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RetroRules 2026: an expanded database combining biochemical and organic reaction templates for pathway discovery
No full textInternational audienceAbstract RetroRules (https://retrorules.org) is an open resource of reaction templates, which are generic reaction representations that describe the atomic transformations underlying biochemical reactions. These templates are key to supporting metabolic pathway discovery, reaction prediction, and enzyme engineering. The 2026 release updates biochemical sources (MetaNetX, Rhea) and newly integrates organic chemistry reactions (USPTO), extending the scope of the database beyond enzymatic systems. The template encoding has been simplified by using implicit hydrogens and minimal atomic descriptors, resulting in faster and more compact representations. Radius range now spans 0–10, allowing finer control of reaction specificity. In addition, mass-imbalanced reactions are included, expanding the coverage of biochemically relevant transformations. Reaction mapping now relies on the transformer-based tool RXNMapper, improving accuracy. RetroRules 2026 comprises 1 174 216 templates derived from 92 698 reactions, covering 5796 fourth-level EC numbers. A redesigned website, updated Online Template Generator, and OpenAPI-defined API enable multi-criteria exploration (dataset, radius, and EC number), visualization, and data export in multiple formats. Sequence annotations from UniProt were refreshed and summarized as a normalized sequence-support score for ranking. Together, these updates establish RetroRules as a cross-domain resource bridging biochemistry and organic chemistry, offering broader coverage, controllable specificity, and enhanced usability for high-throughput pathway design, reaction prediction, and enzyme engineering
L’autonomisation au travail d’éleveurs qui valorisent des milieux semi-naturels par le pâturage
No full textPARTIE II: LES NOUVELLES PRATIQUES AGRICOLESInternational audienc
Banques et fintechs : le capital-investissement comme éléments de différenciation entre groupes bancaires coopératifs et à capital-actions
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines how French banking groups engage in fintech financing, distinguishing cooperative banks from shareholder-owned banks. Drawing on agency theory and the resource- based view, we analyze whether organizational form shapes banks’ investment strategies toward fintechs. Using an original dataset covering the period 2000-2025 and binomial and multinomial logit models, we show that differences between bank types lie less in the decision to invest than in how they invest. In particular, cooperative and shareholder-owned banks differ in terms of geographic focus, timing of entry, and the types of fintechs they finance.Cet article analyse les stratégies de financement des fintechs mises en oeuvre par les groupes bancaires français, en distinguant banques coopératives et banques à capital-actions. En mobilisant la théorie positive de l'agence et l'approche fondée sur les ressources, nous étudions si la forme organisationnelle influence la manière dont les banques s'engagent dans le financement des fintechs par capital-investissement. À partir d'une base de données originale couvrant la période 2000-2025 et de modèles logit binomial et multinomial, les résultats montrent que les différences portent moins sur la décision d'investir que sur les modalités d'intervention, notamment en termes de localisation, de stade d'entrée et de profil des fintechs financées
Advancing law and economics in France: the role of the French association
No full textInternational audienceThis paper aims to present the role of AFED in the development of the law and economics field in France and its specific characteristics. First, the context and reasons for the late institutionalization of law and economics in France are presented. Second, the evolution of the scientific contributions of AFED researchers is exposed. Finally, the role of the association in public expertise is examined
How does low-input crop management perform? Economic, environmental and social assessment data on different arable crop management strategies in France
No full textInternational audienceWe analysed public raw data from field surveys and elicited knowledge from agricultural advisors to update data about low-input arable crop management performances in France. This dataset includes information about 26 arable crops in 10 zones covering the entire territory of metropolitan France. We differentiated five crop management strategies, ranging from conventional, which is fully input-reliant farming, to organic farming, through integrated pest management and agroecology. Typical crop management routes are given for each situation and assessed through a set of 30 economic, environmental and social performance indicators. This data could be useful to support public decision making regarding low-input agriculture.</div
Filling in social “justice gaps”: Going beyond technical dynamics in just transition processes
