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    The Green Walk. Se mobiliser pour les espaces verts d’Ibadan

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    Introduction générale

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    L’énigme du calice dans Bouvard et Pécuchet

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    International audienceQuelques jours avant de mourir le 8 mai 1880, Gustave Flaubert élaborait l'épisode sur la botanique, un des derniers de son roman Bouvard et Pécuchet. À cette fin, et inspiré par une phrase de Rousseau sur le calice des fleurs qui « manque à la plupart des liliacées », il avait rédigé une note en forme d'énigme botanique : trouver une plante commune, poussant en Normandie au mois d'avril, qui serait d'une famille qui dérogerait à une règle générale chez les plantes (« Toute plante a des feuilles, un calice et une corolle »), mais qui elle-même dérogerait à cette exception au sein de sa famille (une exception à l'exception). Sans grande familiarité avec la botanique, Flaubert prétendait prédire l'existence d'une telle plante, alors que l'énigme suscitait la circonspection chez ses amis plus savants. Une enquête de Maupassant lui a permis d'examiner des solutions possibles d'abord parmi les Renonculacées puis les Rubiacées, où la shérarde lui a semblé répondre à son attente. Cet épisode laisse toujours plusieurs questions sans réponse, auxquelles nous tentons d'apporter des éclairages, qui nécessitent un regard botanique sur cette énigme : pourquoi Rousseau a-t-il écrit « la plupart » ? Pourquoi Flaubert a-t-il refusé la première solution de Maupassant ? Pourquoi a-t-il accepté la seconde ? La shérarde était-elle en 1880, et est-elle aujourd'hui une bonne solution à son énigme ? Quels mécanismes naturels ou épistémologiques, produisent les exceptions aux exceptions ? Comment cette plante imaginaire peut-elle devenir le terrain de confrontation de conceptions différentes de la nature et de la connaissance, du XIXe au XXIe siècle ? ABSTRACT. A few days before his death on May 8, 1880, Gustave Flaubert was working on the episode about botany, one of the last in his novel Bouvard and Pécuchet. To this end, inspired by a sentence by Rousseau about the calyx of flowers, which "is missing in most liliaceae," he wrote a note in the form of a botanical enigma: to find a common plant, growing in Normandy in April, that would belong to a family that deviated from a general rule among plants ("Every plant has leaves, a calyx, and a corolla"), but which itself would deviate from this exception within its family (an exception to the exception). Without much familiarity with botany, Flaubert claimed to predict the existence of such a plant, while the enigma aroused caution among his more knowledgeable friends. An investigation by Maupassant allowed him to examine possible solutions, first among the Ranunculaceae and then the Rubiaceae, where the sherardia seemed to meet his expectations. This episode still leaves several questions unanswered, which we will attempt to shed light on, requiring a botanical and historical perspective on this enigma: why did Rousseau write "most"? Why did Flaubert reject Maupassant's first solution? Why did he accept the second? Was the sherardia in 1880, and is it today, a good solution to his enigma? What natural or epistemological mechanisms produce exceptions to exceptions? How can this imaginary plant become the battleground for different conceptions of nature and knowledge, from the 19th to the 21st century

    Assessing the burden of road traffic injuries: a one-year prospective study in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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    International audienceBackground Road crashes are recognized as a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. However, initiating and detecting a reduction in the burden of road traffic injuries require reliable statistics to implement current data capture methods, while in many countries data is not sufficiently available and reliable. Methods This study presents an implementation of a monitoring system for road traffic crashes and injuries carried out in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of a systematic capture method capable of improving estimation of the road crash rates and their characteristics. Results The number of road traffic injuries is estimated at 4,766 over one year, and the total number of deaths at 206. 90% of road crash victims are users of two-wheeled motorized vehicles. Lower limbs are the most frequently affected (49.5%) body areas, followed by the head and face (45.9%) and upper limbs (28.7%). Injuries to the chest are the most serious, followed by those to the lower limbs and the head. The spatial analysis of the density of casualties shows a concentration of road crashes on all major roads to the city especially near traffic lights and major intersections. Conclusion The action-research shows that to develop this type of monitoring system, it is essential to cross at least two sources of data collection involved in road crash management to estimate the number of collisions, injuries and fatalities

