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INEFICÁCIA NA GARANTIA DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E NA INTERVENÇÃO INTERNACIONAL NO CENTRO PENITENCIÁRIO DE GUANTANAMO
No full textThis article analyzes the inefficiency of the legal mechanisms and instruments of the Inter-American normative system in the protection of human rights in the penitentiary center in Guantanamo (Cuba). This analysis will be carried out through the observation of the theoretical and political framework that led to the creation of the penitentiary center in Guantanamo, as well as the normative and human rights context in the naval base. In all cases, it will be based on a qualitative paradigm, with a hermeneutical historical approach and the application of bibliographic review techniques. These methodologies will allow us to reflect in a concrete way the serious human rights problems faced by the detainees, such as the lack of judicial guarantees, judicial protection, personal integrity, freedom and human dignity, under the justice system imposed by the US agents in Guantanamo. The final objective is to show that the Inter-American system and its different instruments of intervention in human rights are still incipient and of limited effectiveness in the face of the discourse of sovereignty and diplomacy supported by the United States, as well as the protection of human rights in the penitentiary center.El presente artículo analiza la ineficiencia de los mecanismos e instrumentos jurídicos del sistema normativo interamericano en la protección de los derechos humanos en el centro penitenciario en Guantánamo (Cuba). Este análisis se llevará a cabo a través de la observación del marco teórico y político que dio lugar a la creación del centro penitenciario en Guantánamo, así como el contexto normativo y de derechos humanos en la base naval. Atendiendo en todo caso a un paradigma cualitativo, con un enfoque histórico hermenéutico y la aplicación de técnicas de revisión bibliográfica. Estas metodologías permitirán reflejar de manera concreta los problemas graves de derechos humanos que enfrentan los detenidos, tales como la falta de garantías judiciales, protección judicial, integridad personal, libertad y dignidad humana, bajo el régimen de justicia impuesto por los agentes estadounidenses en Guantánamo. El objetivo final es evidenciar que el sistema interamericano y sus distintos instrumentos de intervención en materia de derechos humanos son aún incipientes y de limitada eficacia frente al discurso de soberanía y diplomacia que sostiene Estados Unidos, así como a la protección de derechos humanos en el centro penitenciario.Este artigo analisa a ineficiência dos mecanismos e instrumentos jurídicos do sistema normativo interamericano na proteção dos direitos humanos no centro penitenciário de Guantánamo (Cuba). Esta análise será realizada observando o arcabouço teórico e político que levou à criação do centro penitenciário de Guantánamo, bem como o contexto normativo e de direitos humanos na base naval. Em todo caso, atendendo a um paradigma qualitativo, com abordagem hermenêutica histórica e aplicação de técnicas de revisão bibliográfica. Essas metodologias nos permitirão refletir de forma concreta os graves problemas de direitos humanos enfrentados pelos detentos, como a falta de garantias judiciais, proteção judicial, integridade pessoal, liberdade e dignidade humana, sob o regime de justiça imposto pelos agentes norte-americanos em Guantánamo. O objetivo final é demonstrar que o sistema interamericano e seus diversos instrumentos de intervenção em matéria de direitos humanos ainda são incipientes e de eficácia limitada diante do discurso de soberania e diplomacia sustentado pelos Estados Unidos, bem como da proteção dos direitos humanos nas prisões
Avaliação de professores de odontologia antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19
