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S’informer, se former, de la connaissance à l’expérience.Table ronde
No full textInternational audienceConcernés, impliqués, comment les acteurs de la formation artistique viventet agissent pour la formation et l’intégration professionnelles des artistesen situation de handicap. Quels parcours, quels diplômes, quels chemins,des entretiens ouverts aux questions du public.Avec : Martin Cros (Fondateur de l’ETU – école de théâtre universelle-Toulouse) ; Leyla-Claire Rabih ; Violette Viannay (Cheffe de cabinet du Directeur Général, DGCA), Carole Bergen (ESAD-Paris) ; Emilie Pamart, (maîtresse de conférence, Université d’Avignon).Modération : Pascal Parsat (Expert Handicap, Diversité et Inclusivité -Audiens)
Influence of physicochemical properties of yam starch and flour on extensibility of pounded yam in Côte d'Ivoire
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/612864/)International audienceIn this study, we determined pounded yam (PY) extensibility of 19 yam genotypes from Cote d'Ivoire by two procedures: uniaxial extensibility (UAE) and bi-extensional viscosity (BEV); while the physicochemical properties of yam flour and starch such as the swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, amylose and pectin were analysed. We hypothesized that the extensibility of PY significantly depended on inherent physicochemical properties of the yam. Results showed that extensibility of PY ranged between 3.8 - 20 mm and BEV ranged between 2.7·104 - 15.7·104 Pa·s, and were significantly different among the yam genotypes (P < 0.0001). Solubility of yam flour and starch ranged between 11.2 - 24.5 % and 7.5 - 13.9 %, respectively. The peak viscosity of yam flour ranged between 1895-3036 cP, varying significantly with genotype and specie. Correlations and multilinear regressions revealed PY extensibility was significantly estimated by solubility and peak viscosity of yam flour (P = 0.005, R2 = 0.83). The results are important for breeders in screening and selecting phenotypic traits to breed improved yam varieties with excellent PY quality
Cultural keystone species as a tool for biocultural stewardship. A global review
No full textInternational audienceThe cultural keystone species (CKS) concept (i.e. ‘species that shape in a major way the cultural identity of a people’ as defined by Garibaldi and Turner in 2004) has been proposed as part of a common framing for the multiple entangled relationships between species and the socioecological systems in which they exist. However, the blurred and prolific definitions of CKS hamper its univocal application. This work examines the current use of the term CKS to reconcile a definition and explore its practical applications for biocultural stewardship. We ran a search for the words ‘cultural’ AND ‘keystone’ AND ‘species’. Our search was limited to peer‐reviewed articles published in English between 1994 and 2022 (inclusive) and was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. We extracted and analysed bibliometric information as well as information on (i) the CKS components, (ii) humans' support for CKS and (iii) the definitions of CKS. From the 313 selected documents, the CKS concept appears to be increasingly accepted, as evidenced by a growing corpus of literature. However, the absence of a systematic and precise way of documenting CKS precludes global cross‐cultural comparisons. The geographical distribution of authors using the concept is biased. We found that 47% of all the CKS reported and 38% of the works identified in our review were located in North America. Beyond ‘supporting identity’, several other of nature's contributions to people are associated with the CKS definitions. However, the contributions of the sociocultural group to the survival and conservation of the CKS (i.e. stewardship) are made explicit only in one‐third of the documents reviewed. To advance biocultural stewardship as a conservation paradigm, we suggest (a) defining CKS as an indissoluble combination of a non‐human species and one or more sociocultural groups; (b) acknowledging that species and sociocultural group relations should be classified in a continuum, according to gradients of relationship intensity; and (c) explicitly acknowledging the reciprocal relationships between sociocultural groups and species. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.El concepto de especie cultural clave (Cultural Keystone Species ‐CKS‐ en inglés) (es decir, ‘especies que dan forma a la identidad cultural de un pueblo’, tal como la definen Garibaldi y Turner en 2004) ha sido propuesta para estudiar las múltiples relaciones entre humanos y otras especies en sistemas socio‐ecológicos. Sin embargo, la diversidad de definiciones de CKS obstaculiza su aplicación unívoca para su gestión basada en criterios bioculturales. Este trabajo examina el uso actual del término CKS para abordar cual sería su definición y explorar sus aplicaciones prácticas para la gestión biocultural. Realizamos una búsqueda de las palabras ‘cultural’ AND ‘keystone’ AND ‘species’. Nuestra búsqueda se limitó a artículos publicados en inglés entre 1994 y 2022 (inclusive) y se realizó utilizando Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Extrajimos