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Plant trait responses to herbivore type managed as domestic or as wild
No full textInternational audienceThe urgency of restoring ecosystems over vast areas has placed rewilding using wild herbivores at the forefront. However, few scientific studies address its effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning compared to more traditional conservation interventions with domestic herbivores. Equus ferus przewalskii horses introduced 30 years ago in the National Park of Cévennes, France -as a step of a conservation program of the species for its reintroduction in Mongolia -now occur as a semi-wild horse population, socially natural (i.e., management is based on natural selection). This introduction allowed us to compare this management system ('as wild') with other breeding systems: domestic sheep or domestic horses. Rewilding projects especially focus on the restoration of ecological functions, we therefore sought to find out if there are differences in the functional traits of the vegetation depending on the grazer and its management (domestic vs 'as wild') with the aim to generalize our results to other rewilding projects. Two levels of organization were tested (1) plant communitiesusing the TRY database and botanical surveys and (2) plant populationsby selecting four indicator species with traits measured in situ. Our results show that at equivalent grazing pressure, domestic horses or 'as wild' horses preserve the same plant functional types as in the traditional reference ecosystem grazed by sheep. Whatever the grazer and its management, grassland plant communities are characterized and dominated by perennial polycarpic plants, with oligotrophic to mesotrophic nutrient requirement, hemicryptophytes, graminoids, plants with entire leaf blades, not spiny, erect and mainly forming tussock. Nevertheless, some interesting significant differences were measured between the plant communities growing under the three types of grazing (e.g., lower functional richness and more plants with entire leaf blade under sheep grazing). Even between horse sub-species, differences were significant for some traits (e.g., more chamaephyte species growing under 'as wild' horses), which could be linked to physiological and morphological differences between the two horses sub-species (e.g., nutritional requirements, herbivore size) and by herd management. However, the intraspecific variability on the four quantitative traits measured on four indicator species do not show a general pattern. Although these results are valid at a given time and in a particular ecosystem, the vegetation functional traits approach can help in decision-making regarding ecosystem management choices and highlight the fact that the 'as wild' management adds an interesting alternative to conservation
Draw me the sea
No full textDrawings can be used to identify and understand children's ecological knowledge, as well as their representations and emotions, and as a medium for dialogue between science and society
On the relation between single word and multiple word processing during learning to read
No full textInternational audienceThe current study investigated the development of single word processing and multiple word processing skills in French-speaking children from Grade 2 to Grade 6. A total of 150 children participated in two tasks: a Lexical Decision Task (LDT) and a Grammatical Decision Task (GDT). The LDT was used to test single word processing abilities, whereas the GDT was used to test multiple word processing abilities, with stimuli presented at varying display times (LDT: 83–300 ms; GDT: 150–700 ms). Signal detection theory analysis revealed that all children performed well in the LDT, whereas only Grade 4 and Grade 6 children performed above chance in the GDT. A cluster analysis was used to investigate the different types of relation between sensitivity (d’) in the LDT and GDT. The analysis revealed two clusters that differed in reading fluency and sensitivity in both tasks. Children from Cluster 2, who exhibited the highest sensitivity in the LDT, were the only ones to perform on average above the chance level in the GDT. Moreover, a strong correlation (r = .64) between LDT and GDT performance was found in this group. Finally, we found that a sensitivity of 1.95 in the LDT almost perfectly predicted cluster membership. Such sensitivity was achieved at Grade 3, suggesting that the ability to process multiple word sequences first requires sufficient efficiency in processing words in isolation. Once this turning point is reached, single word processing skills support the development of multiple word processing, which could take several years to mature fully
Superar em conjunto as dificuldades do métier docente: retorno sobre uma experiência coletiva de pesquisa-intervenção no Brasil
