Atılım Academic Archive (Atılım University)
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Fikri Mülkiyet Ürünlerinin Korunması Açısından Araştırma Geliştirme Sözleşmeleri
Get PDFAraştırma Geliştirme (AR-GE) Sözleşmelerine konu ar-ge faaliyeti, bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeyi sağlamak adına yapılan bilgi ve teknoloji üretim sürecidir. Bu faaliyeti gerçek veya tüzel kişiler, kendi bünyelerinde dışarıdan destek almaksızın yürütebilecekleri gibi bedel ödeyerek ya da iş birliği içerisine girerek dışarıdan da temin edebilmektedir. Ar-ge ürün ve faaliyetlerinin dışarıdan temin edilerek ya da iş birliği içerisinde gerçekleştirilmesi halinde taraflar arasında Ar-ge sözleşmeleri düzenlenmektedir. Ar-ge Sözleşmeleri, bir tarafın yalnız bedel ödeme yükümlülüğü altında olduğu diğer tarafın ise ar-ge faaliyetini gerçekleştirdiği durumda Bedelli Ar-Ge Sözleşmeleri olarak adlandırılır. Ancak taraflar maliyet, uzmanlık ya da riskin paylaşılması gibi sebeplerle iş birliği içerisine girerek bu faaliyeti birlikte yürüttüklerinde Ar-ge işbirliği sözleşmeleri meydana gelmektedir. Bedelli Ar-Ge sözleşmelerinde, ar-ge faaliyetinin kendisi sonucun meydana gelmesinden daha önemli ise Ar-Ge vekalet sözleşmesi söz konusudur ve niteliğine uygun düştüğü ölçüde vekalet sözleşmesi hükümleri uygulanır. Bedel ödeyen taraf için ar-ge faaliyetinin kendisinden ziyade meydana getirilmesi istenen ürünün teslimi önemliyse ve ürünün gerçekleşmesine neredeyse kesin gözle bakılıyorsa, bu bedelli sözleme tipi de Ar-ge Sipariş Sözleşmesi olarak adlandırılır. Niteliğine uygun düştüğü ölçüde de eser sözleşmesi hükümleri uygulanır. Ar-ge faaliyeti yeniliği amaçlayan, yaratıcı bir çaba olduğundan ar-ge faaliyeti ile pek çok fikri, sınai hak ve ticari sır elde edilir. Ar-ge faaliyeti ile en sık meydana gelen ürünler Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu kapsamında korunan yazılım ürünleri, veri tabanları; Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu kapsamında korunan patent, faydalı model ve tasarımlardır. Meydana gelen ticari sırlar ise her iki kanun kapsamında da düzenlenmemiş olduğundan bu kanunlarla düzenlenen özel koruma hükümleri yerine Türk Ticaret Kanunu Haksız Rekabet hükümleri ile genel olarak korunur.The R&D activities subject to R&D Contracts refer to the process of knowledge and technology production carried out to achieve scientific and technological advancement. Such activities may be conducted by natural or legal persons internally without external support, or they may be procured externally through payment or collaboration. In cases where R&D products and activities are procured externally or carried out in collaboration, R&D Contracts are concluded with the other party. If one party is solely obligated to make a payment while the other party undertakes the R&D activity, the contract is referred to as a Paid R&D Contract. However, if the parties collaborate to conduct the activity together for reasons such as cost-sharing, expertise, or risk distribution, an R&D Collaboration Agreement is formed. In Paid R&D Contracts, if the primary focus is on conducting the R&D activity rather than achieving a specific outcome, the agreement is considered an R&D Agency Contract, and the provisions of agency contracts apply to the extent appropriate to its nature. Conversely, if the paying party prioritizes the delivery of the intended product over the R&D process itself, and if the realization of the product is almost certain, this type of paid contract is classified as an R&D Order Contract, to which the provisions of a contract for work apply, as appropriate. Since R&D activities aim at innovation and involve creative efforts, they frequently lead to the acquisition of various intellectual and industrial property rights, as well as trade secrets. The most common outcomes of R&D activities include software products and databases protected under the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, as well as patents, utility models, and designs protected under the Industrial Property Law. However, trade secrets arising from R&D activities are not explicitly regulated under either law. Instead of special protection provisions stipulated by these laws, trade secrets are generally protected under the Unfair Competition provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code
Critical Connections: Network Analysis of Human Errors in Aviation Accidents
