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Prediction of Loan Decisions With Optical Neuroimaging (fnirs) and Machine Learning
No full textThe successful applications of neuroscientific methods and artificial learning approaches have increased in applied fields such as economics, marketing, and finance in the last decade. In this study, a prediction model was developed using the output of optical neuroimaging (fNIRS) measurements from the prefrontal brain regions while 40 participants made decisions for 35 credit offers. The aim was to predict participants' responses to credit offers using artificial learning methods based on four metrics obtained over time from the optical neuroimaging system. The findings of the study indicate that the first 6 seconds (prior to the response entry) are particularly critical. While the performance rate in the developed prediction models is found to be higher, especially in tree-based algorithms, this paper includes a performance comparison of 5 models specifically.IEEE,TUBITAK BILGEM,Turkcel
Türkiye’s Humanitarian Diplomacy Efforts During Pandemic Era: Scope and Challenges
No full textThere is no universally agreed-upon definition of the term humanitarian diplomacy, which covers activities carried out tomeet the urgent needs and alleviate the suffering of victims of humanitarian crises, natural disasters, or man-madedisasters such as civil war. This concept, which has been widely used in the International Relations literature during the2000s, aims to mobilize both public and government support and resources for humanitarian activities and programs. Inthis framework, various actors including International Organizations, Non-governmental Organizations, private sector, andindividuals operate along with the states. The COVID-19 pandemic, which was first reported by officials in Wuhan City,China, on December 31, 2019, has caused the death of millions of people, disrupted the international economy, andchanged all aspects of social life with its ravages. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting the whole world andturning into a global crisis, all national and international actors, especially the states, have been insufficient in terms of theircapacity to manage the crisis. During this humanitarian crisis process, where there has been a need for solidarity andcooperation at various levels among all national and international actors, Türkiye has taken initiatives for humanitariandiplomacy activities beyond its borders, while struggling against this disease within its own borders. In this context, Turkishauthorities have stated that “Türkiye will continue to put forward its initiatives for the recuperation from this calamity ofhumanity in cooperation and solidarity, and use the lessons learnt to pave the way for a fairer, share-based and effectivestructure of the international system in the post-pandemic World”. The aim of this study, in which Türkiye’s humanitariandiplomacy practices during the COVID-19 pandemic process are analyzed, is to reveal how Türkiye’s humanitariandiplomacy activities during the pandemic process have become operational. In this framework, this study focuses initiallyon the elaboration of the concept of Humanitarian Diplomacy. Then, the impact of the COVID-19 process on Türkiye’shumanitarian diplomacy activities, and the domain and limitations of these activities will be discussed
The competence to conclude treaties in international law and the invalidity of treaties within the scope of article 46 of the Vienna convention on the law of treaties
No full textDevletlerin bir andlaşma ile bağlanma süreçlerinde iç hukuklarında uygulanacak usule ilişkin düzenlemeleri, uluslararası hukuk ile iç hukukun kesiştiği sınırlı alanlardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte devletlerin bu alandaki düzenlemelerinin çeşitli usulleri içerdiği gözlenmektedir. Geleneksel olarak yürütmenin elinde olan andlaşma akdetme yetkisinin demokratikleşme süreçleriyle birlikte yasama ile paylaşılan bir uygulama halini aldığı görülmektedir. Kimi devletlerde bu süreçlere anayasa mahkemeleri veya benzer yetkiyle donatılmış yargı organlarının da dahil olması mümkün olabilir. Hatta halk oylamasından geçmesi öngörülen andlaşma akdetme usulleri de mevcuttur. İç hukukta öngörülen bu kuralların ihlal edilmesi yoluyla bir uluslararası andlaşmaya taraf olan devlet, andlaşmanın geçersizliğini 1969 Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin (VAHS) 46. maddesine dayanarak ileri sürebilir. Uluslararasıcılık ile anayasalcılığı bağdaştırıcı bir çözüm sunar gibi gözüken bu hüküm, gerçekte son derece zor ve istisnaî bir uygulamaya sahiptir. Gerek devletlerin andlaşma akdetme konusundaki kurallarının karmaşık olması gerekse genel bir sınıflandırmayı zorlaştıracak kadar çeşitli olması, konuyu daha da çetrefilli hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, ilgili hükmün hazırlık çalışmaları, kapsamı ve sınırlarını ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelemektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, VAHS’nin hazırlık çalışmalarında da en tartışmalı konulardan biri olan bu geçersizlik gerekçesinin neden son derece istisnaî ve ileri sürüldüğünde başarı şansının zayıf olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bunların yanında, bu hükmün şu anda akademik çevrelerde tartışılmakta olan andlaşmalardan çekilmeye ilişkin kurallara benzer şekilde uygulanabilirliği de ele alınmıştır
