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The Impact of Quaternization Degree in Polyepichlorohydrin-Based Anion Exchange Membranes on Salinity Gradient Energy Generation by Reverse Electrodialysis
No full textAnion exchange membranes with tailored fixed-charge densities can improve monovalent ion selectivity and performance in reverse electrodialysis for salinity gradient power generation. In this study, poly(epichlorohydrin) was blended with polyacrylonitrile and quaternized with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane at three different molar ratios to produce AEMs with systematically varied quaternization degrees via a one-step amination/ crosslinking procedure. The resulting membranes were characterized for their physicochemical, electrochemical, and RED performance using ATR-FTIR, XPS, SEM, AFM, water uptake, swelling degree, contact angle, surface zeta potential, ion exchange capacity, fixed charge density, and electrical resistance. Higher quaternization increased the IEC, reduced resistance, and shifted surface charge, leading to improved stack power output in model NaCl solutions. In the presence of Na2SO4, power loss was reduced for more highly quaternized membranes, indicating enhanced exclusion of divalent anions (SO42-) and reduced uphill transport. Fouling tests with humic acid/fulvic acid mixtures showed greater stability for quaternized membranes compared to a commercial benchmark. Moreover, stability tests conducted on fouled membranes revealed that the tailor-made membrane exhibits superior durability and lower fouling-induced power loss than commercial Fujifilm Type II AEMs. Overall, these results demonstrate that tuning the degree of quaternization is an effective strategy to balance conductivity and ion selectivity in AEMs for RED applications.Mitsubishi Chemical, JapanThis study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) under the National Postdoc Project (Grant Number 118C549) . The authors thank TUBITAK for their support. We acknowledge FUJIFILM Manufacturing Europe BV for sending Fujifilm Type II IEMs, Mitsubishi Chemical, Japan, especially Ando Kiyoto, for sending us the PAN sample, and Osaka Soda Co., Japan, for the PECH polymer. Finally, we give a special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nazely Diban-Ibrahim Gomez from the University of Cantabria for her support in the resistance measurements in our synthesized AEMs
Controlling Bodies, Shaping Lives: Biopower and Biopolitical Strategies in 'Never Let Me Go' and 'Brave New World'
No full textBu tez, Aldous Huxley'in Brave New World ve Kazuo Ishiguro'nun Never Let Me Go adlı eserlerinin kurgusal dünyalarında Michel Foucault tarafından ortaya konulan biyoiktidar ve biyopolitika kavramlarını, kontrol mekanizmaları, üreme düzenlemeleri ve normalleştirme tekniklerinin uygulanması açısından incelemeyi ve bu kavramların geçerliğini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Biyoiktidar ve biyopolitika kavramlarını daha iyi anlamak amacıyla yapılan literatür taraması Foucault'nun güç kavramına bakışının analizi ile başlamaktadır. Distopik toplumların anlatıldığı her iki romanda, bireylerin bedenleri, yaşamları ve seçimleri üzerinde hakimiyet kuran dış güçler tarafından sistematik olarak kontrolü ve şekillendirilmesi incelenmektedir. Bu romanlardaki klonların üzerlerinde tam kontrolün uygulanması ve klonların bu tarz toplumlardaki davranışları analiz edilmektedir. Karşılaştırmalı analiz, biyoiktidarın bu kurgusal dünyalardaki anlatımlarının farklılık ve benzerliklerini araştırmaktadır. Tez, kendi boyun eğmelerini içselleştiren uysal bedenler üretmek için biyopolitik mekanizmaların dil, eğitim kurumları ve cinselliğin düzenlenmesi yoluyla nasıl işlediğini dikkate almaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, bütüncül sistemler içinde ortaya çıkan direniş biçimlerini inceleyerek Never Let Me Go eserindeki Kathy, Tommy ve Miss Lucy ile Brave New World eserindeki Savage John'un özerkliklerini ortaya koyma çabalarını analiz etmektedir. Bu tür karşı koymalar, özgür irade, biyoteknolojinin etik sınırları ve devletin insan yaşamı üzerindeki kontrolünün ahlaki sonuçları gibi kritik meseleleri ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu tezde, bu kurgusal dünyalar biyopolitik bir bakış açısıyla incelenmekte ve çağdaş edebiyatın iktidar biçimlerini dikkate alan bir okuma ve analiz yöntemi ortaya konmaktadır.This thesis aims to examine the fictional worlds of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go with reference to the concepts of biopower and biopolitics put forward by Michel Foucault focusing on the implementation of control mechanisms, reproductive regulations, and techniques of normalization, and to explore the applicability of these concepts. To better understand the concepts