No full textObjectiveThis study aims to explores the systemic role of human factors in aviation safety by integrating the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) with network analysis.BackgroundHuman factors contribute to over 70% of aviation accidents, emphasizing their importance in safety research. This study uses the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 2024 accident database to uncover systemic vulnerabilities through network analysis.MethodologyA bipartite network of 150,000 nodes and 250,000 edges was constructed using Python's NetworkX and visualized in Gephi. Centrality metrics identified systemic vulnerabilities, analyzing pilot error, crew error, and maintenance issues across general aviation, commercial jets, and rotary-wing aircraft.ResultsPilot error dominated general aviation accidents (70%), linked to single-pilot demands. Crew error was most prevalent in commercial jets (50%), highlighting multi-crew coordination challenges. Maintenance oversights in rotary-wing aircraft (45%) showed the highest betweenness centrality, underscoring their systemic impact.ConclusionTargeted safety measures include advanced training for general aviation pilots, optimized Crew Resource Management (CRM) for jet crews, and stricter maintenance protocols for helicopters. Integrating HFACS with network analysis provides a robust framework for mitigating systemic vulnerabilities and enhancing aviation safety
Gece Peyzajı
No full textDoğa ve insan eli ile şekillendirilmiş, birçok işlevin birbirleri ile hiyerarşik bir düzende bütünleştiği peyzaj alanlarının gece kullanımına yönelik doğal ve yapay aydınlatmanın bir arada kullanıldığı düzenlemeler gece peyzajını oluşturmaktadır. Gerek doğal gerek yapay ışık günün farklı saat dilimlerine ve mevsimlere göre değişiklik gösterirken aynı fiziksel çevrenin farklı biçimlerde algılanmasında belirleyici olmaktadır. Fiziksel çevrenin kimlik kazanmasında önemli bir unsur olan ışık, maddi niteliği ile karanlık alanlarda mekânsal etki yaratan üç boyutlu bir olgudur. İnsanın bulunduğu çevreyi tanıması, güvenlik gereksinimi ve ulaşıma yönelik konfor koşullarını arttıran işlevsel aydınlatmanın yanı sıra estetik kaygılar ile gerçekleştirilen aydınlatma gece peyzajında en önemli bileşendir. Doğal ışık kaynakları olan ay ve yıldızlı gökyüzü yanında yapay aydınlatma, insan aktivitelerinin gece saatlerinde de sürdürülmesine olanak sağlamakta; farklı mekanlarda kullanım olanaklarını da çeşitlendirerek gece peyzajını oluşturmaktadır. Farklı peyzaj alanlarında görünürlüğü ve alanın algılanma biçimini şekillendirmek amacı ile yapılan genel ve estetik aydınlatma tasarımları uzun erimli olabileceği gibi özel amaçlar doğrultusunda geçici olarak da kurgulanabilmektedir. Alanın sahip olduğu gece özellikleri doğrultusunda ele alınması gereken gece peyzajı; tasarım, planlama, mühendislik, güvenlik, ekoloji gibi farklı unsurların bir arada ele alınmasını gerekli kılan çok bileşenli bir konudur. Bu makalede “gece peyzajı” olgusu kavramsal olarak, farklı disiplinlerde yapılan araştırmalar kapsamında değerlendirilerek, farklı özelliklere sahip peyzaj alanlarında gece peyzajını oluşturan etmenler irdelenerek, tasarımı şekillendiren aydınlatma unsurları ve kullanım biçimleri ortaya konmuş, gece peyzajına yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir
Is Preemptive Kidney Transplantation Beneficial in Elderly Kidney Recipients?: A Comparative, Multicentre National Study
No full textArtificial Intelligence in Education: a Text Mining-Based Review of the Past 56 Years
No full textArtificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) is a broad and multifarious area of study that spans across various academic fields. Due to the high numbers of studies in this field, it seems too challenging to analyze all of them in depth in a single study. Additionally, there is a lack of research that provides a comprehensive overview of the main trends and topics in AIED. This study, hence, aims to fill this gap by using text mining techniques to examine how artificial intelligence (AI)-related research in education has evolved over time. To this end, a total of 11,027 articles indexed by the Scopus database in the field of education between 1967 and 2023 were examined. Based on the findings, there has been a significant increase in AIED since 2014, covering 73% of the publications. Over the past three decades, AIED research has increasingly concentrated on engineering student populations and conference proceedings. Notably, AI solutions are extensively employed in education, with a strong focus on personalization, assessment, and evaluation. They also play a prominent role in research review processes, such as text mining and topic modeling for summarizing research findings. The findings contribute to the field, enhancing our understanding of the patterns of AI’s integration into education and offering guidance for prospective research endeavors. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.Social Science Citation Inde
