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Microencapsulation techniques and encapsulating materials influenced the shelf life and digestion release of vitamin E and isoflavones in soymilk powder
No full textInternational audienceSoymilk, due to its high-quality protein and isoflavones content, is widely consumed worldwide. Unfortunately, soymilk lacks the powerful antioxidant vitamin E. Encapsulation of vitamin E and isoflavones in soymilk powder is advantageous for malnourished consumers to meet the recommendation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different encapsulation techniques and encapsulating materials on the storage stability and bioaccessibility of vitamin E and isoflavones in soymilk powder. Freeze-drying and spray-drying methods were applied with various encapsulating materials prepared from different ratios of maltodextrin to Acacia gum (100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, and 0:100). The results indicated that a 40:60 ratio of maltodextrin and Acacia gum provided the highest stability for 24 h of soymilk emulsion under the studied conditions. The shelf-life prediction of soymilk powder increased by more than two weeks when stored at 0 °C compared to the storage at ambient temperature. Spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques effectively encapsulate vitamin E and isoflavones within core microcapsules. Especially, freeze-drying process helps to prevent degradation during storage and allows for controlled release of the bioactive compounds during in-vitro digestion. Encapsulation efficiency of isoflavones and vitamin E for all formulation ranged from 80.9 ± 0.01% to 83.5 ± 0.20%, respectively. The highest vitamin E and isoflavones bioaccessibility of encapsulated product increased by up to 4.4-fold and 1.7-fold in the 60:40 formulations. Consuming 20 g of encapsulated vitamin E and 170 g of encapsulated isoflavones daily would be sufficient to meet the recommended intake
Optimizing extrusion parameters to develop strawberry by-products-enriched puffed snacks: impact on phenolic composition, textural and physical properties
No full textInternational audienceStrawberry by-products (SBP), generated during industrial processing, are rich in phenolic compounds and dietary fiber. However, they remain underutilized. This study evaluated the feasibility of using SBP as functional ingredients in tapioca starch-based extrudates and optimized extrusion-cooking conditions to improve organoleptic and nutritional quality. A central composite design and response surface methodology were applied to assess the effects of die temperature (DT), feed moisture (FM), and SBP content on expansion index (EI), bulk density (BD), textural properties, color, specific mechanical energy, and phenolic compound contents (PCC). The goal was to maximize PCC and EI while minimizing BD and crispness-related hardness to obtain nutritionally enhanced and texturally appealing snacks. Optimal conditions (DT: 192.01 degrees C, FM: 18.64 %, SBPC: 16.46 %) maximized PCC, including free (0.67 mg GAE/g Dry Matter) and bound (3.52 mg GAE/g DM) fractions while increased EI (2.15) and reduced BD (0.25 g/ cm3) and fracture work (0.7 N mm). High SBP inclusion increased PCC, especially proanthocyanidins, while high FM promoted degradation through reduction of their mean degree of polymerization. These structural changes provide valuable insight into how extrusion conditions could influence proanthocyanidin characteristics. By optimizing extrusion conditions, the present work supports the sustainable valorization of fruit by-products into functional and nutritionally enhanced snacks
Les structures matérielles de la route médiévale : remarques préliminaires
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What are we planting in ecological restoration of tropical open ecosystems? A systematic review of controlled experiments
No full textInternational audienceTropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands comprise open ecosystems that are experiencing growing anthropogenic pressures and lack theoretical and practical knowledge on ecological restoration. Natural regeneration in these ecosystems is very slow and often unfeasible, making planting and seeding increasingly important restoration techniques. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the richness, origin, and functional groups of the plant species used to restore tropical open ecosystems. Identifying species and their functional groups used in restoration experiments allows us to better plan, implement, and monitor restoration. We identified 220 plant species introduced to restore tropical open ecosystems in 37 controlled restoration sites located in Brazil, Australia, the USA, Kenya, Venezuela, South Africa, and Congo. Nearly 55% of plant species were shrubs or trees, and 80% were native to the country where they were used. Strikingly, 51% of the plants were used only once. We found no evidence of biotic homogenization in the restoration of tropical open ecosystems. Only six reintroduced species were classified as endangered, suggesting an untapped potential for enhancing conservation-oriented restoration. Our results indicate that despite the predominant use of native species, woody species remain disproportionately planted compared to herbaceous species, which constitute the bulk of diversity in grasslands and savannas
Les Modèles de Langage au Carrefour du Texte et de la Parole pour les Applications de Santé
No full textThe medical field presents unique language processing challenges through its specialized terminology, strict data regulations, and critical information needs. With the democratization of language models for assisting healthcare and clinical workers in their day-to-day work, the need for their adaptation to the domains of application became necessary to facilitate their accessibility to a broader audience, languages, and domains while reducing the computational cost of their usage.On the other hand, traditional approaches to medical speech processing rely on cascade systems that convert speech to text, apply natural language processing (NLP), and sometimes regenerate speech. While practical, these systems often lose paralinguistic features critical to clinical communication and suffer from error propagation between processing stages. Recent advances in self-supervised speech representation quantization have created new possibilities for integrating speech representation into other systems without intermediate text conversion, potentially preserving more communicative nuance.In this thesis, I investigate among other things, how speech capabilities can be integrated into existing text-based pre-trained language models with healthcare-related