Are the Paths To Victim-Blaming Paved With Hostile Sexism, Honor System Justification, and Fragile Masculinity? Evidence From Men in Turkey
No full textVictim-blaming is a source of deep concern for survivors of violence since it is linked to feelings of shame, guilt, and embarrassment, as well as less help-seeking behaviors, fear of being known by others, and fear of revenge by the perpetrator. In cases of intimate partner violence, cultural and individual factors such as sexism, honor system endorsement, and fragile masculinity beliefs all play a part in determining who is to blame. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the mechanisms relating hostile sexism to victim-blaming of men from an honor culture, where one's self-worth is dependent on the judgments of others, and men are assigned to safeguard the family's honor. In total, 252 men from Turkey participated in the study. Hostile sexism, supporting honor norms, and fragile masculinity beliefs of men predicted more victim-blaming in a male to female partner violence depicted through a date rape scenario. Supporting honor norms and fragile masculinity beliefs mediated the association between hostile sexism and victim-blaming. Findings suggested that questioning honor codes and masculine ideas may reduce victim-blaming. Implications of the findings for prevention efforts and future studies are highlighted
Development of a Knowledge-Based Multimodal Deep Learning System for Automatic Breast Lesion Segmentation and Diagnosis in Mg/Dmr Images
No full textDeep learning networks (DLNs) rely on labeled training datasets as their fundamental building blocks. While various databases exist worldwide, there is currently no domestic solution available in our country. This project aims to create a domestic database by automatically segmenting breast lesions in MG/DMR images based on their types and developing a knowledge-based multimodal DL-based integrated computer-aided diagnosis system to analyze the images, thereby providing the system with continuous learning capability. Different brands of devices exist for MG/DMR, necessitating the multimodal operation of image processing/artificial intelligence algorithms. To achieve this goal, the network was trained first, and then prelearned data were transferred to enable the training of data from different networks once accurate results are obtained. The developed system has the potential to enable the automatic detection of breast lesions, ensuring fast and high diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, it might also facilitate the retrospective analysis of patients' periodic check-up results
Mooc-Based Personalized Learning Experience (ple) an Innovative Approach To Elective Courses
No full textThis qualitative study explores the impact of Personalized Learning Experience (PLE) courses at a higher education institution from the perspective of undergraduate students. The PLE program requires students to take at least one of their elective courses in the form of MOOCs during their undergraduate studies. Drawing on interviews with six students across different faculties, the study identified four key themes that encapsulate the effects of PLE courses: (1) Certificate driven learning with a focus on occupation skill enhancement, (2) diverse course offerings to enhance personal and academic development, (3) learning flexibility, and (4) student satisfaction. The findings suggest that PLE courses offered through MOOC platforms allow students to broaden their academic horizons, gain valuable skills, and tailor their education to better align with their interests and goals. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential benefits of incorporating PLE courses in higher education institutions, emphasizing their role in promoting a more dynamic and student-centered learning environment
A critical overview of the Swiss federal court’s award dated 01.09.2021 and numbered 4a_606/2020 (BGE 147 III 463 et seq.) asserting that a hypothetical and aleatory loss of profit cannot be considered as a damage to be compensated
No full textİsviçre Federal Mahkemesi, Mahkeme’nin Resmî Karar Derlemesinde de yayımlanmasını uygun bulduğu (bu suretle de önemi kendiliğinden anlaşılabilecek) 01.09.2021 tarihli ve 4A_606/2020 sayılı kararında (ayrıca bkz. BGE 147 III 463 vd.), bir yatırım danışmanlığı ilişkisinde banka aracılığıyla yapılan borsa işlemleri özelinde değerlendirmelerde bulunmuş; özetle de banka tarafından müşterisinin bu yöndeki talimatına rağmen son tahlilde gerçekleştiril(e)meyen bir şirket hissesi alımı işleminde, müşterinin ilgili alımın yapılmaması sonucunda uğradığı kazanç kaybının, varsayımsal ve rastlantısal bir özellik göstermesi nedeniyle tazmin edilebilir bir zarar oluşturmadığı sonucuna ulaşmıştır. Kararda ulaşılan bu sonuçlar ve gerekçeleri eleştiriye matuftur. İşbu çalışmamızın amacı, ilgili kararın eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ele alınarak, kararda ulaşılan temel sonuçların tartışmaya açılması ve yeniden değerlendirilmesidir.The Swiss Federal Court made