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Notverordnungen vs. Notstandsgesetze Verfassungsrechtliche Notmechanismen in der Weimarer Reichsverfassung und im Grundgesetz
No full textStaatlicher Notstand gilt gemeinhin als Stunde der Exekutive. Diese soll in Notzeiten die normalerweise dem Parlament obliegende Entscheidungsgewalt an sich ziehen und den Staat aus der Krise führen. in der Weimarer Republik wurde das in Artikel 48 Absatz 2 derWeimarer Reichsverfassung (WRV) niedergeschriebene Notverordnungsrecht des Reichsprasidenten, bei erheblicher Störung oder Gefahrdung der öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung im Reich mittels Notstandsdekreten mit Gesetzeskraft zu regieren, gerade gegen Ende der Republik exzessiv ausgeübt. Dieser Aufsatz vergleicht das Notverordnungsrecht der Weimarer Reichsverfassung mit den Notstandsregelungen des bundesdeutschen Grundgesetzes und untersucht, ob und inwieweit die Vater und Mütter des Grundgesetzes diesbezüglich die richtigen Leh ren aus der Weimarer Republik gezogen haben. Er kommt dabei zum Ergebnis, dass auch die Notstandsregelungen des Grundgesetzes keine Gewahr vor Missbrauch durch die in ihnen ermachtigte Exekutive bieten und sich nur im tatsachlich eingetretenen Krisenfall zeigen werde, ob die Notstandsartikel des Grundgesetzes im Gegensatz zur Weimarer Reichsverfassung in ihrer Anwendung tatsachlich krisentauglich sinci.Olağanüstü hal, genellikle yürütme organının mutlak hakimiyetinin söz konusu olduğu ve parlamentonun ortadan kalktığı bir süreç olarak kabul edilir. Yürütme organı, olağanüstü durumlarda, Parlamento'nun haiz olduğu karar verme yetkisini devralmak ve devleti kriz ortamından çıkarmakla yükümlüdür. Weimar Cumhuriyeti döneminde, İmparatorluk başkanına Weimar Anayasası'nın 42/2 maddesi temelinde tanınan kamu düzeninin ciddi ölçüde bozul-ması ya da kamu düzenine yönelik bir tehdidin varlığı halinde olağanüstü nitelikte kanun hük-münde kararname çıkarma yetkisine, özellikle Cumhuriyetin son dönemlerinde orantısız bir şekilde başvurulmuştur. Bu makale Weimar Anayasasında yer alan olağanüstü hal hukukuna ilişkin düzenlemeleri Federal Almanya Anayasası'nın olağanüstü hal düzenlemeleri ile karşılaştırmakta ve anayasa koyucunun Weimar Cumhuriyeti'nden doğru dersleri çıkarıp çıkarmadığını veya bu tecrübeden ne ölçüde ders alındığını incelemektedir. Makale, Federal Almanya Anayasası'nda yer alan olağanüstü hale ilişkin düzenlemelerin, yetkilendirdikleri yürütme organı tarafından kötüye kullanılmalarına karşı bir güvence sunmadığı ve Federal Almanya Anayasası'ndaki olağanüstü hal düzenlemesinin Weimar Anayasası'ndaki düzenlemenin aksine, bir kriz durumunda uygulanmasının daha uygun olup olmadığı hususunun ancak gerçekten meydana gelen bir kriz ile anlaşılabileceği sonucuna varmaktadır
Discourse of Reflections on Instant Joint Engagement in Online Elt Graduate Courses (chapter 17)
No full textIn this chapter, we investigate the discourse of post-course reflections by in-service teachers on instant joint engagement in online ELT graduate courses. Our findings demonstrate that engagement for teacher reflection might be promoted in synchronous interactions during online teacher education courses. We argue that in-service teachers’ cognitive, socio-constructive, affective and interactive engagement can foster their critically reflective voice
Workers' Individual and Dyadic Coping With the Covid-19 Health Emergency: a Cross Cultural Study
No full textThe aim of this study was to examine workers' psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic as a function of their individual coping, dyadic coping, and work-family conflict. We also tested the moderating role of gender and culture in these associations. To achieve this aim, we run HLM analyses on data from 1521 workers cohabiting with a partner, coming from six countries (Italy, Spain, Malta, Cyprus, Greece, and Russia) characterized by various degrees of country-level individualism/collectivism. Across all six countries, findings highlighted that work-family conflict as well as the individual coping strategy social support seeking were associated with higher psychological distress for workers, while the individual coping strategy positive attitude and common dyadic coping were found to be protective against workers' psychological distress. This latter association, moreover, was stronger in more individualistic countries
Does Social Influence Affect Covid-19 Vaccination Intention Among the Unvaccinated?