No full textInternational audienceAs part of a research project carried out at a public high school in Fortaleza (Brazil), with language teachers as participants, we seek in this article to identify the didactic and organizational strategies and resources they propose to deal with certain new or recurring situations in their work. The study follows on from those of the ERGAPE team, proposing an ergonomic analysis of teaching activity within a historical-cultural approach. The methodological framework aims to create conditions conducive to the realization of thought in discourse, followed by confrontation with the discourse and voice of others on the subject of their own activity. Our analyses are based on dialogues conducted in two collective encounters (interrupted by the pandemic), using recordings of simple auconfrontations, enabling the collective sharing of real teaching situations. Collective exchanges generate a reflexive process through the analysis of work situations. Participants become analysts of their own work, adopting a posture between distancing and engagement, within what might be described as a training collective.Dans le cadre d’une intervention-recherche réalisée dans un lycée public à Fortaleza (Brésil), ayant comme participants les enseignants de langues, nous cherchons ici à identifier les stratégies et les ressources didactiques et organisationnelles qu’ils proposent pour faire face certaines situations nouvelles ou récurrentes dans leur travail. L’étude propose une entrée par l’analyse ergonomique de l’activité enseignante s’inscrivant dans une approche historico-culturelle. Le cadre méthodologique vise à créer les conditions propices à la réalisation de la pensée dans le discours, puis la confrontation à la voix et au regard d’autrui au sujet de sa propre activité. Nos analyses s’appuient sur les dialogues réalisés dans deux rencontres collectives (interrompues par la pandémie) permettant le partage collectif de situations réelles d’enseignement. Les échanges engendrent un processus réflexif grâce à l'analyse collective de situations de travail. Aux côtés des chercheuses, les participants deviennent des analystes de leur propre travail, adoptant une posture entre distanciation et engagement, au sein de ce que l'on pourrait qualifier de collectif de formation.No âmbito de uma pesquisa-intervenção realizada em uma escola pública de Ensino Médio em Fortaleza (Brasil), tendo como participantes professores de línguas, este artigo procura identificar as estratégias e os recursos didáticos e organizacionais que estes propõem para abordar determinadas situações novas ou recorrentes no seu trabalho. O estudo dá continuidade aos da equipe ERGAPE, propondo uma análise ergonômica da atividade docente no âmbito de uma abordagem histórico-cultural. O quadro metodológico visa criar condições propícias à realização do pensamento no discurso, seguido de um confronto com o discurso e a voz dos outros sobre o tema da sua própria atividade. As nossas análises baseiam-se em diálogos realizados em duas reuniões coletivas (interrompidas pela pandemia), utilizando gravações de autoconfrontações simples, permitindo partilhar coletivamente situações reais de ensino. As trocas coletivas geram um processo reflexivo através da análise das situações de trabalho. Os participantes tornam-se analistas do seu próprio trabalho, adotando uma postura entre o distanciamento e o compromisso, no que pode ser descrito como um coletivo de formação
Le patricien Marco Giustiniani, recteur de Vérone : l’éloge de Martino Rizzoni au nom de la cité (1434)
No full textInternational audienceLe discours composé par Marco Rizzoni à l’occasion du départ du podestat de Vérone en 1434 fournit un remarquable exemple de l’usage de la rhétorique humaniste en Terre Ferme, dans le sillage des modèles fournis par Guarino Veronese. La célébration de Marco Giustiniani, figure relativement méconnue au sein d’une célèbre lignée patricienne, expose un idéal politique de consensus, qui associe l’essor des studia humanitatis comme culture de gouvernement aux transformations du mythe de Venise
Vers une modélisation hydrologique flexible et opérationnelle pour la simulation des débits : optimisation et comparaison des approches à base physique et de Deep Learning
No full textThis PhD thesis evaluates two major paradigms in streamflow modeling: process-based models (PBMs) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and data-driven models (DDMs) using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks. The comparison is structured around four key requirements: reliability, operational readiness, broad applicability, and climate change compatibility. The reliability and operational readiness of SWAT are first addressed by analyzing the combined effects of watershed discretization and input data on simulation performance in a Mediterranean basin. Results show that increasing the number of Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) consistently reduces model accuracy and substantially increases computational cost. Moreover, soil inputs play a more critical role than land use, so informative soils with minimal