y analizamos información bibliométrica, así como información sobre (i) los componentes de CKS, (ii) la contribución humana a los CKS y (iii) las definiciones de CKS. De los 313 documentos seleccionados, el concepto CKS parece ser cada vez más aceptado, como lo demuestra un creciente corpus de literatura. Sin embargo, la ausencia de una forma sistemática y precisa de documentar el CKS impide realizar comparaciones interculturales globales. La distribución geográfica de los autores que utilizan el concepto está sesgada. Encontramos que el 47% de todos los CKS reportados y el 38% de las obras identificadas en nuestra revisión estaban ubicadas en América del Norte. Más allá del ‘apoyo a la identidad’, varias otras contribuciones de la naturaleza a las personas están asociadas con las definiciones del CKS. Sin embargo, las contribuciones del grupo sociocultural a la supervivencia y conservación de los CKS (es decir, la gestión) se hacen explícitas sólo en un tercio de los documentos revisados. Para promover la gestión biocultural como paradigma de conservación, sugerimos (a) definir CKS como una combinación indisoluble de una especie no humana y uno o más grupos socioculturales; (b) reconocer que las relaciones entre especies y grupos socioculturales deben clasificarse en un continuo, según gradientes de intensidad de las relaciones; y (c) reconocer explícitamente las relaciones recíprocas entre grupos socioculturales y especies
Current status and future trends of microbial and nematode-based biopesticides for biocontrol of crop pathogens
No full textInternational audienceThe increasing public demand to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural production systems, causing serious environmental damages, has challenged industry to develop new and effective solutions to manage and control phytopathogens. Biopesticides, particularly microbial-based biopesticides, are a promising new alternative with high biodegradability, specificity, suitability for incorporation into integrated pest management practices, low likelihood of resistance development, and practically no known human health risks. However: expensive production methods, narrow action spectra, susceptibility to environmental conditions, short shelf life, poor storage stability, legislation registry constraints, and general lack of knowledge are slowing down their adoption. In addition to regulatory framework revisions and improved training initiatives, improved preservation methods, thoughtfully designed formulations, and field test validations are needed to offer new microbial- and nematode-based biopesticides with improved efficacy and increased shelf-life. During the last several years, substantial advancements in biopesticide production have been developed. The novelty part of this review written in 2023 is to summarize (i) mechanisms of action of beneficial microorganisms used to increase crop performance and (ii) successful formulation including commercial products for the biological control of phytopathogens based on microorganisms, nematode and/or metabolite
Outside the Palaces: About Material Culture in the Almoravid Era
No full textInternational audienceThe material legacy of the Almoravid dynasty is evident in a limited number of public and military works promoted by the authorities, reflecting their policies on territorial expansion and urban planning. Other aspects, such as its integration into the Mediterranean economy, its ideological spread, and the vitality of its productive sectors, are well represented through coinage, inscriptions, and sumptuary arts. However, understanding everyday material culture beyond aristocratic circles remains elusive. This paper explores the influence of the Almoravid period on al-Andalus’s material culture, identifying antecedents and impacts on later periods. We analyze artifacts from the Albalat site (Romangordo, Cáceres, Spain), contextualized in the first half of the 12th century, comparing them with contemporary and earlier examples across the Almoravid empire. Emphasis is placed on ceramics, highlighting their diverse nature with inherited traits from the Taifa period, and innovations that persisted into Almohad culture, considering the role of production centers in disseminating these models. The transition from Almoravid to Almohad is also examined through everyday items like a casket adorned with bone inlays, representing a link in Andalusian ivory handicraft evolution. This analysis aims to deepen understanding of Almoravid heritage in the Iberian Peninsula
Instabilité des métriques de Schwarzschild-Tangherlini riemanniennes
No full textOn rappelle une méthode conforme, suggérée dans un précédent travail, pour tester la stabilité des métriques d'Einstein. On donne ensuite une application directe de la méthode lorsque la variété est simplement conforme à un(multi-)produit riemannien. Enfin on applique le procédé à la métrique de Schwarzschild-Tangherlini riemannienne qui s'avère instable si la dimensions est comprise en 4 et 11
Étude diachronique de l’impact des Goélands leucophées (Larus michahellis Naumann, 1840) sur le sol et la flore des îles de Marseille : quels constats après la diminution de leurs effectifs ?