No full textConformist social influence is a double-edged sword when it comes to vaccine promotion. On the one hand, social influence may increase vaccine uptake by reassuring the hesitant about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine; on the other, people may forgo the cost of vaccination when the majority is already vaccinated - giving rise to a public goods dilemma. Here, we examine whether available information on the percentage of double-vaccinated people affects COVID-19 vaccination intention among unvaccinated people in Turkey. In an online experiment, we divided participants (n = 1013) into low, intermediate, and high social influence conditions, reflecting the government's vaccine promotion messages. We found that social influence did not predict COVID-19 vaccination intention, but psychological reactance and collectivism did. People with higher reactance (intolerance of others telling one what to do and being sceptical of consensus views) had lower vaccination intention, whilst people with higher collectivism (how much a person considers group benefits over individual success) had higher vaccination intention. Our findings suggest that advertising the percentage of double-vaccinated people is not sufficient to trigger a cascade of others getting themselves vaccinated. Diverse promotion strategies reflecting the heterogeneity of individual attitudes could be more effective
Learner Profile Attributes in Ib Teaching: Insights From a Continuum School in Turkey
No full textThis article presents findings from a case study of a K-12 school in Turkey where teachers shared perceptions of how the International Baccalaureate Learner Profile attributes related to their own practice. While discussing the interdependency of the attributes, teachers considered that being an inquirer is the most valuable attribute for effective International Baccalaureate teachers. Participants at all grade levels believed that being open-minded and reflective were important attributes. Despite the importance of inquiry, participants shared that they feel most capable of implementing the attribute of being knowledgeable. The conceptual framework developed for this study may be used by schools and teacher educators to develop attributes of teachers who can help students become global citizens with intercultural understandings
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (mall) Research Trends and Patterns Through Bibliometric Analysis: Empowering Language Learners Through Ubiquitous Educational Technologies
No full textMobile devices and technologies have proliferated extensively and become an integral part of lifeand learning. Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) has progressed as an emerging area ofresearch corresponding to recent advances in mobile technologies and the proliferation ofsmartphones and tablet computers. Accordingly, this study examined MALL research between2008 and 2020 through a bibliometric analysis using social network analysis (SNA) and textmining techniques. The SNA and text mining analysis suggest five broad research themes: (1) self-regulated language learning by defining one’s own learning objectives, (2) providing learneragency and motivation by empowering autonomy, (3) personalizing learning through artificialintelligence (AI)-supported mobile learning (m-learning), (4) MALL for learning in the wild, and(5) MALL to support higher education. The findings show that while MALL research has beenconsiderably operationalized around linguistic factors, nonlinguistic factors relating to learners’interactions with mobile devices or applications have been largely overlooked. It was found thatMALL scholarship has recently tended to incorporate the use of mobile devices in informallearning contexts and outside the classroom due to the flexibility and anytime anywhere func-tionality of m-learning. The study concludes with several suggestions and highlights the areas thatneed more attention in MALL research
Ceza Yargılama Hukukunda Koruma Önlemlerinin (tedbirlerinin) Özellikleri ve Koşulları (makale)