HRUs per sub-basin is recommended to ensure efficiency and accuracy in streamflow simulations. To further assess SWAT's reliability and broad applicability, various calibration strategies are tested using discharge and soil moisture (SM) data. While discharge-only calibration yields accurate streamflow, it poorly represents soil water (SW) dynamics. Including SM data improves high flow simulations but not SW estimates, raising questions about SWAT's internal consistency. In ungauged settings, SM_only calibration performs poorly, while the uncalibrated model is more reliable but inconsistent across the watershed. To address these limitations, the generalization ability and broader applicability of LSTM models are explored across 310 French basins. Time-informed LSTM generalizes well over time in 89% of basins. Spatial and spatio-temporal LSTM models perform well in about half the basins but show reduced accuracy in low-flow or low-variability conditions. Importantly, incorporating additional European basins into training does not improve generalization performance, but does not deteriorate it neither which promises a good model's transferability across Europe. Finally, both SWAT and LSTM models are tested under climate anomaly years to assess their climate change compatibility. SWAT's performance declines in drier-warmer years, especially when uncalibrated, due to its fixed structure and dependence on local calibration. LSTM maintains stable accuracy across varied climate conditions and produces more realistic hydrographs, demonstrating greater robustness to non-stationarity. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that SWAT and LSTM serve distinct yet complementary purposes. SWAT is well-suited for process-based analysis in well-instru-mented basins where detailed calibration is feasible. LSTM models offer automated, scalable modeling with climate-robust streamflow simulation, although their spatial transferability remains limited in some contexts. Together, SWAT and LSTM models provide a practical foundation for applications ranging from local water resource planning to regional-scale streamflow projections under future climate scenarios.Cette thèse compare deux grands paradigmes de modélisation des débits fluviaux : les modèles basés sur les lois physiques, à travers l'outil SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), et les modèles basés sur les données, avec les réseaux de neurones LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory). L'évaluation repose sur quatre critères principaux : fiabilité, opérationnalité, portée d'application et robustesse face au changement climatique. Une première évaluation de SWAT sur un bassin méditerranéen montre que diminuer le nombre d'unités de réponse hydrologique (HRUs) améliore la précision des débits simulés tout en réduisant le temps de calcul. Ce paramétrage favorise ainsi l'opérationnalité du modèle sans compromettre sa fiabilité. Plusieurs stratégies de calibration sont ensuite comparées afin d'évaluer la capacité du modèle SWAT à reproduire la teneur en eau du sol, et son applicabilité en contexte non jaugé. Lorsqu'il est calibré uniquement sur les débits, SWAT reproduit mal les dynamiques d'humidité du sol. L'ajout des données d'humidité du sol comme contrainte de calibration améliore les hauts débits sans corriger les erreurs sur le stock d'eau du sol, révélant des limites de cohérence interne du modèle. En l'absence de données de débit, une calibration basée uniquement sur l'humidité du sol conduit à de faibles performances, tandis que le modèle non calibré produit des simulations de débits de précision spatialement hétérogène. Pour surmonter ces limitations et proposer une approche adaptée aux bassins non jaugés, la généralisation spatiale et temporelle des modèles LSTM est explorée sur 310 bassins français. Les modèles entrainés en mode temporel (TI) généralisent efficacement dans le temps sur 89% des bassins. Les modèles spatiaux (SI) et spatio-temporels (STI) donnent de bonnes performances dans environ la moitié des cas, mais perdent en précision sur les bassins à faibles débits ou à faible variabilité. L'ajout de bassins européens dans les données d'entraînement n'améliore pas la généralisation, mais ne la dégrade pas non plus, suggérant un bon potentiel de transférabilité à l'échelle continentale. Enfin, la réponse des deux modèles à des années climatiquement anormales est analysée. SWAT voit ses performances se dégrader lors d'années plus chaudes et plus sèches, notamment lorsqu'il n'est pas calibré, en raison de sa structure rigide. A l'inverse, les LSTM maintiennent une précision stable et produisent des hydrogrammes plus réalistes, traduisant une meilleure robustesse face à la non-stationnarité. En somme, les modèles SWAT et LSTM répondent à des besoins distincts mais complémentaires. SWAT est adapté aux analyses mécanistes dans des bassins bien instrumentés, tandis que les LSTM permettent une modélisation automatisée et robuste face aux variations de climat, pertinente pour les approches à grande échelle. Ensemble, ils constituent une base solide pour des applications allant de la gestion locale des ressources en eau à la projection régionale des débits selon les scénarios climatiques futurs