Full text linkIntroduction: Student evaluations of professors through surveys are valuable instruments for adjusting to higher education. During the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face education was suspended to comply with health guidelines. Objective: To determine the effect of technology-mediated learning on professors' evaluations of students in the Dentistry academic program at Universidad del Valle for theoretical subjects before and during the pandemic. Materials and methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted. The quantitative phase utilized the faculty evaluation system database. The periods 2018 (n = 218), 2019 (n = 296), 2020 (n = 68), and 2021 (n = 347) were reviewed, and the years 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 were compared. The qualitative phase employed the focus group technique. Results: The median faculty evaluation 2018 was 4.84/5.0, in 2019: 4.94/5.0, in 2020: 4.87/5.0, and in 2021: 4.75/5.0. Significant differences between 2018 and 2019 (p = 0.047) and 2019 and 2021 (p = 0.00) were found. The content analysis of the two focus groups generated four categories: student study methodologies, discipline and routines, professor teaching methodologies, and emotions and socialization. Conclusions: For students, face-to-face learning remains crucial in the educational process.Introducción: La evaluación de profesores por los estudiantes, a través de encuestas, es un instrumento útil para realizar ajustes en la educación superior. Durante la pandemia por COVID-19 se cerró la educación presencial para cumplir con los lineamientos de salud. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del aprendizaje, mediado por tecnologías, en la evaluación de profesores del programa de Odontología de la Universidad del Valle, realizada por estudiantes en las asignaturas teóricas, antes y durante la pandemia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, donde la fase cuantitativa utilizó la base del sistema de evaluación docente. Se revisaron los periodos 2018(n=218), 2019(n=296), 2020(n=68) y 2021(n=347), y se compararon los años 2018-2019 y 2020-2021. La fase cualitativa utilizó la técnica de grupos focales. Resultados: La mediana de la evaluación docente en 2018 fue: 4,84/5,0, en 2019: 4,94/5,0, en 2020: 4,87/5,0 y en 2021: 4,75/5,0; las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas entre los años 2018-2019 (p=0,047) y 2019 y 2021 (p=0,00). El análisis de contenido de los dos grupos focales generó cuatro categorías: metodologías de estudio de los estudiantes, disciplina y rutinas, metodologías de enseñanza de los profesores, emociones y socialización. Conclusiones: Para los estudiantes, la presencialidad sigue siendo trascendental en el proceso formativo.Introdução: A avaliação dos professores pelos alunos por meio de pesquisas é uma ferramenta útil para fazer ajustes no ensino superior. Durante a pandemia da COVID-19, o ensino presencial foi encerrado para cumprir as diretrizes de saúde. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito da aprendizagem mediada por tecnologia na avaliação dos docentes do programa acadêmico de Odontologia da Universidad del Valle, realizada pelos alunos das disciplinas teóricas, antes e durante a pandemia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, onde a fase quantitativa utilizou como base o sistema de avaliação docente. Foram revisados os períodos de 2018 (n=218), 2019 (n=296), 2020 (n=68) e 2021 (n=347), e comparados os anos de 2018-2019 e 2020-2021. A fase qualitativa utilizou a técnica de grupo focal. Resultados: A mediana da avaliação dos professores em 2018 foi: 4,84/5,0, em 2019: 4,94/5,0, em 2020: 4,87/5,0 e em 2021: 4,75/5,0; as diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas entre os anos de 2018 e 2019 (p=0,047) e 2019 e 2021 (p=0,00). A análise de conteúdo dos dois grupos focais gerou quatro categorias: metodologias de estudo dos alunos, disciplina e rotinas, metodologias de ensino dos professores, emoções e socialização. Conclusões: Para os alunos, o aprendizado presencial continua sendo crucial no processo de aprendizagem
Poemário
Full text linkTe veo venir desde la distancia inhóspita. Un beso quiebra la luz de los cristales, el temblor de la fragilidad del cuerpo derrama el vino en la mesa. Todos los rincones del espacio se contraen en un solo lugar, donde yo quiero que tú estés: fugitiva y libre, detenida en el tiempo. Para que la poesía nunca sobre, y siempre falte, y sea el sopl o de vida que ahuyente la muerte. Los dos, derramados en el vino, evaporados por el sol, festejando la sutil locura de estar vivos. 