Enhanced Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity on Breast Cancer Spheroids by Aptamer Targeted Co-Delivery With Hyaluronidase
No full textTuna, Bilge Guvenc/0000-0003-1348-1336Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent solid tumors in women and can be classified into subtypes based on molecular characteristics, such as hormone receptor status and HER2 expression. Aptamers, highly specific affinity molecules, are extensively studied for targeted drug delivery using nanocarriers to enhance anti-cancer efficacy. This study focused on HER2-responsive co-delivery of doxorubicin and hyaluronidase via aptamer-gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles to improve therapeutic outcomes in solid tumors. SK-BR-3 spheroids are employed as a model for resistant tumor environments in solid tumors. Previous research is shown that conjugating cytotoxic drugs with nanoparticles or cells enhances drug penetration into tumor spheroids. In this work, doxorubicin is loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles and capped with HER2-specific aptamers, while the particle surface is functionalized with hyaluronidase. This dual-functionalized nanocarrier system achieves an approximate to 8.5-fold increase in cytotoxicity compared to aptamer-targeted delivery lacking hyaluronidase. The enhanced effect is attributed to hyaluronidase-mediated loosening of the spheroid structure, facilitating nanoparticle penetration and localized release of doxorubicin at high concentrations on HER2-positive cells.Atilim Universitesi [ATU-LAP-2223-09]; Atilim UniversityThis work was supported by the Atilim University (ATU-LAP-2223-09).Science Citation Index Expande
A Factory in a Time of Turmoil: The Establishment and Engineering of the Büyükdere Match Factory in 1930s Istanbul
Get PDFTunc, Gokhan/0000-0002-8307-1060;The Republic of Turkey established its first match factory in Sinop in 1929 but had to relocate it even before it was in operation due to severe structural damage caused by ground settlement. In July 1930, through his US-based firm the American-Turkish Investment Corporation (ATIC), the Swedish "Match King" Ivar Kreuger signed a contract with the Republic of Turkey to build and operate a factory in B & uuml;y & uuml;kdere, Istanbul. By 1930, Kreuger had already established a match production monopoly in nearly every country in Europe and that year created a similar financial system for Turkey, gaining control of match production for 25 years. This article explains the events surrounding the establishment of his modern production facility in Turkey, with a particular focus on its engineering aspects. It details the strategically chosen location, the engineering solutions for the factory's construction, its production lines, and what the country gained and lost from it. In order to determine the establishment and production processes of the facility, the authors examined domestic and foreign archival documents, firsthand news reports from the period, articles and theses, and all other available documents. After the contract was terminated by both parties, the Turkish government and ATIC, in May 1943, the factory continued its production and storage activities until May 1989. At that point, the factory and all its equipment were integrated into another existing facility in the & Idot;neg & ouml;l district of Bursa province. Almost all the buildings of the B & uuml;y & uuml;kdere Match Factory were demolished, and the land was repurposed for a 450-bed regional hospital in 2012. In short, this article deploys the B & uuml;y & uuml;kdere Match Factory as a case study to examine what Turkey gained and lost from the establishment and production processes of a modern industrial factory, enabled by US-Turkish collaboration, and equipped with the most advanced manufacturing and engineering technologies of the time
Ensuring Circularity Through Outsourcing Decisions in Solar Photovoltaic Supply Chains
