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The web archive as a resource in an impeded field: from a substitute source to a major trace in the development of colonial history
No full textInternational audienceD2 -Before discussing my relationship with digital data and web sources in my research methodology, I would first like to address the broader issues surrounding the use of web data from my position as deputy director of a CNRS laboratory. I will begin by considering the role of digital data and web sources in the Institute of Research and Study on the Arab and Islamic Worlds (IREMAM). I. D3 -The research programs developed at IREMAM cover a vast geographical area, ranging from the Mediterranean shores of Africa and the Levant to Sub-Saharan Africa and the Horn of Africa, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Persian Gulf, including Iran, Turkey, and Armenia. Their research also encompasses migrant communities from these regions who have settled in Europe. A large portion of this research focuses on what are considered "sensitive" fields. By "sensitive", we refer to qualitative research on topics subject to security constraints that influence the research process-through restrictions, secrecy, or the risk of punishment-necessitating strategic circumventions or adjustments. The issue of sensitive fieldwork sites affects both the day-to-day work of researchers and the operations of the laboratory. For instance, in late 2024, the imprisonment of a doctoral student for one month in Tunisia significantly disrupted the lab's activities. Access to such sensitive areas may become partially or entirely impossible-either due to geopolitical unrest, diplomatic hurdles such as visa refusals, or limitations like inaccessible local archives. D4 -In response to these barriers, researchers increasingly turn to digital fieldwork as an alternative. Consulting a growing body of digitized archives online, the search for interlocutors and potential interviewees through websites or social networks are the major practices of the creation of a substitute field. D5-In addition to these specific relationships with sensitive fields, researchers are developing uses suited to the Arab world's unique position as a region marked by frequent political protest, closely monitored by states via digital platforms. The Arab Spring was a pivotal moment, during which the web emerged as a means of expression, paving the way for new types of research and critical reflection on digital space as a potential public sphere for</div
Assessing past marine social-ecological systems transformations in the southwestern Indian Ocean: A case study approach
No full textInternational audienceMarine social-ecological systems across the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) face unprecedented pressures, demanding interventions and approaches designed to create new and sustainable systems of human-environment interactions. Transformation theory offers frameworks for understanding systemic change, but the empirical testing in marine contexts remains limited, particularly at regional scales. This study addresses this gap by analyzing three marine transformation case studies in the WIO region: seabird bycatch mitigation in South African fisheries, fisheries co-management in Tanzania, and regional tuna fisheries management through the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. Each case was analyzed through Olsson's three-phase transformation framework (Preparing for change, Navigating transition, and Building resilience) while tracking the evolution of knowledge systems, leadership functions, and transformation attributes including scope, depth, and speed. Our findings reveal contrasting strategies for scaling transformative change and some common patterns. Notably, an inverse relationship between governance scale and transformative depth was found: local and national initiatives achieved deeper transformations through market incentives and community capacity building respectively, while regional governance faced greater barriers due to competing national interests and institutional inertia. All transformations required decades of sustained effort and specific actor functions to guide transformation, such as actors providing information and knowledge, actors leading and guiding action, and those connecting people and coordinating effort. Strong leadership functions were also found to help overcome resistance to change. These case studies emphasize that although some common patterns emerge, unlocking the potential for successful transformation in marine social-ecological systems of the WIO is context-dependent, with no one-size-fits-all solution. Success depends on the alignment of problem framing, institutional capacity, actor interests, and value alignment within specific socio-political contexts
Unfolding the Contributions of Small-Scale Fisheries to the Sustainable Development Goals
No full textInternational audienceThe effects of climate change are hindering the ability of the world to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by 2030. In particular, the success of SDG 2 (Zero hunger) is threatened by the impacts of climate change on global food production, leaving over 20% of the world's population at risk of food and nutrition insecurity. Fisheries, particularly small-scale fisheries (SSF), play a crucial role in future global food security. With the constant increase in demand for aquatic food products and its key role in nutrition in many coastal contexts, sustainable fishery production is essential to ensure healthy food while protecting the health and function of marine ecosystems. Despite its importance for livelihoods and nutrition for millions of people, SSFs remain poorly acknowledged in global policies. Social-ecological relationships in SSF are complex and poorly understood, making it difficult to formulate policies that could improve and preserve the contributions of SSF to sustainable development. Here, we developed an expert-based rapid appraisal framework to identify and characterize the contribution of SSF to SDGs. We implemented a flexible scoring system for data-limited situations, usable with natural resources users, managers, and scientists. Our structured approach is not limited to SDG 14 and target 14.b; rather, it provides insights into SSF's contributions to 11 other SDGs. This research discusses the findings from the application of the Rapid Appraisal framework to 60 SSF case studies in eight countries across Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Our findings indicate that SSF have consistent potential to advance certain SDGs and targets, especially targets 1.4, 12.3, 1.1, 8.5, and to a lesser extent targets 14.2, 14.1, and 16.7. SSFs impact on other targets are variable and dependent on local contexts, especially some targets of SDGs 5 (targets 5.5 and 5.A) and 8 (targets 8.7, 8.8, and 8.9). Our work reveals that unlocking SSFs potential to advance SDGs, requires understanding them not only from the marine resource perspective (SDG 14) but also from its social and economic components. Our study provides the first comprehensive approach for assessing the multiple contributions of SSFs to SDGs, allowing for a global assessment of SSF across diverse contexts, and analyzing key trends and variations in their contributions to the SDGs. As SSFs supply about 40% of the global fish catch and 90% of the employment in the capture fisheries sector, we argue that SSFs play a critical role in policies leading towards the SDGs
Place et rôle de la LSF dans la scolarisation d’élèves sourds soutenue par une ULIS-collège bilingue. Exemple de production et d’usages de ressources.