of biopower and biopolitics, the literature review begins with an analysis of the concept of power by Foucault. Both novels, which portray dystopian societies, explore how external forces systematically control and shape individuals' bodies, lives, and choices through mechanisms of domination. These novels examine the exercise of total control over the clones and analyse their behaviours within the context of such dystopian societies. The comparative analysis explores the similarities and differences in the representations of biopower within these fictional worlds. The thesis considers how biopolitical mechanisms operate through language, educational institutions, and the regulation of sexuality to produce docile bodies that internalize their own subjugation. In addition, this study analyses the forms of resistance that emerge within totalizing systems by examining the efforts of characters such as Kathy, Tommy, and Miss Lucy in Never Let Me Go, and John the Savage in Brave New World, to assert their autonomy. These acts of defiance highlight critical issues such as free will, the ethical boundaries of biotechnology, and the moral implications of state control over human life. In this thesis, these fictional worlds are examined from a biopolitical perspective, offering a reading and analytical approach that takes the forms of power depicted in contemporary literature into account
A Modular Multi-Stage Method for Vehicle Detection and Classification in Low Resolution Images
No full textAkıllı ulaşım sistemlerinde (ITS) gerçek zamanlı araç tespitinin önemi, şehir trafiğindeki araç sayısındaki sonsuz ve sürekli artışla vurgulanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, çok çeşitli kamera kaliteleri ve çözünürlükleri, farklı görüş açıları ve zayıf aydınlatma ve olumsuz hava koşulları gibi harici ve kontrol edilemeyen değişkenlerin etkisi, doğru araç tespiti ve sınıflandırmasında birçok zorluk yaratmaktadır. Derin öğrenme tabanlı nesne algılama algoritmalarının çoğu, daha önce bahsedilen bu koşullar düşük görünürlük ve/veya düşük çözünürlüklü görüntülere neden olduğu için bu tür durumlarda zorlanmaktadır. Bu kısıtlamaların üstesinden gelmek için bu çalışma, loş ışık, kötü hava koşulları ve düşük çözünürlük gibi zorlu görüntüleme durumlarına uyarlanmış gerçek zamanlı araç tespiti ve sınıflandırması için yeni, modüler, etkili ve güvenilir bir yaklaşım önermektedir. Önerilen yaklaşım iki özel veri kümesinin oluşturulmasını içermektedir. İlk veri kümesi PASCAL VOC formatında 4.500 düşük çözünürlüklü trafik manzarası görüntüsünden oluşmakta ve transfer öğrenme yoluyla bir nesne tespit modelini eğitmek için kullanılmaktadır. İkinci veri kümesi, iki farklı sınıflandırma modelini eğitmeyi amaçlayan, her biri 100 × 100 piksel boyutlarında ve 96 dpi ve altında çözünürlüğe sahip beş araç türünün 10.000 düşük çözünürlüklü görüntüsünü içerir. Önerilen yaklaşım, son teknoloji ürünü tek aşamalı bir dedektör (SSD) olan EFFICIENTDET1'i hafif bir özel evrişimli sinir ağı (CNN) sınıflandırıcısı ve bir XGBoost sınıflandırıcısı ile entegre etmektedir. Bu kombinasyon, hem makine hem de derin öğrenme algoritmalarının güçlü yönlerinden faydalanarak tespit performansını ve sınıflandırma doğruluğunu artırır. Önerilen yaklaşımın etkinliği deneysel değerlendirme ile gösterilmiştir. Önerilen yaklaşım, 0,9323 ortalama ortalama hassasiyet (mAP) ile aynı veri kümesi üzerinde karşılaştırılabilir koşullarda geleneksel ve son teknoloji nesne algılama modellerinden belirgin şekilde daha iyi performans göstermektedir. Ayrıca, çoklu işlemin uygulandığı önerilen yaklaşım, kare başına 26 milisaniyelik bir çıkarım hızına ulaşmaktadır. Bu, son teknoloji ürünü nesne yöntemlerine kıyasla hem doğruluk hem de çıkarım hızında önemli bir gelişmeye işaret etmektedir. Önerilen yaklaşımın modüler, uyarlanabilir ve ölçeklenebilir yapısı, onu ITS'deki uygulamalar için ideal kılmaktadır. Önerilen yaklaşımın yüksek doğruluğunun yanı sıra çıkarım hızı, düşük görüntü kalitesi veya olumsuz çevresel faktörler gibi koşullar altında gerçek zamanlı uygulamalar için etkili ve operasyonel bir seçenek haline getirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, önerilen yaklaşım, zorlu durumlarda daha güvenli ve daha etkili ulaşım yönetimi sağlayabileceğinden, derin öğrenme tabanlı araç algılama alanında büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. Bu bulgular, verimli bir nesne algılama modelinin çok işlemli bir mimaride özel sınıflandırıcılarla birleştirilmesinin, gerçek zamanlı araç algılamada gelecekteki araştırmalar için umut verici bir yönü temsil ettiğini göstermektedir.The relevance of real-time vehicle detection in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is highlighted by the endless and continuous rise in the number of vehicles in the urban traffic. However, the