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616440/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): 101069586;BOLSTER;(EU) Bridging Organizations and marginalized communities for Local Sustainability Transitions in EuRope//International audiencePolicies that aim to protect the environment have unintended consequences on marginalized communities. Often translating into increased pressures on such communities, these consequences may be linked to top-down decision-making practices that do not consider the preferences and priorities of the marginalized in society. In this chapter, the just transition (JT) policy processes are explored for Hainaut, Belgium. The elaboration of the Territorial Just Transition Plan has guided these processes and led to three axes for the JT in the region (industry, energy, and socio-economic). However, through interviews and multi-actor forums with marginalized communities, important “justice gaps” were identified. For each axis, decision-makers prioritized technical and innovation concerns over social ones, leading to unintended consequences for marginalized communities. Looking through a socio-technical lens, this chapter concludes that JT decision-making processes led to a technical decarbonization focus in the region, but without an accompanying social shift. Considering the perspectives of marginalized communities may help fill these gaps, account for the needs of the marginalized, and support leaving no one behind in JT processes
Microfluidic Padlock Probe-based Rolling Circle Amplification for sensitive detection of mecA resistance gene in Staphylococcus aureus
No full textInternational audienceAntimicrobial resistance and the dissemination of resistance genes remain critical global health challenges, demanding efficient monitoring and detection tools. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a prominent example, posing serious clinical and epidemiological concerns. Here, we developed a sensitive detection platform combining isothermal Padlock Probe-based Rolling Circle Amplification with a bead-based microfluidic biosensor and fluorescent readout for the detection of the mecA gene in S. aureus. The assay design was first validated using a complementary synthetic ssDNA target, then optimized with genomic dsDNA extracted from a laboratory strain. The optimized system was subsequently applied to clinical isolates from sepsis cases and complex matrices simulating natural habitats, including milk, serum, and salad. The biosensor achieved a detection limit of 10^4 cells with 100 % specificity compared to PCR at an analysis time of two hour. All reaction steps were carried out sequentially within the microfluidic device, highlighting the strong potential of the device for full automation and for extension to additional bacterial genes
Surface albedo and thermal radiation dynamics under conservation and conventional agriculture in subhumid Zimbabwe
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/614360/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): 101138269;ACCURATE;(EU) Albedo, Conservation agriCUltuRe and climATe bEnefit// FOOD/2021/424–933;RAIZ;(EU) Promoting agroecological intensification for resilience building in Zimbabwe//International audienceWhile conservation agriculture (CA) has been widely evaluated for its biogeochemical effects (e.g soil organic carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions) for climate mitigation, its biogeophysical impacts related to changes in surface albedo remain understudied. This study assessed the biogeophysical effects of CA cropping systems with maize (Zea mays L.) in Zimbabwe. Measurements were conducted continuously over two cropping years at two long-term experiments with contrasting soil characteristics, on an abruptic Lixisol and on a xanthic Ferralsol. The dynamics of surface albedo, longwave radiation, leaf area index, soil moisture and temperature were monitored under three different treatments: conventional tillage (CT, tilled to ~15 cm), no-tillage (NT) and no-tillage with mulch (NTM, 2.5 t DM ha⁻¹). Our results revealed that, on the Ferralsol, NT and NTM significantly (p < 0.05) increased mean annual albedo (0.17) relative to CT (0.16), resulting in a negative instantaneous radiative forcing (iRF) and indicating a net cooling effect. iRF was stronger in 2021/22 (NT: -0.83 ± 0.17 W m-2; NTM: -1.43 ± 0.7 W m-2) than in 2022/23 (NT: -0.43 ± 0.09 W m-2; NTM: -1.03 ± 0.21 W m-2). Conversely, on the Lixisol, while NT increased surface albedo (0.27 vs. CT: 0.24), NTM significantly reduced albedo (0.23), causing positive iRF (warming). iRF was -3.34 ± 0.69 W m-2 and -2.78 ± 0.77 W m-2 for NT in the first and second cropping year, respectively, and increased from 1.14 ± 0.21 W -2 (2021/22) to 2.77 ± 0.41 W m-2 (2022/ 23) under NTM. Overall, our results suggest that the soil background albedo is an important site characteristic that needs to be considered and demonstrates the importance of considering biogeophysical effects when promoting practices of CA for climate change mitigation
Déploiement et Maillage de stations instrumentées en IoT sur le territoire pour diverses études_AG AnaEE 2026 "ECOLOGGING"
No full textInternational audienceIn this poster, we present the deployments of the different types of instrumented stations developed within the framework of the "ECOLOGGING” project, carried out during the year 2024/2025, as well as the main developments, the results obtained, and the conclusions. The “ECOLOGGING” stations are deployed according to the nature of the studies conducted and the associated specific scientific needs.Dans ce poster, nous présentons les déploiements des différents types de stations instrumentées développées dans le cadre du projet "ECOLOGGING", réalisés au cours de l’année 2024/2025, ainsi que les principales évolutions, les résultats obtenus et les conclusions. Les stations ECOLOGGING sont déployées en fonction de la nature des études menées et des besoins scientifiques spécifiques associés