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Sensibiliser les élèves à l'intérêt des devoirs
No full textInternational audienceDuring our study of homework help sessions, we identified a recurring difficulty that threatened the effectiveness of this approach: some students did not see the point of the assigned independent work. This chapter therefore describes an experiment conducted in a middle school classroom aimed at explaining to students the nature and purpose of the expected work.Lors de l'étude de séance d'aide aux devoirs, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une difficulté récurrente de nature à compromettre l'efficacité de ce dispositif : certains élève ne voyaient pas l'intérêt du travail personnel qui leur était demandé. Ce chapitre rend donc compte d'une expérimentation menée dans une classe de collège visant à présenter aux élève la nature et l'objectif du travail attendu
Spatialiser l’alerte par diffusion cellulaire : approche géographique des effets de bord
No full textThe aim of this work is to analyze the actual spatial reach of alerts broadcast by Cell Broadcast (CB) as part of the FR-Alert system, deployed since 2022 to alert the population via 4G and 5G mobile networks. Understanding the broadcasting of alerts is an eminently geographical issue, because spatializing the broadcasting of alerts requires taking into account a multitude of geographical objects that interact in the broadcasting of radio waves. Using a radio wave propagation model combined with GIS analysis, this thesis proposes a protocol for simulating the range of antennas in their broadcasting environment. The proposed simulation takes into account technical (frequency, azimuth, height) and environmental (relief, urban density) factors, and is applied to two case studies in Marseille and Vauvert. A comparison between the simulations and empirical reception data reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the protocol, while offering a refined reading of the edge effect. It also identifies concrete avenues of adjustment to improve the spatial precision of cell broadcasting and limit overflows outside the targeted perimeter. The study also proposes an analysis of the actual broadcasting of the alert based on empirical reception data collected for the two case studies, and explores, based on the location of receivers along the road network as well as on response density, several approaches aimed at delimiting the actual broadcasting zone of the CB alert, in addition to simulations, which spatialize the maximum edge effect from the antennas considered.Ce mémoire vise à analyser la portée spatiale réelle des alertes diffusées par Cell Broadcast (CB) dans le cadre du dispositif FR-Alert, déployé depuis 2022 pour alerter la population via les réseaux mobiles 4G et 5G. Comprendre la diffusion de l’alerte est une question éminemment géographique, car spatialiser la diffusion de l’alerte nécessite de tenir compte d’une multitude d’objets géographiques qui sont mis en interaction dans la propagation des ondes radio. À l’aide d’un modèle de propagation des ondes radio combiné à une analyse SIG, ce mémoire propose un protocole simulant la portée des antennes dans leur environnement de diffusion. La simulation ainsi proposée tient compte de facteurs techniques (fréquence, azimuts, hauteur) et environnementaux (relief, densité urbaine) et est appliquée à deux cas d’étude situés à Marseille et Vauvert. La comparaison entre les simulations et des données empiriques de réception révèle les forces et les faiblesses du protocole, tout en offrant une lecture affinée de l’effet de bord. Elle permet également d’identifier des pistes concrètes d’ajustement pour améliorer la précision spatiale de la diffusion cellulaire et limiter les débordements hors du périmètre ciblé. Le mémoire propose aussi une analyse de la diffusion effective de l’alerte à partir des données empiriques de réception recueillies pour les deux cas d’étude, et explore, en s’appuyant sur la localisation des récepteurs le long du réseau routier ainsi que sur la densité des réponses, plusieurs approches visant à délimiter la zone de diffusion réelle de l’alerte du CB, en complément de simulations, qui spatialisent l’effet de bord maximal depuis les antennes considérées
Analyzing the miraculin content of Beninese Sisrè berries (Synsepalum dulcificum Schumach. & Thonn.) and exploring its thermal behavior