capabilities, leveraging their embedded medical knowledge while enabling direct speech processing. The examination of alignment between speech and text representations at various abstraction levels reveals potential pathways for effective cross-modal knowledge transfer with limited training data, a crucial consideration given healthcare's data constraints.Le domaine médical présente des défis uniques en matière de traitement du langage à travers sa terminologie spécialisée, ses réglementations strictes sur les données et ses besoins critiques en information. Avec la démocratisation des modèles de langage pour assister les professionnels de santé dans leur quotidien, leur adaptation aux domaines d'application est devenue nécessaire pour faciliter leur accessibilité à un public plus large, à différentes langues et domaines, tout en réduisant le coût computationnel de leur utilisation.D'autre part, les approches traditionnelles du traitement de la parole médicale reposent sur des systèmes en cascade qui convertissent la parole en texte, appliquent un traitement du language naturel (TAL), et parfois régénèrent la parole. Bien que pratiques, ces systèmes perdent souvent des caractéristiques paralinguistiques essentielles à la communication clinique et souffrent de la propagation d'erreurs entre les étapes de traitement. Les récentes avancées dans la quantification des représentations vocales auto-supervisées ont créé de nouvelles possibilités d'intégration de la représentation vocale dans d'autres systèmes sans conversion intermédiaire en texte, préservant potentiellement plus de nuances communicatives.Dans cette thèse, j'examine entre autre comment les capacités vocales peuvent être intégrées aux modèles de langage pré-entraînés basés sur le texte et possédant des connaissances liées aux domaines de la santé, en exploitant leurs connaissances médicales acquises tout en permettant un traitement direct de la parole, sans étapes intermédiaires. l'analyse des capacités d'alignement entre les représentations vocales et textuelles à différents niveaux d'abstraction ont révélé des méthodes plus optimales pour un transfert efficace de connaissances intermodales et savorisant ainsi l'apprentissage contraint par une quantité de données d'entraînement limitées, une considération cruciale étant donné les contraintes de données dans le domaine de la santé
La version guèze de la Révélation d’Étienne (ou Épître de Lucien) : édition critique et traduction française
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Flavonoid-mediated modulation of Tau protein: Implications for targeted therapeutics and clinical relevance in Tau-related disorders
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À la rencontre des écritures alternatives : le Salon Focus
No full textInternational audienceAprès sa sixième édition, Focus, le salon des écritures alternatives en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), s’impose désormais comme une rencontre incontournable. Depuis 2019, chaque année, pendant quatre jours, des anthropologues, sociologues, géographes, historiens/historiennes et politistes se réunissent pour échanger avec des éditeurs/éditrices, des commissaires d’exposition et des producteurs/productrices au Musée des civilisations de l’Europe et de la Méditerranée (MUCEM). Cet article revient sur la création de ce salon et sur l’émergence récente de la notion d’écritures alternatives dans le champ des sciences sociales
Les oppositions contemporaines autour de l’avortement
No full textDans l’introduction au numéro thématique, R. Perrin, M. Mathieu et M. Le Guen rappellent que, si le droit à l’avortement a été libéralisé dans de nombreux pays, le processus connait des reculs et reste ailleurs inachevé. Cinquante ans après le vote de la loi Veil, ce numéro analyse les obstacles persistants à l’autonomie procréative des femmes.Le délai légal de recours à l’IVG est progressivement passé en France de 10 semaines en 1975 à 14 en 2022. M. Le Guen analyse les débats parlementaires pour montrer comment la norme juridique délimite cette autonomie procréative, éclairant l’évolution des arguments autour des registres éthiques, médicaux et pragmatiques.Alors que le gouvernement sénégalais a ouvert une réflexion sur une possible libéralisation du droit à l’avortement en invoquant l’enjeu de santé publique, Marième N’Diaye étudie le mouvement des opposant·es fait d’une coalition aux intérêts divers, au sein de laquelle alternent action radicale, menace de recours à la violence et discours de responsabilité.À l’aide d’observations menées dans trois centres d’IVG, R. Perrin examine la pratique de l’IVG comme un enjeu professionnel, montrant comment les médecins gynécologues-obstétriciens délèguent cette tâche tout en cherchant à maintenir leur contrôle symbolique. L’article met en lumière la dimension relationnelle du « sale boulot » ainsi que l’utilisation du dégoût comme « pratique de pouvoir professionnel ».À partir d’entretiens avec une cinquantaine de femmes ayant avorté, Laurine Thizy analyse les stratégies de résistance à la stigmatisation, en se concentrant sur le travail émotionnel. Elle explore comment ces femmes gèrent leurs sentiments et expériences émotionnelles pour surmonter la stigmatisation intériorisée et expérimentée, en lien avec leur trajectoire procréative
A Review of the Key Impacts of Deforestation and Wildfires on Water Resources with Regard to the Production of Drinking Water
No full textInternational audienceDeforestation and wildfires drastically impact vegetation cover, consequently affecting water dynamics. These hazards alter the different components of the water cycle, including evapotranspiration, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater recharge. Overall, runoff increases while infiltration and groundwater recharge decrease. Furthermore, these hazards significantly alter the chemistry of both surface water and groundwater. The main changes to water quality relate to turbidity, bacterial load, mineralization and nutrients. Forest fires can also release contaminants such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Other contaminants can be introduced by products used in firefighting, such as retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This paper reviews the impact of deforestation and wildfires on water resources, especially with a view to their use as raw water for drinking water production. The paper identifies the magnitude of the changes induced in water quantity and quality. Even if the results are climate- and site-specific, they provide an indication of the possible magnitude of these impacts. Finally, the various changes brought about by these hazards are ranked according to their potential impact on drinking water production