico, patients, and health system decision makers. Recent Findings A review of recent international obesity clinical practice guidelines and an expert consensus process identified: i) common recommendations appropriate for implementation in Mexico and ii) knowledge gaps requiring the formulation of new recommendations. In all, 20 new recommendations and 20 good practice statements were developed using the GRADE Evidence-to-Decision Framework and expert consensus. Summary Overweight and obesity negatively impact the health and well-being of individuals and populations in Mexico. This guideline aims to establish a new evidence-based, patient-centered, non-stigmatizing, and practical treatment and management framework, based on the fundamental principles of chronic disease prevention and management
Uneven effects of twenty years of Chile's cannabis policy implementation in cannabis onset
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)Background: In Chile, Laws 19366 and 20000, implemented in 1995 and 2005 respectively, regulated and sanctioned cannabis’ personal use, cultivation and trafficking. Methods: We use thirteen biannual cross-sectional national surveys data from 1994 to 2018 to examine the effect of Laws 19366 and 20000—using the rate of individuals incarcerated per 100000 population due to drug-related crimes as proxy—on the age of onset of cannabis use over time. We estimate the effect of these policies using a mixed proportional hazards framework that models the transition to first cannabis use in 47,832 individuals aged 12-21. Results: Overall, changes in these laws did not affect the transition to first cannabis use. However, increases in the rate of individuals incarcerated were associated with decreases on the age of onset of cannabis use in females and individuals living in affluent neighborhoods or in specific regions. Conclusion: We find no evidence of cannabis policy changes affecting the age of onset of cannabis use across all individuals aged 12-21. Policy effects associated with decreases in cannabis onset age in females and individuals from affluent neighborhoods or specific regions can be explained by using theoretical frames that recognize specific dynamics of cannabis supply and demand
IRE1α Mediates the Hypertrophic Growth of Cardiomyocytes Through Facilitating the Formation of Initiation Complex to Promote the Translation of TOP-Motif Transcripts
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 American Heart Association, Inc.BACKGROUND: Cardiomyocyte growth is coupled with active protein synthesis, which is one of the basic biological processes in living cells. However, it is unclear whether the unfolded protein response transducers and effectors directly take part in the control of protein synthesis. The connection between critical functions of the unfolded protein response in cellular physiology and requirements of multiple processes for cell growth prompted us to investigate the role of the unfolded protein response in cell growth and underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Cardiomyocyte-specific inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) knockout and overexpression mouse models were generated to explore its function in vivo. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were isolated and cultured to evaluate the role of IRE1α in cardiomyocyte growth in vitro. Mass spectrometry was conducted to identify novel interacting proteins of IRE1α. Ribosome sequencing and polysome profiling were performed to determine the molecular basis for the function of IRE1α in translational control. RESULTS: We show that IRE1α is required for cell growth in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes under prohypertrophy treatment and in HEK293 cells in response to serum stimulation. At the molecular level, IRE1α directly interacts with eIF4G and eIF3, 2 critical components of the translation initiation complex. We demonstrate that IRE1α facilitates the formation of the translation initiation complex around the endoplasmic reticulum and preferentially initiates the translation of transcripts with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine motifs. We then reveal that IRE1α plays an important role in determining the selectivity and translation of these transcripts. We next show that IRE1α stimulates the translation of epidermal growth factor receptor through an unannotated terminal oligopyrimidine motif in its 5' untranslated region. We further demonstrate a physiological role of IRE1α-governed protein translation by showing that IRE1α is essential for cardiomyocyte growth and cardiac functional maintenance under hemodynamic stress in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest a noncanonical, essential role of IRE1α in orchestrating protein synthesis, which may have important implications in cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload and general cell growth under other physiological and pathological conditions
The temporal evolution of monogenetic volcanism in the Central Andes : 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of El Negrillar volcanic field, Chile