Soil organic carbon dynamics in land-use systems in the tropical dry forest of Colombia
Full text linkSoil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial reservoir that facilitates climate change mitigation through its sequestration. The SOC stock was estimated in the top 30 cm in the predominant land use systems (LUS) (agriculture, grasslands, and forestry – forestry plantations, gallery forests, and natural regeneration) in the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN), located in the dry zone of northern Tolima, Colombia. The bulk density (BD) and SOC concentration were estimated at this depth in a sampling. Information on the latter variable was also taken from a study in the same area in 2007. The effects of possible changes in land use on SOC stock between 2007 and 2021 were estimated, calculating a change rate between the two years. A significant effect of land use on the variables analyzed was found: agriculture presented the highest BD and lowest SOC concentration, while livestock production reached the highest SOC concentration and stock (1.45% and 63.2 Mg C/ha, respectively). The SOC stock, after 14 years, increased in all LUS, mostly in livestock production (150%), resulting in a SOC capture rate of 3.0 Mg/ha/year. Changing livestock to other uses can cause emissions of up to 60.6 Mg CO2/ha and up to 9.3 Gg CO2 in the total area of the CURDN. These results are the basis for LUS management for climate change mitigation through SOC conservation and sequestration.Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial reservoir that facilitates climate change mitigation through its sequestration. The SOC stock was estimated in the top 30 cm in the predominant land use systems (LUS) (agriculture, grasslands, and forestry – forestry plantations, gallery forests, and natural regeneration) in the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN), located in the dry zone of northern Tolima, Colombia. The bulk density (BD) and SOC concentration were estimated at this depth in a sampling. Information on the latter variable was also taken from a study in the same area in 2007. The effects of possible changes in land use on SOC stock between 2007 and 2021 were estimated, calculating a change rate between the two years. A significant effect of land use on the variables analyzed was found: agriculture presented the highest BD and lowest SOC concentration, while livestock production reached the highest SOC concentration and stock (1.45% and 63.2 Mg C/ha, respectively). The SOC stock, after 14 years, increased in all LUS, mostly in livestock production (150%), resulting in a SOC capture rate of 3.0 Mg/ha/year. Changing livestock to other uses can cause emissions of up to 60.6 Mg CO2/ha and up to 9.3 Gg CO2 in the total area of the CURDN. These results are the basis for LUS management for climate change mitigation through SOC conservation and sequestration.Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial reservoir that facilitates climate change mitigation through its sequestration. The SOC stock was estimated in the top 30 cm in the predominant land use systems (LUS) (agriculture, grasslands, and forestry – forestry plantations, gallery forests, and natural regeneration) in the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN), located in the dry zone of northern Tolima, Colombia. The bulk density (BD) and SOC concentration were estimated at this depth in a sampling. Information on the latter variable was also taken from a study in the same area in 2007. The effects of possible changes in land use on SOC stock between 2007 and 2021 were estimated, calculating a change rate between the two years. A significant effect of land use on the variables analyzed was found: agriculture presented the highest BD and lowest SOC concentration, while livestock production reached the highest SOC concentration and stock (1.45% and 63.2 Mg C/ha, respectively). The SOC stock, after 14 years, increased in all LUS, mostly in livestock production (150%), resulting in a SOC capture rate of 3.0 Mg/ha/year. Changing livestock to other uses can cause emissions of up to 60.6 Mg CO2/ha and up to 9.3 Gg CO2 in the total area of the CURDN. These results are the basis for LUS management for climate change mitigation through SOC conservation and sequestration
Peasant agro-food territories: Agroecology and food sovereignty in response to extractivism in the Colombian Massif
Full text linkThe response of the peasant movement in the Colombian Massif to the exclusionary neoliberal model characterizing the Colombian State—marked by land concentration, dispossession, and the invisibility of rural communities—was analyzed. Peasant Agro-Food Territories (TECAM) emerge as a proposal of resistance against extractivism, promoting social justice, agroecology, and food sovereignty. These rhizomatic and revolutionary strategies aim to reconfigure the territory and challenge power relations, fostering an alternative model of territorial planning and peasant autonomy. The study employed interviews, document analysis, and historical memory workshops to identify key milestones from 1987 to 2024 and to analyze agency strategies using conceptual categories such as rhizomes, lines of flight, and molecular