No full textCeza (suç) yargılama hukukunun amacı, daha önce suç olarak yaşandığı ileri sürülen eylemin/olayın doğruluğunu belirlemektir.Ceza yargılaması, soruşturma ve kovuşturma evresi olmak üzere temel iki evreden oluşmaktadır. Yargılamanın en önemli evresikovuşturma evresidir. Bu evrenin en önemli aşaması da yargılanan kişinin atılı suçu işleyip işlemediğinin/olayın gerçek olupolmadığının belirlendiği duruşma aşamasıdır. Ceza (suç) yargılamasının temel amacı olan maddi gerçeğin ortaya çıkarılmasıiçin, yargılamanın en önemli evresi olan kovuşturma evresinin duruşma aşamasında “geçmişteki yaşandığı ileri sürülen olayın,tüm kanıtlarla yeniden yaşatılması” gerekmektedir. Ceza (suç) yargılamasında duruşma aşamasında geçmişte yaşanan olayınyeniden yaşatılması ise, olaya/suça ilişkin tüm kanıtların ortadan kaldırılmadan ve karartılmadan oldukları gibi elde edilipkorunmalarının sağlanması ve şüphelinin/sanığın hazır bulundurulması ile olanaklıdır. Bu da ancak koruma önlemlerinebaşvurulması ile güvence altına alınabilir. Koruma önlemlerinin amacı, somut olaya uygun maddi gerçeği ortaya çıkarılabilmekiçin, olay geçmişte nasıl gerçekleşmişse gerçekleştiği andaki durumunu olabildiğince koruyarak, duruşma ve yargıkurma/hüküm verme dönemlerinde öyle yaşatarak, ceza yargılamasının adil ve kısa sürede sonuçlanmasını sağlamaktır. Aynızamanda sonuçta verilen hükmün yerine getirilmesini de güvence altına almak koruma önlemlerinin amaçlarındandır. Özetlekoruma önlemlerinin genel olarak ortak temel amacı, ceza yargılamasında yargılamanın yapılabilmesi ve ileride verilecekhükmün/cezanın yerine getirilmesidir.İnceleme konumuz, koruma önlemlerinin ortak özellikleri ve koşulları. Bu nedenle her koruma önlemi ayrı ayrı ele alıpincelenmemiştir. Önce koruma önlemi kavramının nasıl tanımlandığı açıklanmıştır. Koruma önlemlerinin görevi/işlevi veayrımları (sınıflandırılması) konusunda temel bilgiler verilmiştir. Daha sonra ise, koruma önlemlerinin özellikleri/nitelikleri tek tekele alınarak ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenmiştir. Son olarak koruma önlemlerinin ortak koşulları ayrı ayrı değerlendirilerekaçıklanmıştır. Ayrıca bu konudaki ilgili düzenlemeler gözetilerek konuyla ilgili mahkeme kararları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.Çalışmamızın sonuç kısmında ise konuyu incelerken ayrıntılı olarak yer verdiğimiz varılan sonuçlar, önerilerle birlikte anahatlarıyla belirtilmiştir.The purpose of criminal procedure is to ascertain the validity of a criminal event that is argued to have occurred in the past.Criminal procedure is constituted of two parts, investigation and trial. The most important phase of the procedure is the trial.The most significant part of this phase is the hearing in which the reality of the event - whether the individual has committedthe crime - is determined. In order to determine the material truth as the basic purpose of the criminal procedure, “the allegedevent to have transpired in the past must be re-enacted with all evidence” in the hearing part of the trial phase which is the mostimportant element of the criminal procedure. The re-enactment of the alleged event in the hearing is possible throughCeza Yargılama Hukukunda KorumaÖnlemlerinin (Tedbirlerinin) Özellikleri veKoşulları(*)Features and Conditions of Protective Measures (Precautions) in Criminal Procedure LawProf. Dr. Ali Rıza ÇINAR(**)keeping the accused ready and obtaining all evidence regarding the event by ensuring their protection before it has beendistorted or destroyed. This may only be done by the use of protective measures. In that regard, the aim of protectivemeasures is; in order to determine the material truth, to preserve the state of events as they have occurred as much aspossible and re-enact them during the hearing and decision, and to ensure that criminal procedure is completed in a fair andprompt manner. In addition, one of the purposes of protective measures is to guarantee the execution of the decision. In sum,the main general common aim of protective measures is the performance of the criminal procedure and the execution of thefuture decision/punishment.Our subject of evaluation are the common features and conditions of protective measures. Therefore, all protective measureshave not been analysed separately in detail. First, how the term protective measure is defined is explained. Basic informationon the duty/function of protective measures and their differentiation is given. Afterwards the properties /characteristics ofprotective measures are evaluated one by one. Finally, the common conditions of protective measures are explained throughtheir separate analysis. Additionally, information on case-law regarding the subject is given in light of relevant regulations.In the conclusion of our work, results that have been set forth in detail in the evaluation of relevant parts are statedaccompanied by recommendations