wide range of camera qualities and resolutions, different viewing angles, and the impact of external and uncontrollable variables like poor lighting and adverse weather create many difficulties in accurate vehicle detection and classification. The majority of deep learning-based object detection algorithms struggles in such circumstances as these before-mentioned conditions cause low-visibility and/or low-resolution images. In order to overcome these constraints, this study suggests a novel, modular, effective and reliable approach for real-time vehicle detection and classification adapted to difficult imaging situations, such as dim lighting, bad weather, and low-resolution situations. The proposed approach involves the creation of two custom datasets. The first dataset comprises 4,500 low-resolution traffic scenery images formatted in PASCAL VOC and is used to train an object detection model through transfer learning. The second dataset includes 10,000 low-resolution images of five types of vehicles, each with dimensions of 100 × 100 pixels and a resolution of 96 dpi (dot per inch) and below, aimed at training two different classification models. The proposed approach integrates EFFICIENTDET1, a state-of-the-art single-stage detector (SSD), with a lightweight custom convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier and an XGBoost classifier. This combination improves detection performance and classification accuracy by taking advantages of both machine and deep learning algorithms strengths. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by the experimental evaluation. With a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.9323, the proposed approach performs noticeably better than traditional and state-of-the-art object detection models in comparable circumstances on the same dataset. Additionally, the proposed approach, in which multiprocessing has been implemented, achieves an inference speed of 26 milliseconds per frame. This marks a substantial improvement in both accuracy and inference speed compared to state-of-the-art object methods. The modular, adaptable, and scalable nature of the proposed approach makes it ideal for applications in ITS. The inference speed along with the high accuracy of the proposed approach make it effective and an operational option for real-time applications under conditions such as low image quality or adverse environmental factors. Consequently, the proposed approach has plenty of potential in deep learning based vehicle detection area as it can enable safer and more effective transportation management in challenging situations. These findings suggest that combining an efficient object detection model with custom classifiers in a multiprocessing architecture, represents a promising direction for future research in real-time vehicle detection
Intensive Parenting of Mothers in 11 Countries Differing in Individualism, Income Inequality, and Social Mobility
No full textAlthough intensive parenting has been found to be mostly detrimental for both children and parents, less is known about the correlates and sources of this type of parenting. This study aimed to examine associations between mother's primary involvement in caregiving and intensive parenting, as well as their potential sources, thereby focusing on: family social status, characteristics of the national economy (income inequality and social mobility) and culture (individualism-collectivism) in 11 culturally diverse countries. Participants were 2535 mothers of children aged between 6 and 10. Mothers reported on their intensive parenting behaviors, entailing both supportive and undermining aspects of meeting their child's needs, as well as their level of involvement in daily caregiving tasks and the subjective family social status. Hypotheses were tested controlling for country level response style. Results revealed that: mothers who were more often the primary caregiver across daily tasks used more intensive parenting behaviors; high social status mothers were using less child need undermining yet more supportive intensive parenting behaviors, and less frequently served as the primary caregiver for daily tasks; the undermining intensive parenting behaviors related positively to country-level individualism and income inequality, whereas relations with social mobility were mixed.Social Science Citation Inde
Financial Continuity in the Defense Industry Economy