revolution. Data were coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. The results highlight significant milestones such as the creation of the Plan de Vida Agua y Dignidad (Water and Dignity Life Plan), agro-environmental schools, and popular consultations against mega-mining. These findings demonstrate the communities' capacity to organize and confront extractivist and neoliberal policies. TECAM represents an endogenous alternative that challenges traditional power structures and proposes new paradigms of territorial justice and ecological sustainability. It reflects the peasantry's ability to drive profound sociopolitical transformations, prioritizing common goods and dignified life over the hegemonic logic of capitalist development. The response of the peasant movement in the Colombian Massif to the exclusionary neoliberal model characterizing the Colombian State—marked by land concentration, dispossession, and the invisibility of rural communities—was analyzed. Peasant Agro-Food Territories (TECAM) emerge as a proposal of resistance against extractivism, promoting social justice, agroecology, and food sovereignty. These rhizomatic and revolutionary strategies aim to reconfigure the territory and challenge power relations, fostering an alternative model of territorial planning and peasant autonomy. The study employed interviews, document analysis, and historical memory workshops to identify key milestones from 1987 to 2024 and to analyze agency strategies using conceptual categories such as rhizomes, lines of flight, and molecular revolution. Data were coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. The results highlight significant milestones such as the creation of the Plan de Vida Agua y Dignidad (Water and Dignity Life Plan), agro-environmental schools, and popular consultations against mega-mining. These findings demonstrate the communities' capacity to organize and confront extractivist and neoliberal policies. TECAM represents an endogenous alternative that challenges traditional power structures and proposes new paradigms of territorial justice and ecological sustainability. It reflects the peasantry's ability to drive profound sociopolitical transformations, prioritizing common goods and dignified life over the hegemonic logic of capitalist development. The response of the peasant movement in the Colombian Massif to the exclusionary neoliberal model characterizing the Colombian State—marked by land concentration, dispossession, and the invisibility of rural communities—was analyzed. Peasant Agro-Food Territories (TECAM) emerge as a proposal of resistance against extractivism, promoting social justice, agroecology, and food sovereignty. These rhizomatic and revolutionary strategies aim to reconfigure the territory and challenge power relations, fostering an alternative model of territorial planning and peasant autonomy. The study employed interviews, document analysis, and historical memory workshops to identify key milestones from 1987 to 2024 and to analyze agency strategies using conceptual categories such as rhizomes, lines of flight, and molecular revolution. Data were coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. The results highlight significant milestones such as the creation of the Plan de Vida Agua y Dignidad (Water and Dignity Life Plan), agro-environmental schools, and popular consultations against mega-mining. These findings demonstrate the communities' capacity to organize and confront extractivist and neoliberal policies. TECAM represents an endogenous alternative that challenges traditional power structures and proposes new paradigms of territorial justice and ecological sustainability. It reflects the peasantry's ability to drive profound sociopolitical transformations, prioritizing common goods and dignified life over the hegemonic logic of capitalist development.
Leaf area of red guava through image analysis
Full text linkRed guava is a species that has been relatively little studied; despite this, it is widely distributed throughout Brazil. To understand the domestication of the species, it is essential to understand the leaf area of red guava. In this regard, this study aimed to estimate the leaf area of red guava through image analysis software. Red guava leaves were collected from the Fruit Orchard, and characteristics such as length, width, leaf mass, and leaf area were evaluated. The latter was estimated after the leaves were digitized and processed using ImageJ software. Additionally, the mass of leaf disks, detached from the basal portion of the leaves, was evaluated. A completely randomized design was employed. Data were analyzed descriptively and correlated using Pearson's correlation. Red guava leaves showed significant variability in mass, linear measurements, and leaf area. Leaf area estimation through image analysis software is cost-effective, easily executable, and an efficient methodology for evaluating this characteristic.Red guava is a species that has been relatively little studied; despite this, it is widely distributed throughout Brazil. To understand the domestication of the species, it is essential to understand the leaf area of red guava. In this regard, this study aimed to estimate the leaf area of red guava through