No full textBecause solar photovoltaic (SPv) panels have seen such significant cost reductions in recent years, it has proven to be by far the most dynamic forms of renewable power generation. However, the transition from linear to circular is also crucial for building sustainability in SPv supply chains. The circular economy (CE) is appealing in part because of its ability to bring economic and environmental development objectives together to ensure sustainable production and consumption. To aid in the shift to a more circular economy, several circular-based strategies for various functions such as procurement can be developed. In this study, critical success factors (CSFs) to ensure circular outsourcing structure in SPv supply chains are identified and scrutinized. To achieve this, a multi-criteria-based methodology is proposed. The findings of this study argue that understanding the actual implications of not converting to circular outsourcing (C12) is the most significant cause CSF. This study also provides several implications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Persuasive Appeals, Thematic Content, and Affordances on TikTok: Evidence From the 2023 Turkey Presidential Elections
No full textTikTok has become a central arena for political communication, especially in engaging younger voters. This study examines how Recep Tayyip Erdo & gbreve;an and Kemal K & imath;l & imath;& ccedil;daro & gbreve;lu employed TikTok during the 2023 Turkish Presidential Election by analysing 265 videos through quantitative content analysis. Rather than directly measuring voter attitudes, we focus on how leaders' use of affordances (association, editability), thematic content, and rhetorical appeals related to audience engagement (likes, comments, shares). Results show that both leaders prominently highlighted the economy and relied on pathos-driven appeals, consistent with personalization in Turkish political campaigning. Regression analyses revealed that K & imath;l & imath;& ccedil;daro & gbreve;lu's 'other' and 'law/justice' themes significantly boosted engagement, while high use of association features (hashtags and mentions) reduced it. In Erdo & gbreve;an's case, ethos and pathos appeals strongly decreased engagement, whereas logos-based messages performed relatively better. For both leaders, longer videos predicted lower engagement. These findings illustrate how affordances and persuasive strategies interact to shape engagement on TikTok
Use of Large Language Models for the Generation of Requirements from User Stories
Get PDFYapay zekâdaki son gelişmeler, Büyük Dil Modelleri'nin (BDM'ler) yazılım gereksinimi üretimi gibi karmaşık görevlerde kullanılmasını mümkün kılmıştır. Bu tez, yapılandırılmış istem kalıplarının, ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek, Claude ve Qwen olmak üzere beş önde gelen LLM tarafından üretilen gereksinimlerin kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Değerlendirme; belirsizlik, tamlık, anlamsal benzerlik, okunabilirlik ve metinsel karmaşıklık gibi temel ölçütlere dayanmaktadır. Sonuçlar, yapılandırılmış istemlerin özellikle ChatGPT ve Gemini gibi modellerde çıktı kalitesini önemli ölçüde artırdığını göstermektedir. Qwen, yapılandırılmış istemler olmadan da güçlü bir performans sergilerken; DeepSeek, anlamsal tutarlılığı korumak için bu tür istemlere ihtiyaç duymakta, ancak okunabilirlik açısından yapılandırılmamış istemlerle daha iyi sonuçlar vermektedir. Öte yandan Claude, genel olarak en zayıf performansı göstermektedir. Bulgular, istem mühendisliğinin etkinliğini ve LLM'lerin yapılandırılmış girdilere olan farklı duyarlılıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.Recent advances in artificial intelligence have enabled the application of LargeLanguage Models (LLMs) to complex tasks such as software requirements generation.This thesis explores the impact of structured prompt patterns on the quality ofrequirements produced by five leading LLMs: ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek, Claude,and Qwen. The evaluation is based on key criteria including ambiguity, completeness,semantic similarity, readability, and textual complexity. Results show that structuredprompts significantly improve output quality for models like ChatGPT and Gemini.Qwen shows robust performance even without prompt structuring, whereas DeepSeekrequires prompt guidance to maintain semantic consistency but performs better inreadability without it. Claude, by contrast, delivers the weakest performance overall.The findings highlight both the effectiveness of prompt engineering and the varyingsensitivity of LLMs to structured input