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Factors Involved in Host Resilience to Enteric Infections in Pigs: Current Knowledge in Genetic, Immune, and Microbiota Determinants of Infection Resistance
No full textInternational audienceEnteric infections remain a major health and economic challenge in swine production, with outcomes determined not only by pathogen virulence but also by the complex interplay between host genetics, immune competence, and the intestinal microbiota. This review synthesises current knowledge on host–pathogen genomic interactions in pigs, with a focus on resilience mechanisms against enteric diseases in swine. For this purpose, 103 articles were used as information sources, retrieved through structured keyword searches in PubMed. The review first addresses host genetic factors, highlighting genomic variants and quantitative trait loci associated with resistance or resilience to viral and bacterial pathogens such as porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) or Escherichia coli. Next, the key factors of the immune system to confer protection are also reviewed, emphasising the role of innate and adaptive responses in controlling each pathogen and disclosing the contribution of regulatory networks that balance pathogen clearance. Finally, the last section of the review is devoted to exploring current knowledge in the involvement of the microbiota in resilience against enteric pathogens, mostly, but not exclusively, enteric bacteria. In this sense, competitive exclusion is a concept which has gained attention in recent years. The review pinpoints and discusses the state of the art about how the microbial community provides colonisation resistance, shapes immune development, and influences pathogen fitness within the intestinal niche. As final perspectives, the review explores future drivers in the genetic immune and microbiota resistance. By bridging host genomic data with functional insights into immunity and microbial ecology, this review underscores the potential of multi-omics approaches to enhance resilience against enteric infections in pigs and advance sustainable swine health management
Biodiversity co-variation patterns in a range of soil organism taxa across highly contrasting ecosystems
No full textInternational audienceSoil biodiversity as a critical component of terrestrial ecosystems and their functioning varies across spatial scales and environmental conditions. However, it remains unclear whether and how biodiversity patterns co-vary among different soil taxa across ecosystems.In this study, we compared diversity patterns of plants, earthworms, nematodes, bacteria, and fungi, as five major groups of soil organisms, across six strongly contrasting ecosystems ranging from mountain peatland to crop fields, including within-ecosystem variation in soil moisture. We hypothesized co-variation in taxonomic richness (alpha diversity) and composition (beta diversity) of multiple groups of soil organisms across ecosystems, moisture conditions and spatial scales.In partial contrast to our initial hypothesis, co-variation in the taxonomic richness among these groups was limited, though significant positive associations were found among bacteria, fungi, and earthworms across all sites. Plant diversity showed distinct associations with soil organism diversity, particularly with earthworms and bacteria, highlighting above-belowground biodiversity linkages. Beta diversity showed substantial co-variation among all soil organism groups, reflecting a spatial coupling of their communities that was influenced by differences in soil moisture conditions. These patterns were more pronounced in near-natural and no-till agroecosystems compared to conventional agricultural systems. Our results highlight that ecosystem type shapes broad-scale taxonomic richness, while local soil moisture critically influences soil biodiversity and spatial community composition, emphasizing the multi-scale drivers of soil biodiversity.</div
Plan de Gestion de Données de l'infrastructure Odalim
No full textCe document vise à décrire la politique de gestion des données mise en place au sein d’Odalim concernant l’hébergement et la mise à disposition de données pour la recherche, et son articulation avec les briques applicatives développées au sein du dispositif. A savoir, l’application Odalim (https://odalim.inrae.fr), la base de données Dataccess et le service de Serveur Distant Sécurisé (SDS)
Bulletin de veille du réseau d'écotoxicologie terrestre et aquatique N°83
No full textINRAE, réseau ECOTOX → A paraîtreBulletin de veill
Bulletin de veille du réseau d'écotoxicologie terrestre et aquatique N°82
No full textINRAE, réseau ECOTOX → A paraîtreBulletin de veill
Ecodélégués et professionnels de l'éducation : quel accompagnement à l'engagement éco-citoyen ?