The rights of the child in Turkey
No full textChildren are the core element and the future of a society. However, they are also relatively weak and thus need to be specially protected. Turkish private law, in line with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, provides a variety of rights to children. The basic rights of the children are regulated under the Turkish Civil Code of 2002. Furthermore, the Turkish Labor Code of 2003, Turkish Penal Code of 2005, Turkish Criminal Procedural Code of 2005, Child Protection Code of 2005 and the Law on the Protection of the Family and the Prevention of Violence Against Women of 2013 also provide special rights and protective measures for children. Accordingly, this paper aims to present an overview of children’s basic rights and the protection mechanisms for children under Turkish Civil Code
Warning Notes in a Learner’s Dictionary: a Study of the Effectiveness of Different Formats
No full textThis study used an online correction task to explore the extent to which different types of warning notes in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online were heeded when users tried to correct errors in the use of L2 target words. The task was completed by 332 participants, yielding 1,819 answers produced after clicking on links to relevant entries. Warning notes were categorised in terms of their formatting features, but there were found to be inconsistencies in the way the dictionary associated different categories with different kinds of learner error. Participants judged warning notes with more visual enhancements to be more useful, but in the correction task the position of the warning notes also seemed to affect the degree to which the warnings were successfully applied. Different types of warning notes in learners’ dictionaries have not been examined previously in any depth, and the results suggest that some adjustments to formatting and placement might make them more effective
Graph-Based Turkish Text Normalization and Its Impact on Noisy Text Processing
No full textUser generated texts on the web are freely-available and lucrative sources of data for language technology researchers. Unfortunately, these texts are often dominated by informal writing styles and the language used in user generated content poses processing difficulties for natural language tools. Experienced performance drops and processing issues can be addressed either by adapting language tools to user generated content or by normalizing noisy texts before being processed. In this article, we propose a Turkish text normalizer that maps non-standard words to their appropriate standard forms using a graph-based methodology and a context-tailoring approach. Our normalizer benefits from both contextual and lexical similarities between normalization pairs as identified by a graph-based subnormalizer and a transformation-based subnormalizer. The performance of our normalizer is demonstrated on a tweet dataset in the most comprehensive intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations reported so far for Turkish. In this article, we present the first graph-based solution to Turkish text normalization with a novel context-tailoring approach, which advances the state-of-the-art results by outperforming other publicly available normalizers. For the first time in the literature, we measure the extent to which the accuracy of a Turkish language processing tool is affected by normalizing noisy texts before being processed. An analysis of these extrinsic evaluations that focus on more than one Turkish NLP task (i.e., part-of-speech tagger and dependency parser) reveals that Turkish language tools are not robust to noisy texts and a normalizer leads to remarkable performance improvements once used as a preprocessing tool in this morphologically-rich language