    Adoption des programmes d'agriculture carbone : les risques comptent

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    International audienceEnsuring that carbon farming credits accurately reflect actual carbon sequestration is a major challenge. Although activity-based schemes are the most common design in voluntary carbon farming schemes, the economic literature has shown that result-based schemes are more cost-effective. However, the risk induced by result-based schemes when carbon sequestration is not known with certainty ex ante is often overlooked. We propose a stylized economic framework that integrates soil science data and models to investigate how carbon accrual uncertainty affects farmers' adoption of carbon farming schemes. This framework is illustrated with a data set combining observations from a long-term experimental site (Ultuna, Sweden), multi-model ensemble simulations of soil organic carbon dynamics, and a wide range of economic assumptions. We investigate both analytically and quantitatively the conditions under which a farmer chooses to participate in a voluntary carbon farming scheme when the quantity of carbon eventually stored is uncertain. Various carbon are explored, farming schemes differing inmonitoring costs and accuracy, with contrasting risk implications for the farmer. In particular, hybrid schemes that are based on the expected SOC accrual, but include an uncertainty discount are examined. It is shown that the incentives to participate in a result-based scheme may decrease with increasing carbon prices, and that hybrid schemes may foster adoption by farmers.Veiller à ce que les crédits de carbone agricole reflètent fidèlement la séquestration réelle du carbone représente un défi majeur. Bien que les programmes basés sur les activités soient les plus courants dans les programmes volontaires de carbone agricole, la littérature économique a montré que les programmes basés sur les résultats sont plus rentables. Cependant, le risque induit par les programmes basés sur les résultats lorsque la séquestration du carbone n'est pas connue avec certitude ex ante est souvent négligé. Nous proposons un cadre économique stylisé qui intègre des données et des modèles de science du sol afin d'étudier comment l'incertitude liée à l'accumulation de carbone affecte l'adoption des programmes de culture carbone par les agriculteurs. Ce cadre est illustré à l'aide d'un ensemble de données combinant des observations provenant d'un site expérimental à long terme (Ultuna, Suède), des simulations multi-modèles de la dynamique du carbone organique du sol et un large éventail d'hypothèses économiques. Nous étudions de manière analytique et quantitative les conditions dans lesquelles un agriculteur choisit de participer à un programme volontaire de culture carbone lorsque la quantité de carbone finalement stockée est incertaine. Divers programmes de carbone sont explorés, avec des coûts de surveillance et des niveaux de précision variables, et des implications contrastées en termes de risque pour l'agriculteur. En particulier, les programmes hybrides basés sur l'accumulation prévue de carbone organique dans le sol, mais incluant une décote pour incertitude, sont examinés. Il est démontré que les incitations à participer à un programme basé sur les résultats peuvent diminuer avec l'augmentation des prix du carbone, et que les programmes hybrides peuvent favoriser l'adoption par les agriculteur

    Family imprint reveals basin-wide patterns of Amazon forest embolism resistance

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    International audienceA list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper Amazon rainforests face intensifying water stress due to increases in vapour pressure deficit and changing hydrological regimes. Embolism resistance (Ψ 50 ) is a critical metric of tree survival under drought conditions, it is defined as a plant's capacity to resist disruption of xylem water flow due to air bubble formation from water stress. However, measurements of Ψ 50 are only available for a limited number of Amazon locations and species. Conversely, data on forest taxonomic composition are abundant across Amazonia, and if Ψ 50 is conserved phylogenetically, these data could provide a way to scale-up drought resistance patterns. Here we evaluate Ψ 50 measurements across nonflooded Amazonian tree taxa and reveal a moderate phylogenetic signal, with phylogenetic conservatism evident at the family-level. Notably, Fabaceae is amongst the most embolism-resistant tree families in Amazonia. Leveraging the phylogenetic signal we use species composition and tree size data from 448 forest plots across Amazonia to produce a macroecological assessment of Amazonian vulnerability to embolism. The resulting estimate spatial pattern reveals that forests in the Brazilian and Guiana Shield regions, where Fabaceae abundance is high, show strong resistance to embolism. In contrast, tree communities in Western Amazonia appear more vulnerable to embolism, suggesting a reduced capacity to withstand future drought conditions.The Amazon region is home to the largest and most diverse tropical forest in the world, and plays an important role in planetary biogeochemical cycles. Recent findings have documented substantial changes in non-flooded Amazonian forests (terra-firme), including floristic and functional composition 1-3 , structure, and dynamics 4,5 , potentially associated with ongoing changes in climate and atmospheric composition. In recent decades, the Amazon has been subjected to a sequence of large-scale drought events (1998, 2005, 2010, 2015-16, 2023 and 2024) 6-12 , as well as a continued warming of 0.6°-0.7 °C since 1950 13 , exposing plants to higher water stress due to increased vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Climate model projections also suggest that the severity of drought effects on forests will continue to increase and that temperatures will likely rise to levels without historical analogues 14,15 . Together, these climatic changes are expected to exacerbate water stress in Amazon rainforests.Xylem embolism resistance is a key structural trait that determines the ability of plants to tolerate water stress. This is because water stress is associated with increasingly negative xylem water potentials, which may result in the formation of water vapour/air bubbles (emboli) in the xylem and compromise water transport to the canopy 16 . Typically, embolism resistance is quantified as the xylem water potential at which a tree's hydraulic conductivity declines to 50% of its maximum value 17 (Ψ 50 ), with a more negative Ψ 50 implying higher embolism resistance. In Amazonia, embolism resistance has been shown to explain transpiration and canopy conductance responses to extreme drought 18,19 , as well as patterns of species distributions 20,21 and differential mortality patterns under imposed drought 22 .In recent years, advances have been made in understanding how embolism resistance varies locally 18,19,22-29 and along basin-wide pre