No full textInternational audienceThe pulp of the miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) has the ability to change the acidic taste of ingested foods into a sweet taste. This functionality is due to miraculin, a glycoprotein presents in the pulp of the fruit. Miraculin is low in calories and can be used for the development of stabilized natural sweetener for food. This study aimed to extract and quantify the miraculin level in the pulp of Sisrè (Synsepalum dulcificum) collected from various localities of Benin and explore its thermal behavior. The aim was to generate preliminary quantitative data on the termosensitivity of miraculin. The beninese miracle fruits were characterized by an average mass value of 0.9 g, a length of 1.66 cm and a thickness of 0.84 cm. In dry basis, the pulp represented 12.8 % of the fruit while the seed was preponderant representing 73.8 % of the fruit. Overall, the miracle fruits studied exhibited size and average mass 35 % lower than values reported in literature. Likewise, the pulp content is 33 % lower than those obtained in the literature. However, the miraculin concentration in the pulp was higher than those reported by other authors amounting to 4.8 g‧kg -1 DB. Heat treatments led to significant losses of miraculin. In the raw pulp (aw = 0.97), 70.5 % and 71.9 % of miraculin were lost after isothermal treatments for 5 min at 70 °C and 80 °C respectively. The intensity of degradation was slightly lower when the pulp was lyophilized up to a 0.31 aw with 66.8 % lost recorded at 70 °C (5 min). The findings highlight the potential of Beninese Sisrè as a natural sweetener, while also providing valuable insights for developing stabilization processes to obtain high-quality functional products
Outils d’aide à la décision médicale et normes sociales. Trois questions à Giulia Anichini
No full textBlog des chercheur·es du Centre Norbert Elia
How Negative Emotions Influence Arithmetic Performance: A Magnetoencephalography Study
No full textInternational audienceAbstract In this study, we used magnetoencephalography and adopted a strategy approach to determine how negative emotions influence arithmetic performance. Forty-eight participants had to find estimates of two-digit multiplication problems, while their strategies were monitored for each problem. Problems were displayed superimposed on emotionally negative or neutral pictures. Behavioral results showed that negative emotions had a deleterious influence on arithmetic performance, especially while executing the harder strategy. Magnetoencephalography data showed decreased activations under negative emotions in brain regions known to specifically underlie arithmetic neural processes, such as left parietal regions (i.e., intraparietal sulcus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus), and no effects of emotions in regions involved in domain-general mechanisms, such as prefrontal regions. Interestingly, decreased activations occurred very early after the onset of the arithmetic problems (i.e., 100–250 msec) and were not found in later time windows. These results suggest that negative emotions impair the early domain-specific processes (such as encoding arithmetic problems), possibly as a result of competing resources between emotional and arithmetic processing. These findings have important implications for further understanding of neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying effects of negative emotions in arithmetic and for further investigating how emotions influence cognition
Plant Trait Matching Occurs in Facilitative Interactions Across Global Drylands
No full textInternational audienceAim: Plant functional traits can influence interaction outcomes between nurse and target plants through a "functional trait match", which occurs when the traits of nurse plants ameliorate their environment, and target plants possess traits that allow them to benefit from this ameliorated environment. We investigated how the traits of putative nurse species affect interaction outcomes across global drylands and determined the functional match that promotes facilitation. We also investigated how grazing pressure and global climatic and edaphic gradients affected this trait match. Location: Global drylands. Time Period: 2016-2019. Major Taxa Studied: Vascular plants. Methods: We used a collaborative survey conducted across 29 sites from five continents, where we gathered in situ co-occurrences of dominant species ('nurses') and other vascular plant species, as well as their functional traits [plant height and leaf dry matter content (LDMC)]. Climate, edaphic variables and grazing pressure were measured in situ or extracted from databases. We used a model building approach to determine the effect of dominant plant traits on interaction outcomes, and how the functional trait match between nurse and target species is affected by environmental variables. Results: Tall dominant plants with conservative leaves generally had a greater positive effect on species richness and cover beneath their canopies, but these effects were strongly modulated by grazing pressure and soil pH. Target plants that were significantly associated with dominant plants tended to be shorter, and have more acquisitive leaves than dominant plants, regardless of environmental conditions. However, the difference in height and LDMC between dominant plants and negatively associated target plants was strongly affected by environmental conditions. Main Conclusions: Functional traits play a significant role in determining interaction outcomes between dryland plants. Facilitation in drylands is driven by a conservative-acquisitive trait match, a pattern observed regardless of grazing pressure, climate and soil conditions