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2023, International Association of Volcanology & Chemistry of the Earth's Interior.El Negrillar volcanic field has the largest extent and erupted volume (~ 6.8 km3 DRE) of all the monogenetic centers of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ). The volcanic field comprises 51 eruptive centers and 98 lava flows distributed in three clusters: Northern El Negrillar (NEN), Central El Negrillar (CEN), and Southern El Negrillar (SEN). Here, we present a geological map of El Negrillar, with detail of effusive and explosive volcanic deposits not previously mapped in the southern sector of the CEN and SEN clusters. Ten samples of El Negrillar’s deposits associated with effusive and phreatomagmatic activity were dated using 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, establishing, along with previously published dates, a geochronological characterization of the development of El Negrillar’s monogenetic field. The collected age data yields a range of 0.982 ± 0.008 to 0.141 ± 0.072 Ma, compared to previously published K–Ar ages for the same deposits range from < 1.5 Ma to 0.6 ± 0.4 Ma. The new ages presented here indicate that the effusive activity at El Negrillar (NEN, CEN, and SEN), and the phreatomagmatic activity in the CEN (dated for first time) occurred quasi-simultaneously (within error). The end of the volcanic activity within the monogenetic field occurred in the eastern sector of the CEN at 0.141 ± 0.072 Ma, which represents the youngest eruption ages of El Negrillar. If these new ages are revisited within the regional context of the SW sector of the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC), the monogenetic volcanoes appear to be the result of a migration of mafic vents along a southwest-northeast trend, as shown by their age variation from the oldest to the youngest volcanic center: Morro Punta Negra, La Negrillar, El Negrillar, Tilocálar Sur, Tilocálar Norte, Cerro Tujle, El País, Puntas Negras, La Albóndiga Grande, and Cerro Overo. These results highlight the structural control on the emplacement of monogenetic mafic volcanism in the APVC
Relationship between body mass index and locomotion skills in elementary schoolchildren
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024, Campus EDUCA SPORTIS S.L.. All rights reserved.Body Mass Index (BMI) is a widely used indicator in pediatric populations. Studies link a high BMI with lower motor coordination and risk of overweight in children.To relate BMI with locomotion skills (LH) in schoolchildren of both sexes from a state school in Chile. 70 schoolchildren (35 boys and 35 girls) with an average age of 10.1±0.37 years belonging to municipal schools participated. Weight and height were evaluated with the aim of calculating the BMI categorizing by international guidelines for children and adolescents, on the other hand, the HL was evaluated by means of the TGMD-2 test. Student’s t-test was used for comparison between sexes and Pearson's correlation test for the relationship between the study variables.There was a negative correlation between BMI and LH in both sexes. In boys it was-0.24 (p<0.05) and in girls it was 0.16 (p<0.05). Children of both sexes showed better performance in the LH when they were categorized as normal weight compared to those with excess weight (EW) (p<0.05).There was a negative relationship between BMI and LH, which allows highlighting that EW in children of both sexes can be a relevant factor conditioning LH performance in children of both sexes.El Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) es un indicador ampliamente utilizado en poblaciones pediátricas. Estudios vinculan un IMC alto con menor coordinación motora y riesgo de sobrepeso en niños. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relacionar el IMC con las habilidades de locomoción (HL) en escolares de ambos sexos de un colegio estatal de Chile. Participaron 70 escolares (35 niños y 35 niñas) con una edad promedio de 10.1±0.37 años pertenecientes a colegios municipales. Se evaluó el peso y estatura con el objetivo de calcular el IMC categorizando por medio de las directrices internacionales para niños y adolescentes, por otra parte, se evaluó las HL por medio del test TGMD-2. Se utilizó la prueba T de student para comparación entre sexos y la prueba de correlación de Pearson para la relación entre las variables de estudio. Hubo correlación negativa entre el IMC con las HL en ambos sexos. En niños fue de -0,24 (p< 0,05) y en niñas fue de -0,16 (p< 0,05). Los niños de ambos sexos, mostraron mejor rendimiento en las HL cuando fueron categorizado con normopeso en comparación con los de exceso de peso (EP) (
The association between motivation and diet quality in older runners
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 - The authors. Published by IOS Press.OBJECTIVE: To associate motivation with diet quality in older people (OP) who practice running. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational analytical study, which was applied to a probabilistic sample of OP who practice running. Each participant was applied a survey including sociodemographic variables and experiences concerning the practice of Running, diet quality questionnaire for OP (ECAAM, for its acronym in Spanish) and the Motivation of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34) were used. RESULTS: The total number of participants was 68, who were mostly men (69.1%), the predominant age was 60-69 years (69.1%). Women showed a higher proportion in diet quality when compared to men (71.4% vs 36.2%). The association between motivation subscales and food groups showed that the Weight Concern subscale was associated with junk food (Δ=1.55 (95% CI: 0.58; 2.52). The Personal goal achievement-Competition subscale was associated with meat (Δ=1.81 (95% CI: 0.62; 3.00). Recognition was associated with meat (Δ=1.12 (95% CI: 0.22; 2.03), and Health Orientation with alcohol (Δ=0.76 (95% CI: 0.02; 1.50). CONCLUSIONS: Motivation is positively associated with diet in OP who practice running, especially for the motivation subscales Weight Concern, Personal goal achievement-Competition, Recognition and Health orientation