    Du détournement au retournement : la vulnérabilité comme ressort de domination en Équateur

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    International audienceAls zentraler Begriff der Risikoanalyse hat die Vulnerabilität ihren Ursprung in den radikalen englischsprachigen Strömungen der 1970er Jahre. Lateinamerika hat dessen kritische Stoßrichtung durch die Einführung der Perspektive der (Fehl-)Entwicklung (maldéveloppement) und transformativer Perspektiven gestärkt. Die Analyse der Entwicklung der Vulnerabilität in Ecuador (insbesondere in den Städten Quito und Esmeraldas) seit Beginn der 2000er Jahre zeigt, dass die breite Verbreitung des Begriffs mit einer Abkehr von seiner kritischen Bedeutung einhergeht. Sie zeugt sogar davon, dass der Begriff in seiner Verwendung umgekehrt wurde und als Motor der sozialen Ordnung zum Vorteil des Status quo, als mächtige Technopolitik, mobilisiert wird. Angesichts dieses doppelten Prozesses der Umdeutung liegt es im Interesse der Sozialwissenschaften, den Politikwandel rund um diesen Begriff zu verdeutlichen, um seine Verwendung nicht den Herrschenden zu überlassenA key concept in risk analysis, vulnerability is rooted in the radical English-speaking currents of the 1970s. Latin America helped to establish its critical nature by introducing the perspective of (mal)development and transformative horizons. An analysis of the trajectory of vulnerability in Ecuador (in particular, the cases of Quito and Esmeraldas) since the early 2000s shows that the widespread dissemination of the notion has gone hand in hand with the hijacking of its critical charge. It even testifies to the fact that the notion is being turned on its head, mobilized as a critical lever for social order in favor of the status quo, as a powerful techno-political tool. Faced with this dual process of hijacking and reversal mechanism, the social sciences have an interest in clarifying the political transformations at work around the notion, so as not to abandon its use to the dominant.Concepto clave en el análisis de riesgos, la vulnerabilidad se origina en los movimientos radicales anglófonos de los años setenta. América Latina contribuyó a establecer su carácter crítico al introducir la perspectiva del (mal)desarrollo y considerar horizontes transformadores. Un análisis de la trayectoria de la vulnerabilidad en Ecuador (en particular los casos de Quito y Esmeraldas) desde inicios de la década del 2000 muestra que la amplia difusión del concepto ha ido de la mano con el desvío de su carga crítica. Incluso muestra que el concepto va en sentido contrario, movilizado como un mecanismo de reproducción del orden social, como una poderosa herramienta tecno-política. Frente a este doble proceso de desvío/rumbo contrario, las ciencias sociales tienen interés en esclarecer las recomposiciones políticas en curso en torno a la noción, para no abandonar su uso a las fuerzas dominantes.Notion phare de l’analyse des risques, la vulnérabilité est ancrée dans les courants radicaux anglophones des années 1970. L’Amérique latine a contribué à asseoir son caractère critique en introduisant la perspective du (mal)développement et d’horizons transformateurs. L’analyse de la trajectoire de la vulnérabilité en Équateur (notamment les cas des villes de Quito et Esmeraldas) depuis le début des années 2000 montre que la diffusion large de la notion est concomitante du détournement de sa charge critique. Elle témoigne même du fait que la notion est retournée dans son usage, mobilisée comme ressort de l’ordre social au bénéfice du statu quo, comme une techno-politique puissante. Face à ce double processus de détournement/retournement, les sciences sociales ont intérêt à expliciter les recompositions à l’œuvre du politique autour de la notion pour ne pas en abandonner l’usage aux dominants

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