No full textYazar ve veri bilimi uzmanı Piyanka Jain'in, MIT Sloan'da 'Kuruluşlar İçinde Veri Okuryazarlığı Oluşturmanın Önemi' hakkındaki konuşmasında yer alan bu cümlesi, giderek artan uluslararası güvensizlik ortamında yalnızca askerî donanım ürünlerinin değil; aynı zamanda büyük ölçekli veri toplama, analiz etme ve bu analizleri karar süreçlerine entegre etme yetkinliğinin de rekabet avantajına büyük katkı sunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda veri okuryazarlığı hem bireysel uzmanlık hem de kurumsal kapasite açısından kritik bir gereklilik olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Savunma sanayiinde Ar-Ge ve Ür-Ge harcamaları, yenilikçi ürün ve teknolojilerin geliştirilmesinin yanında firmaların küresel rekabet içindeki konumlarını belirleyen stratejik birer kaldıraç işlevi görmektedir. Bu tür yatırımlar, firmaların teknolojik kapasitesini artırmakta; faaliyet kârlılığı (FAVÖK), bilanço dengesi ve gelir tablosu gibi temel finansal göstergeler üzerinden değerlendirildiğinde de operasyonel verimliliğin ve uzun vadeli finansal sürdürülebilirliğin doğrudan belirleyicisi hâline gelmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, farklı ülkelere ait savunma sanayii firmaları üzerinden yapılan analizlerle veri okuryazarlığı süreçlerinin sektördeki rolü incelenmiştir. 'Savunma Sanayii Ekonomisinde Finansal Süreklilik' başlıklı bu çalışma, savunma sanayii firmalarının finansal dayanıklılığını, yapısal dönüşümünü ve veri temelli karar alma becerilerini çok boyutlu olarak incelemektedir. Farklı ülkelerde faaliyet gösteren firmalar karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmış; bu firmaların finansal performansları, ArGe politikaları ve kurumsal yapılarına dair veriler üzerinden yürütülen analizlerle veriyle desteklenen yönetim anlayışının sektörel başarıya etkisi somut biçimde ortaya konmuştur. ii Sonuç olarak, günümüzün jeopolitik belirsizlikler, teknolojik dönüşümler ve ekonomik dalgalanmalarla şekillenen güvenlik ortamında, savunma sanayiinde yalnızca ürün geliştirmek yeterli değildir. Bu teknolojik ilerlemelerin; finansal sürdürülebilirlik, veri temelli stratejik planlama ve ölçülebilir performans göstergeleriyle desteklenmesi artık bir tercih değil, zorunluluktur. Bu tez, söz konusu dönüşümün etkilerini yalnızca işletme düzeyinde değil, aynı zamanda ulusal savunma politikaları ve endüstriyel özerklik bağlamında da ele almakta ve bu yönüyle disiplinler arası bir katkı sunmaktadır.Everyone needs data literacy because data is everywhere. It's the new currency, the language of business. We need to be able to speak it' (Mayor, T., 2021). This statement by author and data science expert Piyanka Jain, from her MIT Sloan talk on 'The Importance of Building Data Literacy Within Organizations,' highlights how, in an increasingly distrustful international environment, not only military hardware but also the competence in large-scale data collection, analysis, and integration of these analyses into decision-making processes significantly contributes to competitive advantage. In this context, data literacy stands out as a critical requirement from both an individual expertise and corporate capacity perspective. R&D and P&D (Product Development and Engineering) expenditures in the defence industry serve as strategic levers that determine firms' positions in global competition, in addition to fostering the development of innovative products and technologies. Such investments enhance firms' technological capabilities. When evaluated through key financial indicators like operational profitability (EBITDA), balance sheet equilibrium, and income statement, they become direct determinants of operational efficiency and long-term financial sustainability. This thesis examines the role of data literacy processes in the sector through analyses conducted on defence industry firms from various countries. Titled 'Financial Continuity in the Defence Industry Economy,' this study provides a multidimensional examination of defense industry firms' financial resilience, structural transformation, and data-driven decision-making capabilities. Firms operating in different countries are compared, and the impact of a datasupported management approach on sectoral success is concretely demonstrated through analyses based on their financial performance, R&D policies, and corporate structures. In conclusion, in today's security environment, shaped by geopolitical uncertainties, technological transformations, and economic fluctuations, merely developing products is no longer sufficient in the defense industry. Supporting these technological advancements with financial sustainability, data-driven strategic iv planning, and measurable performance indicators is no longer a preference but a necessity. This thesis addresses the effects of this transformation not only at the business level but also within the context of national defense policies and industrial autonomy, thus offering an interdisciplinary contribution
