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Executive Remuneration of Company Directors Under Eu Law and Turkish Law
No full textThe criteria to determine the material scope of executive pay has always been a controversial aspect of corporate law and corporate governance. The controversy stems from the fact that the board of directors generally tends to determine a suitable executive remuneration for its members, not considering the interests of other stakeholders. In some cases, an independent compensation/remuneration committee is appointed by the board of directors and determines the amount of executive pay. Depending on the legislation, this may require additional approval at the annual general meeting by the shareholders. European legislators have differing approaches with regards to regulating this very area of corporate pay. The revised Shareholders Rights Directive requires an enhanced approach for the shareholders' role by determining the remuneration policy of the company. These amendments can be identified as the promotion of the say on pay, on the remuneration policy, and remuneration report. Furthermore, the previous recommendations have also set the criteria to determine the amount of remuneration. The Directive contains provisions for setting up a clear and transparent corporate remuneration policy and shareholders' binding vote with temporary derogations. The corporate remuneration system of Turkish law is legislated under Art. 394 TCC (Turkish Commercial Code Nr. 6102), which only requires that board members can be paid an honorarium, salary, bonus, premium, and a portion of the annual profit, provided that this amount is determined by the articles of association, or by way of a general meeting resolution. Art. 408 TCC also stipulates a binding general meeting approval of the remuneration policy, whereas Art. 513 TCC requires the framework with regard to bankruptcy procedures. © 2023 Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved
Otomobilin kentsel ve mimari mekandaki izi
No full textBu araştırma, içinde bulunduğumuz çağda tarihinin en büyük evrimini yaşayan otomobilin, kentsel mekanın üretimini ve gündelik rutinleri nasıl etkileyebileceği üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Elektrikten güç alan, kontrolü insanoğlundan yapay zekaya devredilen akıllı otomobillerin, kentsel mekan ve kentsel mekanı oluşturan altyapısal elemanların üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Otomobilin evriminin yanı sıra, toplumların yeni mobilite trendlerine karşı olan eğilimlerinin, kentsel mekan üzerindeki olası etkileri üzerine tartışmalar ortaya konulmuştur. Bu bağlamda tezin ilk bölümünde sanayi devriminin en önemli icatlarından biri olan otomobilin, gündelik yaşamın içine dahil olması ve insanoğluna kazandırdığı özgürlükle birlikte gündelik rutinleri nasıl dönüştürdüğü ve geleneksel kenti nasıl alaşağı ettiği tartışılmaktadır. Otomobil sonrası kentin nasıl olması gerektiğiyle ilgili fikirler üreten modernistlerin ideal ve ütopik kentlerine değinilmektedir. İkinci bölümde ise, elektrikli ve sürücüsüz araçların, kentsel mekanın üretimini nasıl dönüştürebileceği hakkındaki tartışmalar, çeşitli spekülatif projeler, güncel haberler ve raporlar üzerinden sürdürülmüştür. Bu bağlamda, otomobil endüstrisinin ve mimarların geleceğin kenti ile ilgili yaptıkları tahayyüller, proje metinleri, videolar ve görseller incelenmiştir. Yapılan tartışmalardan üzerinden yola çıkarak özgün diyagramlar üretilmiş, konunun daha iyi irdelenmesi sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca otomobil sektörü ile ilgili yazılmış güncel gazete haberleri ve çeşitli araştırma şirketlerinin yayınladıkları raporlar konunun derinleştirilmesine katkı sağlamıştır.This research focuses on how the automobile, which is experiencing the greatest evolution in its history, can affect the production of urban space and daily routines. The potential effects of smart cars, powered by electricity and transferred from human beings to artificial intelligence, on urban space and infrastructural elements that make up urban space are emphasized. In addition to the evolution of the automobile, discussions have been made on the possible effects of societies' tendencies towards new mobility trends on urban space. In this context, in the first part of the thesis, it is discussed how the automobile, which is one of the most important inventions of the industrial revolution, transforms the daily routines and overthrows the traditional city with its inclusion in daily life and the freedom it has given to human beings. The ideal and utopian cities of the modernists, who produced ideas about how the post-automobile city should be, are mentioned. In the second part, discussions about how electric and driverless vehicles can transform the production of urban space are continued through various speculative projects, current news and reports. In this context, the envisagements, project texts, videos and images made by the automobile industry and architects about the city of the future were examined. Based on the discussions made, original diagrams were produced and it was tried to provide a better examination of the subject. In addition, current newspaper news about the automobile industry and the reports published by various research companies contributed to the deepening of the subject