Interdigitated Capacitive Biosensors as Accessible Sensors: A Literature Review
No full textInternational audienc
Analysis of Pigments Used in Ceramic Decoration from El Caño, Panama (600–1520 CE)
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, we present the analyses of 34 samples of pigments used in pottery decorations found at the El Caño site in Panama. Analyses were performed with an SEM (with an attached EDS detector) and an FTIR (ATR) spectrometer. The analyzed samples included hues of black, red, white, and blue/purple pigments. The analyses allowed for diachronic evaluation of the materials used to decorate pottery from the Cubitá, Conte, Macaracas, and Mendoza complexes (600–1520 CE). The results show evidence of the use of earth or clay to produce the pigments. Additionally, concentrations of carbon were observed, mainly in the black pigments, where organic and inorganic materials appeared to be combined. The data suggest a certain cultural continuity in the use of materials to decorate pottery of a common origin, and point to the region's endogenous development of artisanal production.Este trabajo analiza 34 muestras de pigmentos usados en la decoración de cerámica encontradas en el yacimiento de El Caño, Panamá. Los análisis se realizaron con un SEM (con un detector EDS acoplado) y un espectometro FTIR (ATR). Las muestras analizadas son pigmentos de diferentes tonalidades de colores negros, rojos, blancos y azules/morados. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los materiales usados en la decoración de cerámicas de los complejos Cubitá, Conte, Macaracas y Mendoza (600–1520 E.C). Los resultados arrojan evidencias del empleo de arcillas/tierras en la elaboración de los pigmentos. Adicionalmente, se observan en los análisis EDS concentraciones especialmente significativas de carbono, principalmente en los colores negros, que sugiere el empleo de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos en su preparación. La homogeneidad en el empleo de las materias primas sugiere cierta continuidad cultural en los materiales usados en la decoración de cerámicas acorde con un origen común y apuntan a un desarrollo endógeno de la producción artesanal en la región
Classifier les gestes coverbaux : l'apport de Jacques Cosnier
No full textInternational audienceEn France, les travaux de Jacques Cosnier, aux côtés de ceux de Calbris et Montredon, ont largement contribué à l’étude des gestes coverbaux, que ce soit dans une perspective psychologique, linguistique ou didactique. L’un des défis majeurs dans l’étude des gestes est leur classification : comment les distinguer selon des critères pertinents ? Cette question constitue un enjeu central pour les chercheurs. Or, comme le souligne Calbris (2011), il n’existe pas de schéma d’annotation universel. Kendon (2004) va encore plus loin en affirmant qu’élaborer un système d’annotation unifié serait une erreur. Cependant, disposer d’une base commune d’annotation et d’une typologie partagée facilite la conception des schémas d’analyse et permet de comparer plus aisément les études. Ainsi, plusieurs tentatives ont été menées pour élaborer des classifications détaillées et généralisables dès les années 1960.Retour sur deux publications de Jacques Cosnier (Cosnier, 1982 et Cosnier et Vaysse,1997) pour montrer comment les distinctions proposées ont contribué aux recherches sur les gestes coverbaux
Setting Up Before the Police: Tactics, Sound Walls, and Skill-Building in Tekno Sound Systems
No full textInternational audienceFollowing an overview of the history of sound systems in France, we will turn our attention to tekno sound systems that emerged in the mid 1990s as a massive phenomenon within the free party movement. Despite a number of academic publications and documentaries being devoted to free parties, the tekno sound system has remained under-discussed. Using reggae sound systems as a reference point, we will adopt a comparative approach to discuss the characteristics of tekno sound systems, examining how they operate and form alliances, particularly through the practice of sound walls. Notably, they do so without state authorisation, with the installation of the sound system before the police arrive being an achievement in itself. We will thus examine the tactics used by collectives in a repressive environment where they face the risk of having their sound equipment seized. The free party scene appears to be an autonomous space that facilitates the acquisition of numerous skills through peer mentorship and experimentation. Organising these events requires technical and aesthetic skills, as well as the ability to manage internal relations between participants and groups and external relations with local residents, local authorities and the police