some evaluations regarding the damage (suffered by a customer) occurred in the conduct of the stock exchange transactions by a bank, within the framework of an investment management relationship, in its award dated 01.09.2021 and numbered 4A_606/2020 (also see BGE 147 III 463 et seq.). This decision was also found worthy to be published in the Official Compilation of Judgments by the court, which directly remarks its importance. In the said award, the Federal Court mainly concluded through its reasoning that the loss of profit suffered by the customer as a result of the bank’s failure to make the relevant share purchase in the stock exchange, despite the customer’s clear instructions in the said direction, did not constitute a damage to be compensated due to its hypothetical and random (aleatory) nature. However, whether the court’s behavior in its earlier jurisprudence regarding the related issues is considered, these conclusions (along with their justifications expressed) are subject to a strong criticism. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to discuss and evaluate the appropriateness of the conclusions reached in the said award from a critical perspective
MQTT protokolü veri güvenliğinin OTP blokzincir tabanlı kimlik ve veri doğrulama ile sağlanması
No full textThe widespread Internet of Thing presence in almost every aspect of our lives has been made possible by the fast development of technology these past few years. The internet of things is in a wide area. For example cell phones, tablets, computers and all other devices with sensors. Among the technologies used to facilitate efficient communication, between these IoT devices the MQTT protocol stands out. Exposure of security vulnerabilities existing in MQTT, and the development of effective countermeasures is a key objective of this thesis. The MQTT server's client architecture was built between the Raspberry Pi and the computer. To be used by MQTT Broker and publisher subscribers, Python programs have been developed. The use of the wireshark API has been recommended to check for system security vulnerabilities. During that process, the safety issues at packet and module level have been examined in an experimental manner. The MQTT protocol has been found to be vulnerable to attacks. Although encryption can be performed on port 8388 with Secure Sockets (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols to address the security vulnerabilities found in the standard MQTT configuration, this is not preferred and is not scalable. Instead, a structure has been developed on port 1883 again, using smart contracts, digital signatures to only allow authorized users to connect to the MQTT broker, providing authentication and encryption for the publisher and subscriber. Extra security measures are offered with authentication, message denial, data integrity, and selective privacy. In the area of Smart Contracts major progress has been made. A smart contract, ensuring transparency and traceability in every transaction offering benefits, plays an important role. Smart contracts consist of an automated set of instructions which, when certain conditions have been fulfilled, shall be executed automaticly. Users' permissions as well as Digital Signatures could be included in these conditions. Better scalability is also provided by this system. Using A system has been developed using Smart Contract technology to perform user authentication and permission management for users connected to an MQTT broker. Authorization processes such as adding, removing, granting, or denying user permissions can be executed through a smart contract. Similarly, a user seeking to access and publish or read data on the MQTT broker must not only possess the necessary authorization but also approve a digitally signed message based on their unique OTP (One-Time Password) information. The Elliptic Curve digital signature algorithm is used for this signature. Users with access permissions can verify the digital signature using their public key and OTP information. Once the smart contract confirms the user's permission to publish data, they can proceed with their publication or perform encrypted data readings This design is intended to stop entry and manipulation of data, within the system. In contrast with the data security offered by SSL or TLS, this new and effective method provides additional protection against attacks on data centre such as potential Distributed Denial of Service attack from Sybil. Upon completion of this thesis, it was determined that the Broker gained immunity against attacks due to the implemented security measures.Consequently the thesis offers an examination of MQTT in relation, to attacks and suggests an enhanced security mechanism to counteract these attacks.Son yıllarda teknolojinin hızla gelişmesiyle birlikte, Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) adını verdiğimiz akıllı cihazlar ve sistemler hayatımızın her alanında kendine yer bulmaktadır. IoT, akıllı telefonlar, tabletler, PC'ler ve üzerinde sensör bulunan neredeyse her şeyi kapsayan geniş bir kavramdır. Bu kapsamda, IoT cihazları arasında verimli ve güvenli iletişim sağlamak amacıyla MQTT protokolü önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu tezde, MQTT protokolünün güvenlik zafiyetlerini tespit etmek ve bu zafiyetlere karşı etkili önlemler geliştirmek hedeflenmektedir. Tez kapsamında, Raspberry Pi ve bilgisayar arasında MQTT server client mimarisi oluşturulmuştur. MQTT Broker ve yayıncı/abone istemcileri için Python programları geliştirilmiş, sistem üzerinde çeşitli güvenlik açıklarını tespiti sağlanırken Shodan API'sinden ve Wireshark'dan yararlanılmıştır. Bu süreçte, paket ve konu düzeyindeki güvenlik sorunları deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Akıllı sözleşmeler, dijital imzalar, OTP kullanarak 1883 numaralı portunda bir yapı geliştirilmiştir. Bu, yayıncı ve abone için kimlik doğrulama ve şifreleme sağlayarak yalnızca yetkili kullanıcıların MQTT brokerine bağlanmasına olanak tanır. Kimlik doğrulama, mesaj reddetme, veri bütünlüğü ve seçici gizlilik gibi ek güvenlik önlemleri sunulmaktadır. MQTT brokerına erişim, veri yayınlama veya okuma isteyen bir kullanıcının sadece gerekli yetkiye sahip olması yetmez, aynı zamanda benzersiz OTP (Tek Seferlik Şifre) bilgilerine dayalı olarak dijital imzalı bir mesajı onaylaması da gereklidir. Bu imza Elips Kavisli Dijital İmza Algoritması'na dayanır. Erişim izinlerine sahip kullanıcılar, dijital imzayı genel anahtar ve OTP bilgilerini kullanarak doğrulayabilirler. Dijital imzalar, asimetrik şifreleme tekniklerini kullanarak, iletilen her bir MQTT mesajının bütünlüğünü ve kökenini doğrular. Bu, iletilen verinin değiştirilmediğini ve belirli bir cihaz veya kullanıcıdan geldiğini garantiler. SSL/TLS, bağlantı bazında çalışır ve tüm bağlantıyı şifreler. Geniş ölçekteki sistemlerde, SSL/TLS sertifikalarının yönetimi ve sürekli şifreleme/şifre çözme işlemleri, özellikle düşük kapasiteli IoT cihazlarında ek işlem yükü oluşturabilir. Akıllı sözleşmeler ve dijital imzaların kullanımı, geniş ölçekteki çok sayıda yayınlayıcı ve abone içeren sistemlerde, SSL/TLS'ye göre daha ölçeklenebilir bir çözüm sunabilir. Tez çalışması sonucunda, geliştirilen güvenlik önlemleri sayesinde Broker'ın saldırılara karşı bağışık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu tez, MQTT protokolündeki güvenlik tutarsızlıklarının ve alınabilecek önlemlerin özlü bir incelemesini sunarak, alanındaki çalışmalara katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu sayede, IoT sistemlerinde veri iletişiminin daha güvenli ve etkin bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesine yardımcı olunacaktır
Thoughts on the validity of preliminary real estate sales contracts for security purposes
No full textBir tür ön sözleşme özelliği gösteren taşınmaz satış vaadi sözleşmesinden, uygulamada teminat amacıyla da yararlanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çerçevede genellikle bir tüketim ödüncü sözleşmesi çerçevesinde geri ödemesi borçlanılan bir miktar paranın teminatı olarak, ödünç veren ve ödünç alan (veya duruma göre ilgili taşınmazın maliki konumunda olan bir başka üçüncü kişi) arasında bir taşınmaz satış vaadi sözleşmesi akdedilmekte, bu sözleşmede de satış vaadinde bulunanın taşınmazla ilgili satışı gerçekleştirme borcunun vadesi, bizzat ödünç konusunun (duruma göre faiziyle) ödünç verene iade edileceği tarihe isabet ettirilmektedir. Yine söz konusu teminat amaçlı satış vaadi sözleşmelerinde, taşınmazının satışını gerçekleştirmeyi vaad edenin (yani ödünç alanın), ilgili tarihe kadar belirli bir miktar parayı (dönme cezası) -geri- ödeyerek (bu tutar tam olarak tüketim ödüncü sözleşmesindeki ödünç konusuna ve varsa ona eklenecek anapara faizine karşılık gelmektedir) sözleşmeden dönebileceği de bir yan kayıt olarak öngörülmektedir. Anılan teminat amaçlı taşınmaz satış vaadi sözleşmelerin geçerlilikleri öğreti ve uygulamada ciddi biçimde tartışma konusu edilmiş, ilgili bağlamda farklı eksenlerde görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. İşbu çalışmamız, ilgili tartışmada alınması en isabetli olacak tavrın, gerekçeleriyle ortaya konulmasına odaklanmıştırIt is a fact that preliminary contracts for real estate sales are used for security purposes in the legal practice. In such a transaction, a preliminary sales contract is concluded between the lender and the borrower (or, as the case may be with another thirdparty which is the owner of the related real estate), providing a security for the repayment of the loan amount by the borrower. In case where the said repayment is not effectuated, a sales contract between the parties will enter into effect, and following that the borrower (or the third-party owner) will have to transfer the ownership of the related real estate to the lender. That way the lender will obtain satisfaction with regard the loan repayment. Usually, such preliminary contracts also contain clauses which stipulate that in case the borrower will be properly able to repay the loan amount with its due interest (this will correspond to the so-called “termination penalty” under the preliminary sales contract), he will be entitled to a right to terminate the contract. The validity of the aforementioned promises is highly debated in the legal literature and practice. Different opinions have been put forward in this discussion. Accordingly, this article focuses on what will be the most appropriate solution of the problem, along with its due justification