Segmentation for Factoring Customers: Using Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithms
No full textNowadays the fact that technology facilitates data collection is an important opportunity, as well as making the management of all this data difficult and makes no sense unless it is well processed. This stored data is extremely important, and companies use data provided by their customers. Catching the needs of the customer profiles of the changing world is now a necessity and takes the first place for companies. With the increase in the amount of stored data over time, it has become difficult to establish a relationship between the data and to separate them from each other. At this point, machine learning methods have become more involved in our lives. In this study, what segmentation is and its change over the years are mentioned. It has been mentioned which machine learning techniques will be useful in data selection. Then, possible machine learning methods are shown in real life segmentation problem by using the domestic factoring company’s customer check data. Since this study aims to group unlabeled data, unsupervised learning techniques are emphasized. Among these methods, Hierarchical Clustering, DBSCAN, Gaussian Mixture Modeling methods, Fuzzy c- Means were used as well as the most popular K-Means algorithm. When the clustering results were examined, the optimal number of clusters was calculated very high with GMM, DBSCAN could not assign clusters, and Hierarchical clustering could not produce expected results. It was observed that the best results were obtained with the K-Means and Fuzzy c - Means algorithms
Nükleer Terörizmle Başa Çıkma Mücadelesinde Kilit Taşı: Nükleer Madde Kaçakçılığı ile Mücadele
No full textThis study has been written with the aim of emphasizing the importance of international cooperation in preventing nuclear terrorism that may occur as a result of illegal nuclear material smuggling by sub-national groups on the international black market. Terrorist groups due to their motivation, will not hesitate to carry out a nuclear terrorist attack, to make a nuclear weapon with nuclear materials that they can obtain from the international black market and to use this nuclear weapon in an action they will carry out, especially when the mass casualties carried out by terrorist groups in recent years are taken into consideration. The increase in terrorist groups' ability to access nuclear materials is directly proportional to the idea that the moment of a possible nuclear terrorist attack is getting closer every moment. The first action to be taken to prevent a possible nuclear terrorist attack is to minimize the access of terrorist groups to nuclear materials and to eliminate this event. In this context, nation states should put aside other foreign policy relations between them and fight together with the support of international organizations and organizations to eliminate the nuclear black market network and thus to prevent a nuclear terrorist attack that may occur. In this thesis, the objectives of terrorist groups to acquire nuclear materials and all dimensions of a possible nuclear terrorist attack that they may carry out were analyzed and the first action to be taken to prevent nuclear terrorism, to prevent illegal nuclear material trade and to eliminate the international nuclear black market network, at national and international levels. It is aimed to examine the steps taken and to be taken. In addition, the perspective of Türkiye in cases of illegal nuclear material smuggling is also included in the study.Bu çalışma, ulus-altı grupların uluslararası karaborsada gerçekleştirdikleri yasa dışı nükleer madde kaçakçılığı olaylarının sonucunda oluşabilecek nükleer terörizm olaylarını önleme noktasında uluslararası işbirliğinin önemini vurgulama hedefi ile kaleme alınmıştır. Motivasyonları gereği nükleer terör saldırısı gerçekleştirmekten geri durmayacak terör gruplarının, uluslararası karaborsadan elde edebilecekleri nükleer maddeler ile, basit bir nükleer