Effects of Reformer Pilates on Pain, Psychological Factors, and Sleep in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textBackgroundMusculoskeletal disorders that follow a chronic course are associated with many symptoms, the most striking one is chronic pain that gradually worsens. The aim of this randomized controlled and single- center study was to investigate the effect of Reformer Pilates exercises on pain severity, pain coping methods, pain beliefs, fear of movement, fatigue and sleep quality in young adult patients with chronic low back pain and neck pain.MethodsA total of 54 women aged between 30 and 50 were randomized into two groups. The Reformer Pilates (RP) group received a 6-week exercise program (45 min/twice per week), while the control group (CG) didn't receive any exercise program. Outcomes measured before and after the interventions were, Brief Pain Questionnaire, Pain Coping Scale, Pain Beliefs Scale, Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, FACIT Fatigue Scale and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index.ResultsThe groups were homogeneous at baseline. Statistical differences were found in favour of RP with small to large effect size in pain parameters (p 0.05).DiscussionThe results of the current study suggest that Reformer Pilates increased active living in patients with chronic low back pain and chronic neck pain engenders a comprehensive enhancement in both physical and mental health, in addition to the capacity of patients to proactively manage their condition.Trial registrationRegistration number: NCT06706037. Date of registration: 11/25/2024
A Comparative Analysis of Skyscraper Design Characteristics in the Middle East, Asia, and North America
No full textThe proliferation of skyscrapers in rapidly urbanizing regions necessitates a comparative understanding of architectural and structural design strategies. The Middle East, Asia, and North America have emerged as dominant centers of high-rise development, each influenced by unique environmental, cultural, and economic conditions. This study employs a case study approach, analyzing 133 skyscrapers (≥300 m) using qualitative and quantitative metrics. The analysis focuses on core typology, structural systems, materials, and architectural form, based on data extracted from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) database. Findings reveal regional distinctions: Asian skyscrapers favor tapered and composite designs with outriggered frame systems; Middle Eastern towers emphasize prismatic forms using concrete; and North American high-rises balance setback and prismatic forms with concrete and shear-frame systems. A central core layout dominates all regions, driven by efficiency and safety considerations. These insights offer valuable benchmarks for architects, engineers, and urban planners aiming to optimize skyscraper design in dense urban contexts. These insights offer valuable benchmarks for architects, engineers, and urban planners aiming to optimize high-rise design in dense urban contexts. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in the Cancellation of General Assembly Decisions in the Context of Shareholders' Interests
No full textAnonim şirketler hukukuna ilişkin en sık karşılaşılan ihtilaflardan biri olan genel kurul kararının iptalinin devlet eliyle yapılan yargılamaya konu edilebileceği hususu ilgili mevzuat hükümlerinde düzenlenmiş olup, ilgililerin iptal davası açma hakkının vazgeçilemez nitelikte bir hak olduğu hususunda tereddüt yoktur. Fakat, devlet eliyle yapılan yargılamada anonim şirket menfaat gruplarından biri olan pay sahiplerinin menfaatlerinin beklenen seviyede korunamaması riski söz konusudur. Bu bağlamda, çalışmamız kapsamında pay sahiplerinin menfaatlerinin korunması amacıyla genel kurul kararı iptalinin alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemlerine konu edilip edilemeyeceği hususu incelenmiştir. Çalışmamız kapsamında incelenen alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemleri, niteliği itibari ile konuya daha uygun düşmesi sebebiyle: sulh, arabuluculuk, tahkim ve arabuluculuk-tahkimdir (med-arb). Genel kurul kararlarının iptaline ilişkin ilgili alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemlerinin uygulanabilirliği konusunda öğretide var olan görüş ayrılıklarına, karşılaştırmalı hukukta konuya ilişkin yer alan tartışmalara ve yargı kararlarına detaylı olarak yer verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, pay sahiplerinin menfaatlerinin korunması ve taraflar arasındaki menfaat dengesinin sağlanması adına genel kurul kararının iptaline ilişkin alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemlerine başvuruya ilişkin anlaşma yapılabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.One of the most common disputes in the law of joint-stock companies is the annulment of general assembly resolutions, which can be subject to judicial review by the state. The relevant legal provisions state that the right to file an