No full textInternational audienceEn considérant désormais les jeunes comme des acteurs majeurs de nos sociétés et non comme des « citoyens de demain en formation » (Pleyers, 2016), les recherches se penchent de plus en plus sur l’analyse de leurs expériences pour comprendre les enjeux de la citoyenneté (Rouyer et al., 2020). Aussi, diverses conditions ont été identifiées comme favorisant les expériences d’engagement éco-citoyen : se sentir concerné, avoir des connaissances environnementales, comprendre les enjeux globaux, agir au sein d’une communauté, partager des expériences positives (Chawla et Derr, 2012 ; Bader et al., 2014) et agir localement (Morin et al., 2022), dans une visée d’amélioration de l’environnement (Bois et al., 2021 ; Lange et Barthes, 2021). Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux expériences vécues en milieu scolaire, lieu où l’adolescent passe le plus clair de son temps. Quel sens les élèves donnent-ils à leurs rôles et à leurs expériences dans les dispositifs ; quelle place est accordée aux élèves
Uncovering hidden sensitivity: Inter-individual growth variation in earthworms under fungicide exposure
No full textInternational audienceEnvironmental risk assessments (ERAs) of chemicals typically rely on standardized ecotoxicological tests that overlook inter-individual variability, despite its importance in ecological resilience and evolutionary success. Contaminants can disrupt individual differences by altering life-history traits, amplifying fitness disparities, favoring certain phenotypes, and reducing genetic diversity, ultimately impacting population dynamics and adaptability. However, the extent to which pollutants influence inter-individual variability and its population-level consequences remains poorly understood. To address this, our study examines the inter-individual variability of growth trajectories in the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa in response to sublethal exposure to the two active substances of Swing® Gold fungicide. Using a longitudinal design with 30 exposed and 30 unexposed individuals, we compared mean and inter-individual growth rate variability. While the fungicide had a weak effect on the cohort’s mean growth rate, we observed a three-fold increase in inter-individual variability in the exposed group. This increase highlighted a subset of highly sensitive individuals, whose growth was reduced by up to 10% compared to the average response. Our results suggest that focusing solely on population mean effects could overlook impacts on sensitive individuals, who could serve as early indicators of environmental stress. Incorporating individual variability into ecotoxicological studies is challenging due to the labor-intensive nature of individual monitoring and the need for larger datasets. Nonetheless, these efforts are essential for refining higher-tier ERA frameworks, improving safety factors for intraspecies variability, and defining regulatory thresholds. A better understanding of how contaminants affect inter-individual variation will enhance the accuracy and ecological relevance of risk assessments, ultimately capturing the long-term implications for population and ecosystem dynamics
Identifier des relations infrapatrimoniales – Usages, savoirs et attachements autour du végétal à Ìbàdàn (Nigeria) et à Yaoundé (Cameroun)
No full textInternational audienc
Indiscriminate Barriers: The Trade Effects of Due Diligence Policies in Global Timber Markets
No full textThis paper offers the first comprehensive assessment of the trade effects of due diligence policies (e.g., the U.S. Lacey Act and the EU Timber Regulation) designed to combat global illegal logging. We use a structural gravity model with global timber trade data from 2000 to 2021 to estimate the impact of these regulations, differentiating effects based on an exporter's risk profile and product type.We find that these policies act as a significant non-tariff barrier. Crucially, this deterrent effect is indiscriminate: we find no evidence that high-risk exporters are more constrained than compliant, low-risk exporters. This suggests that the substantial compliance costs and procedural barriers limit trade for all suppliers. We also show that these policies most strongly affect raw and lightly processed timber.Counterfactual simulations confirm that a risk-targeted policy—one that restricts due diligence obligations to high-risk exporters—could preserve overall trade volumes while effectively shifting sourcing away from risky suppliers. Our findings offer timely insights for global trade and environmental policy design, highlighting the need for refined, risk-calibrated mechanisms in emerging regulations such as the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)
Multilevel factors shaping the adoption of agroecological practices: evidence from small-scale market gardening in Senegal
No full textInternational audienceConventional farming threatens human health and the environment in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the market gardening sector. Agroecological practices offer a sustainable alternative; however, their adoption remains low. This paper fills a critical research gap by examining the factors driving agroecological adoption among small-scale market gardeners in Senegal. We consider for the first time bundled practices, multilevel influences on farmers’ decisions, and cross-data approaches. In 2020, we surveyed 107 farmers and 20 key food system informants in the Groundnut Basin. We initially applied descriptive statistics to explore the data and then leveraged probit models to analyze the factors affecting adoption. This is the first study to reveal that adoption rates vary significantly – from 27% to 86% – depending on the type of practice concerned (mixed cropping, mulching, pit planting, liquid organic fertilizer, etc.). Over 80% of farmers combine at least three practices. We also demonstrate that multilevel factors shape adoption decisions, including gender, transport, and training. Farm and territorial determinants exert a stronger influence on bundled adoption than on single-practice adoption. Our findings offer concrete recommendations to scale agroecology in Senegalese farming systems, calling for holistic, location-specific, and incentive policies tailor-made by various actors to address factors that hinder adoption