silah yapmaları ve bu nükleer silahı gerçekleştirecekleri bir eylemde kullanma hedefleri, özellikle son yıllarda terör gruplarının gerçekleştirdiği kitlesel kayıplı eylemler göz önüne alındığında, söz konusudur. Terör gruplarının nükleer maddelere erişim imkân kabiliyetlerinin artması, olası nükleer terör saldırısı anının her an daha da yaklaştığı fikri ile doğru orantılıdır. Olası bir nükleer terör saldırısının önüne geçmek için gerçekleştirilecek ilk eylem ise, terör gruplarının nükleer maddelere erişimini minimum düzeye indirmek ve bu olayı ortadan kaldırmaktır. Bu çerçevede, ulus devletlerin, aralarında yaşanan diğer dış politika ilişkilerini bir tarafa bırakarak ve uluslararası kuruluşlar ve örgütlerin de destekleri ile nükleer karaborsa ağını ortadan kaldırmak ve dolayısı ile oluşabilecek bir nükleer terör saldırısını engellemek için birlikte mücadele etmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, terör gruplarının nükleer maddeleri edinme hedefleri ve gerçekleştirebilecekleri olası bir nükleer terör saldırısının tüm boyutları analiz edilmiş ve nükleer terörizmin önüne geçmek için gerçekleştirilecek ilk eylem olan, yasa dışı nükleer madde ticaretinin önüne geçilmesi ve uluslararası nükleer karaborsa ağının ortadan kaldırılması için ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde atılan ve atılması gereken ii adımları inceleme hedeflenmiştir. Ayrıca, yasa dışı nükleer madde kaçakçılığı olaylarında, Türkiye perspektifi de çalışma içerisinde yer almıştır
A Decomposition Algorithm for Single and Multiobjective Integrated Market Selection and Production Planning
No full textArea Editor for Design amp; Analysis of Algorithms - Discrete; TUBITAK [1059B191801782]History: Accepted by Andrea Lodi, Area Editor for Design ; Analysis of Algorithms - Discrete. Funding: This work was supported by TUBITAK [Grant 1059B191801782] .We study an integrated market selection and production planning problem. There is a set of markets with deterministic demand, and each market has a certain revenue that is obtained if the market's demand is satisfied throughout a planning horizon. The demand is satisfied with a production scheme that has a lot-sizing structure. The problem is to decide on which markets' demand to satisfy and plan the production simultaneously. We consider both single and multiobjective settings. The single objective problem maximizes the profit, whereas the multiobjective problem includes the maximization of the revenue and the minimization of the production cost objectives. We develop a decomposition-based exact solution algorithm for the single objective setting and show how it can be used in a proposed three-phase algorithm for the multiobjective setting. The master problem chooses a subset of markets, and the subproblem calculates an optimal production plan to satisfy the selected markets' demand. We investigate the subproblem from a cooperative game theory perspective to devise cuts and strengthen them based on lifting. We also propose a set of valid inequalities and preprocessing rules to improve the proposed algorithm. We test the efficacy of our solution method over a suite of problem instances and show that our algorithm substantially decreases solution times for all problem instances
All You Fear Is Love: the Roles of Rejection by Intimate Others
No full textInterpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory) asserts that recollections of parental rejection in childhood tend to result in psychological maladjustment and intimacy problems in later romantic relationships. Informed by IPARTheory, we investigated the association between maternal ; paternal rejection, and fear of intimacy by the mediating role of psychological maladjustment in a Turkish sample with 462 mostly young adults. We further explored the moderator role of gender in Model 1 and the moderating roles of both gender and intimate partner rejection in Model 2. Model 1 revealed that adults who had experienced maternal and paternal rejection in childhood tended to be psychologically maladjusted. Consequently, they also tended to have a fear of intimacy, regardless of gender. Model 2 revealed that women who recall having been rejected in childhood by their mothers tended to be psychologically maladjusted and to have a significant fear of intimacy when they also experienced moderate or more than moderate intimate-partner rejection. However, both women and men who experienced paternal rejection in childhood tended to be psychologically maladjusted and to experience a greater fear of intimacy when they perceived any degree of intimate partner rejection. Implications of the results for theory, research, and practice are discussed