image analysis software. Red guava leaves were collected from the Fruit Orchard, and characteristics such as length, width, leaf mass, and leaf area were evaluated. The latter was estimated after the leaves were digitized and processed using ImageJ software. Additionally, the mass of leaf disks, detached from the basal portion of the leaves, was evaluated. A completely randomized design was employed. Data were analyzed descriptively and correlated using Pearson's correlation. Red guava leaves showed significant variability in mass, linear measurements, and leaf area. Leaf area estimation through image analysis software is cost-effective, easily executable, and an efficient methodology for evaluating this characteristic.Red guava is a species that has been relatively little studied; despite this, it is widely distributed throughout Brazil. To understand the domestication of the species, it is essential to understand the leaf area of red guava. In this regard, this study aimed to estimate the leaf area of red guava through image analysis software. Red guava leaves were collected from the Fruit Orchard, and characteristics such as length, width, leaf mass, and leaf area were evaluated. The latter was estimated after the leaves were digitized and processed using ImageJ software. Additionally, the mass of leaf disks, detached from the basal portion of the leaves, was evaluated. A completely randomized design was employed. Data were analyzed descriptively and correlated using Pearson's correlation. Red guava leaves showed significant variability in mass, linear measurements, and leaf area. Leaf area estimation through image analysis software is cost-effective, easily executable, and an efficient methodology for evaluating this characteristic
Impacto de uma proposta de ensino na literacia em saúde e no desenvolvimento de estratégias de aprendizagem no Ensino Básico
No full textA quasi-experimental design was carried out with an experimental group and a control group, involving fifth-grade Primary Education students. A quantitative data analysis approach was used before and after the didactic intervention, whose purpose was to foster health literacy. The hypothesis is that, by working in this way, students will acquire greater competence in health, thereby improving their learning-to-learn competence. The main results indicate that no significant differences were found in the acquisition of learning strategies when AI-based feedback was used. However, notable improvements in health literacy were observed after the educational intervention. These findings suggest that the design of didactic intervention played a key role in promoting literacy on health-related topics. At the same time, the use of AI in this context appears to have functioned more as a tool to enhance cognitive and literacy skills rather than directly fostering the development of learning strategies.La Inteligencia Artificial (IA) ha adquirido un protagonismo creciente en los últimos años, extendiéndose su aplicación a diversos ámbitos, incluida la educación en el desarrollo de estrategias didácticas. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto de una propuesta didáctica en la alfabetización sobre la salud y el desarrollo de estrategias de aprendizaje apoyadas por IA. En concreto, se analiza la implementación de la plataforma Khan Academy, que permite una atención individualizada al estudiantado mediante el monitoreo del progreso de aprendizaje y la adaptación de estrategias, mientras se trabaja la educación para la salud. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una investigación cuasiexperimental con grupo experimental y grupo control con estudiantes de quinto curso de Educación Primaria, utilizando un enfoque de análisis de datos cuantitativos antes y después de una intervención didáctica cuya finalidad ha sido alfabetizar sobre salud. Se parte de la hipótesis de que al trabajar de este modo los estudiantes adquirirán más competencia sobre la salud mejorando su competencia de aprender a aprender. Los principales resultados indican que no se observaron diferencias significativas en la adquisición de estrategias de aprendizaje cuando se utilizó retroalimentación basada en IA. No obstante, sí se encontraron mejoras notables en la alfabetización sobre la salud tras la intervención educativa. Estos resultados sugieren que el diseño de la intervención didáctica desempeñó un papel clave en la promoción de la alfabetización en temas de salud. A la vez que, el uso de la IA en este contexto parece haber funcionado más como una herramienta para potenciar habilidades cognitivas y de alfabetización que para fomentar directamente el desarrollo de estrategias de aprendizaje.A Inteligência Artificial (IA) tem ganhado destaque crescente nos últimos anos, ampliando sua aplicação para diversos âmbitos, inclusive a educação no desenvolvimento de estratégias didáticas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o impacto de uma proposta didática na alfabetização em saúde e no desenvolvimento de estratégias de aprendizagem apoiadas por IA. Especificamente, analisa-se a implementação da plataforma Khan Academy, que permite um atendimento individualizado aos estudantes por meio do monitoramento do progresso de aprendizagem e da adaptação de estratégias, ao mesmo tempo em que se trabalha a educação para a saúde. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa quase-experimental com grupo experimental e grupo de controle com estudantes do quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental, utilizando uma abordagem de análise de dados quantitativos antes e depois de uma intervenção didática cujo objetivo foi alfabetizar em saúde. Parte-se da hipótese de que, ao trabalhar desta forma, os estudantes adquirirão maior competência em saúde, melhorando sua competência de aprender a aprender. Os principais resultados indicam que não foram observadas diferenças significativas na aquisição de estratégias de aprendizagem quando foi utilizada a retroalimentação baseada em IA. No entanto, foram encontradas melhorias notáveis na alfabetização em saúde após a intervenção educativa. Esses resultados sugerem que o design da intervenção didática desempenhou um papel fundamental na promoção da alfabetização em temas de saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, o uso da IA neste contexto parece ter funcionado mais como uma ferramenta para potencializar habilidades cognitivas e de alfabetização do que para promover diretamente o desenvolvimento de estratégias de aprendizagem
Gestión educativa para la prevención del riesgo volcánico del Galeras, desde la Unidad de Formación Humanística e Integral, en la Universidad de Nariño: Una estrategia pedagógica
Full text linkEl volcán Galeras es el más activo de Colombia, sin embargo, en el marco de la cultura regional, se ha catalogado como inofensivo y hay habituación a su actividad; esta caracterización trasmitida por generaciones, ha minimizado la percepción de la amenaza real para los habitantes expuestos a los distintos eventos, aumentando la vulnerabilidad y dificultando las acciones de prevención de un posible desastre originado por una fuerte erupción que pueda perjudicar a la ciudad de Pasto y a los municipios del área de influencia.
Debido a la afectación de las comunidades por diversos fenómenos de origen natural, la normatividad y las políticas públicas vigentes en Colombia, establecen la necesidad de incluir y poner en práctica la gestión educativa del riesgo en el currículo escolar en los niveles de educación básica y media, no obstante, para el caso del fenómeno volcánico, es escaso su conocimiento incluso en el nivel universitario.
Por estas razones, dada la continua actividad y la cercana presencia del volcán, desde el año 2005 el autor de este artículo, profesor de la Universidad de Nariño, ofrece la “Cátedra Galeras” inscrita en la Formación Humanística en problemáticas del contexto regional, a la que acceden semestralmente 40 estudiantes de diversas carreras. El propósito de la experiencia pedagógica es educar en el conocimiento de las características físicas y ambientales del volcán, su actividad histórica, los peligros que representa, el análisis y la comprensión de la percepción del riesgo y la formulación de recomendaciones para fortalecer la cultura de la prevención y el riesgo
El cine comunitario ante la violencia simbólica y estructural en Colombia
Full text linkEl cine comunitario se construye sobre la defensa de la vida, antes que del capital.
En Colombia, la disputa por modelos propios de representación se actualiza en la última década y evidencia que las políticas estatales que priorizan la industria y el capital privado mantienen las violencias estructurales y es la principal causa de otras violencias (simbólicas, directas o no) que profundizan las crisis humanitarias. Una caracterización de 167 propuestas de cine comunitario en Colombia revela la búsqueda por la autodeterminación del pueblo y sus planes de vida, impulsa una implementación de políticas con enfoque de género e interseccional que contemplen las Violencias Basadas en Género - VBG como multifacéticas, promueven la memoria y la solución política más allá del proceso de paz total
CRISIS CLIMÁTICA Y PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS. Una crítica urgente a la racionalidad de las políticas públicas estatales
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El presente artículo aborda aspectos relacionados con la mirada crítica de los pueblos indígenas acerca de políticas públicas de preservación del medio ambiente en la región y, de modo particular, en Bolivia, lo cual lleva al análisis de las acciones en respuesta a la crisis climática que fueron impulsadas durante los últimos años en el país. Al mismo tiempo, se destaca el consenso –meramente discursivo- existente en la comunidad científica y la sociedad civil acerca la urgencia respecto de la preservación del medio ambiente (de sanación de nuestra relación con la Madre Tierra) y la conservación de los recursos naturales, los cuales están hoy –más que nunca- expuestas a los efectos de la contaminación antrópica, el calentamiento global y el cambio climático, pero no encuentran aún respuesta a la altura de las circunstancias. El presente artículo pretende recuperar aspectos de la óptica indígena de la mirada del problema para asumir consciencia de la magnitud de problema que, desde la mirada del orden de poder, es decir, de los intereses que inciden en las decisiones de los gobiernos, queda muy relegado.