No full textInternational audienceLes colonies d’oiseaux marins nicheurs impactent la physico-chimie des sols ainsi que les communautés végétales sur les îles. Ces écosystèmes insulaires sont caractérisés par des plantes endémiques adaptées aux conditions stressantes (xéricité, salinité, sol superficiel, vent). Plusieurs études ont permis d’évaluer les effets de l’augmentation démographique d’oiseaux marins, mais peu ont réalisé un suivi sur le long terme en prenant en compte leur déclin après explosion démographique. L’objectif de la présente étude (sur 24 ans) a consisté à mesurer les changements physico-chimiques des sols, de la composition des communautés végétales en relation avec la diminution démographique des Goélands leucophées (Larus michahellis Naumann, 1840) sur les archipels insulaires du Frioul et de Riou (Marseille, France). Les enjeux conservatoires de ce contexte insulaire ont été analysés en caractérisant les types fonctionnels des plantes (formes de croissance de Raunkiaer et stratégies de vie de Grime) et en étudiant la variation des plantes à enjeu de conservation, puisque l’apport de nutriments et de polluants, tels que les éléments traces métalliques, via les goélands peut entraîner leur disparition. Pour cela, des analyses de sol (en 1997 et 2021) ainsi que des relevés floristiques (en 1997, 2008 et 2021) ont été réalisés sur 78 placettes permanentes situées sur neuf îles et sur le littoral continental du Parc national des Calanques. Depuis 1997, les teneurs en nitrogène et le pH ont augmenté, alors que le carbone organique ainsi que le rapport C/N ont diminué. En 2021, les mesures des concentrations en éléments traces révèlent des niveaux de contamination relativement faibles sur le continent et les archipels. De 2008 à 2021, les communautés végétales des îles ont été caractérisées par une augmentation du nombre de plantes rudérales. Le déclin des effectifs de Goélands leucophées n’a pas engendré de diminution des plantes tolérantes aux perturbations ni d’augmentation très significative de la flore à enjeu de conservation, mais a entraîné une augmentation des chamaephytes et du recouvrement total de la strate herbacée. Nos résultats suggèrent donc une rémanence des altérations des paramètres des sols ainsi que des communautés végétales toujours rudéralisées. Cependant, une résilience s’opère en termes de recouvrement de la strate herbacée lorsque la pression des goélands diminue
Dynamics of Infragravity Waves Across the Southern Reef Barrier of Mayotte, Indian Ocean
No full textInternational audienceDue to climate change, tropical islands are being increasingly exposed to coastal hazards. Under energetic incident swells, infragravity (IG) waves can have a key contribution to extreme water levels and flooding, but their dynamics at barrier reef remains little studied. In this context, this study analyses IG wave generation mechanisms and transformations across a barrier reef to the southwest of Mayotte (Indian Ocean), combining a new comprehensive field dataset with phase resolving wave modelling. This analysis reveals that IG waves are mostly breakpoint-forced and suffer a substantial dissipation by bottom friction, particularly at low tide. Numerical experiments with reduced bottom friction representing a degraded coral reef suggest that IG waves would grow by about 20% across the reef at high tide. This study highlights the key role of coral reefs to dissipate IG waves and hence limit extreme water levels and subsequent coastal hazards.</div