Majority Grievance in Germany: the Role of Entitlement Beliefs and Ingroup Threat
No full textLoreth, Lukas/0000-0002-7490-4083Stucke, Frederike/0000-0002-0937-846XGroup-based grievance has mainly been studied from the perspective of disadvantaged and minority groups. Following the refugee crisis and corresponding sociopolitical changes, there has also been an increase in perceived grievance among majority groups in many European countries. The present studies examined the role of perceived threat in the relationship between autochthony-based entitlement and group grievances among members of the German majority. Across three correlational studies, we tested whether threat moderates versus mediates this relationship. In Study 1, using a nationally representative sample, we found support for threat serving as a mediator of the relationship between autochthony-based entitlement and majority grievance. We replicated this finding in Studies 2 (N = 380) and 3 (N = 614) using convenience samples. We discuss the diverse roles played by perceived threat in predicting defensive reactions by majority groups and the importance of studying perceived entitlement in majority groups' grievance claims
Are inflation expectations irrational in Turkey? Exchange rate pass-through analysis
No full textAre inflation expectations irrational in Turkey? Exchange rate pass-through analysisThis study investigates the rationality of inflation expectations in Turkey over 2011-2019 via exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) analysis. Relying on the assumption that the inflation rate and inflation expectations are going to change equally if the economic agents form rational expectations, we utilize the vector autoregression model with inflation expectations to quantify the ERPT to inflation and to inflation expectations. The results show that exchange rate shocks do not have the same impact on the inflation rate and inflation expectations over different horizons. In the short term, the inflation rate rises faster than the inflation expectations following unexpected exchange rate swings; however, they move in tandem after six months. With the time-varying analysis, we trace the evolution of the ERPT coefficients to characterize the nature of agents’ expectations. The findings document that the discrepancy between ERPT coefficients is persistent, inclining to chronic irrationality of expectations, with decaying degrees in the longer horizon, rendering adaptive formation of expectations over time
Enhancing Prospective Mathematics Teachers’ Noticing Skills Through Online Laboratory School Activities
No full textThis study investigated how prospective mathematics teachers’ (PMT) noticing skills, (i.e., attending, interpretation, and decision-making) were influenced through online laboratory school (OLS) activities. OLS provided PMTs opportunities for online fieldwork and work with students. The activities included lesson planning with peers under the supervision of academicians and experienced teachers, teaching, reflection and getting feedback. PMTs’ reflections on a video-taped lesson served as the pre-post assessment of the intervention. Quantitative analyses of data indicated PMTs showed statistically significant improvement in both interpretation and decision-making. Attending, on the other hand, was improved but not in a statistically significant way
Teacher Educators in K-12 Classrooms: How To Nurture Professional Development and Research
No full textFour mathematics teacher educators taught 5th grade mathematics for one year at a disadvantaged public school in a metropolitan city in Turkey. Teacher educators (TE) met every week for 10 months where they discussed what to teach, how to teach and reflected on implementation of their shared planning (Regular Meetings). In some meetings, there was a special focus on teaching and learning of fractions (Fraction Research Meetings). Videotapes of the first six Regular Meetings and six of the Fraction Research Meetings were analyzed. The focus of qualitative analyses was on how the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) was constructed during meetings. References evidencing TEs' knowledge of students, instructional strategies and assessment were revealed more frequently during the Fraction Research Meetings compared to the Regular Meetings. Findings showed that TEs were more focused on what questions to ask in the classroom and shared their experiences about students' mathematical thinking more frequently. Framing planning and reflection discussions with a focus on conducting research was a productive way of nurturing professional development for TEs.
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