annulment lawsuit is an inalienable right, and there is no doubt about this. However, there is a risk that the interests of shareholders, one of the stakeholder groups of a joint-stock company, may not be adequately protected in state-led judicial processes. In this context, our study examines whether the annulment of general assembly resolutions can be subject to alternative dispute resolution methods in order to protect shareholders' interests. The alternative dispute resolution methods analyzed in our study, due to their nature, are: settlement, mediation, arbitration, and mediation-arbitration (med-arb). The applicability of these alternative dispute resolution methods in the annulment of general assembly resolutions is discussed in detail, considering doctrinal differences, comparative law discussions, and judicial decisions. As a result, it is concluded that an agreement can be made to refer to alternative dispute resolution methods for the annulment of general assembly resolutions in order to protect shareholders' interests and ensure a balance of interests between the parties
Multinational Firms From the Perspective of Network Theory: Achieving Business Success on a Global Scale
No full textMultinational companies stand out with their successes on a global scale, in terms of both financial strengths and managerial capabilities. A multinational corporation is any business that operates independently and primarily has its headquarters situated in one nation, while also owning fully or partially subsidiaries registered in many jurisdictions. The literature on multinational companies, which typically emphasizes macro and microeconomic theories, also includes studies on management disciplines. Network theory stands out as a cornerstone for understanding multinational companies, due to their multi-branch structure and cross-border relationships. It holds a significant role in the literature on multinational firms, owing to its roots across social, socioeconomic, sociopsychological, institutional and organizational implications. In this context, this chapter delves into the details of multinational firms from the perspective of network theory, exploring its mathematical, social and socioeconomic foundations, and the perspectives offered by American and European schools. © 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved
Influence of Synthesis Parameters on the Structural Formation of Mayenite via the Citrate Sol-Gel Method
No full textMayenite (Ca12Al14O33) has remarkable properties such as high oxygen mobility, ionic conductivity, and catalytic activity. It has many different applications, including oxide-conducting electrolytes, fluorescent lamps, moisture sensors, hydrogen-permeable membranes, oxygen pumps, hydrogen storage, and catalysis. However, pure and homogeneous mayenite synthesis parameters have not yet been fully explored. This study examines the effect of synthesis parameters including metal salt (MS) to citric acid (CA) molar ratios (1:1 and 1:2), pH (0.4-2), and calcination temperature (900-1200 degrees C) in citrate sol-gel method on the crystal structure of mayenite. Synthesized materials were examined by thermogravimetric (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyridine adsorbed diffuse reflectance Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analyses. The results show that all 3 parameters contribute to the mayenite phase formation and different impurity phases can be observed depending on the synthesis parameters. With no pH adjustment and an MS to CA ratio of 1, other phases of calcium aluminate mostly form. Mayenite becomes the main phase by doubling the CA amount. Besides CA, pH is also an important factor in mayenite synthesis. When the pH was adjusted to 2 with the MS to CA ratio at 1:1, mayenite was formed as the main phase, but other phases of calcium aluminate were also observed in the structure. XRD results show that all parameters studied influence the crystal structure of the final material, including the calcination temperature. This study shows that pure mayenite can be synthesized with a calcination temperature of 1200 degrees C, at a pH of 2, and the MS to CA molar ratio of 1:2.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye [118C237]; Gazi University Research Fund [FDK-2023-8907]; TUBITAKThis study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Tuerkiye (TUBITAK) TUEB & Idot;TAK-BIDEB-2232 Program (118C237) , Gazi University Research Fund (FDK-2023-8907) , TUBITAK 2211 PhD Scholarship Program, and TUEB & Idot;TAK 2250 Performance-Based Scholarships Program for PhD. The authors thank the Atilim University Metal Forming Center of Excellence, the Central Laboratory of METU, and the Central Laboratory of AYBU for the characterization results of the synthesized materials