HAL Portal UPF (Université de la Polynésie française)
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Pour une histoire globale et comparée des essais nucléaires
No full textLongtemps, en France, les sciences humaines et sociales ont surtout questionné le programme nucléaire civil, tandis que la littérature anglophone s’intéressait à l’atome militaire. Pour autant, les essais nucléaires français ne sont pas un angle mort de l’historiographie
Vieillir en famille. Une sociologie des risques sociaux associés au care familial en Polynésie française
No full textInternational audienceFrench Polynesia has been facing a continuous process of aging of its population since the 1980s. The country's policy encourages the elderly to stay at home and families to provide them care. Therefore, family care constitutes the guiding principle of local politics regarding aging. Today, barely more than 200 seniors are living into socio-medical structures that are dedicated to their care. Our fieldwork on the subject is pioneer in French Polynesia. It investigates and analyzes the daily living conditions of elder people in such a context, in the continuity of the qualitative and empirical approaches sociologists and anthropologists have deployed on aging over the past years. This paper shows how home staying and family care can expose elder people to specific forms of social isolation and precariousness that we seek to describe and understand based on fieldwork data. We propose a typology of social risks that are related to the family carepolicy in the context we investigate. Then the results of our survey have an interest that goesbeyond the framework of our case study, as it questions, more deeply, the limitations of family solidarity when it is conceived as the predominant - or exclusive - basis of aging policies in contemporary societies.La Polynésie française est confrontée au vieillissement continu de sa population depuis les années 1980. L’incitation au maintien à domicile des personnes âgées et au care familial constitue la ligne directrice de la politique du pays dans ce domaine. Aujourd’hui, à peine plus de 200 personnes âgées vivent ainsi dans des structures médico-sociales dédiées à leur prise en charge. Pionnière sur ce territoire, l’enquête de terrain documente et analyse leurs conditions de vie dans ce contexte, et s’inscrit dans la continuité des approches qualitatives et empiriques de la vieillesse déployée en sociologie et en anthropologie au cours des dernières années. L’enquête révèle que le maintien à domicile et la prise en charge familiale exposent les personnes âgées à des formes spécifiques d’isolement social et de précarité qu’il s’agit de décrire et d’analyser. En revenant sur l’expérience vécue de la vieillesse à domicile sur le terrain d’enquête, l’article répertorie les risques sociaux liés à la politique du care familial dans ce contexte. L’intérêt des résultats constatés dépasse néanmoins le seul cas d’étude, pour s’inscrire, plus en profondeur, dans une réflexion sur les limites des solidarités familiales comme socle prédominant, voire exclusif, d’une politique sociale de la vieillesse
Characterization of 25 new microsatellite markers for the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and cross-species amplification in other marine turtle species
No full textInternational audienceBackground The green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, is a migratory species with a strong natal homing behavior leading to a complex population structure worldwide. The species has suffered severe declines in local populations; it is therefore crucial to understand its population dynamics and genetic structure to adopt appropriate management policies. Here, we describe the development of 25 new microsatellite markers specific to C. mydas and suitable for these analyses.Methods and results They were tested on 107 specimens from French Polynesia. An average allelic diversity of 8 alleles per locus was reported and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.187 to 0.860. Ten loci were significantly deviant from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and 16 loci showed a moderate to high level of linkage disequilibrium (4–22%). The overall Fis was positive (0.034, p-value < 0.001), and sibship analysis revealed 12 half- or full-sibling dyads, suggesting possible inbreeding in this population. Cross-amplification tests were performed on two other marine turtle species, Caretta carettaand Eretmochelys imbricata. All loci successfully amplified on these two species, though 1 to 5 loci were monomorphic.Conclusion These new markers will not only be relevant for further analyses on the population structure of the green turtle and the two other species, but they will also be invaluable for parentage studies, for which a high number of polymorphic loci are necessary. This can provide important insight into male reproductive behavior and migration, an aspect of sea turtle biology that is of critical importance for the conservation of the species
Marine mammal strandings recorded in New Caledonia, South West Pacific Ocean, 1877 to 2022
No full textInternational audienceContextStrandings are an important source of information for estimating marine mammal biodiversity, particularly in data-sparse ocean basins such as Oceania.AimsHere, we report on knowledge acquired from 218 stranding events recorded in the waters of New Caledonia (1877–2022).MethodsWe investigated spatio-temporal distribution, stable isotope signatures, trace element concentrations, biometry measurements, genetic diversity, and diet, for the four most commonly stranded taxa (dugongs, 35% of events; sperm whales, 19%; Delphinidae, 18%; pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, 14%).Key resultsBeginning in 1991, reports of stranding events increased (183 events, 322 individuals, 20 species from seven families: Dugongidae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae, Balaenopteridae, Otariidae), with hotspots identified on the west coast (Bourail, Ouano, Nouméa) and in Prony Bay. Causes of death were not determined in 84% of stranding events, but were identified in the majority of expert-led necropsies (24 of 29 individuals from 10 species). Yet, valuable information regarding the impact of anthropogenic activities was gathered for some species of concern, such as the endangered dugong (28% human-caused). Since 2016, training and outreach have been provided to rangers, veterinarians, and various public safety officers to support their engagement in the scientific monitoring of marine mammal strandings. A website (www.rescue.ird.nc) was developed to facilitate standardised data collection and storage, and to provide public access to stranding records.ConclusionAlthough the number of individuals reported here remains modest, this study provides new information on poorly documented species in New Caledonia.ImplicationsLong-term monitoring of strandings can help design effective conservation measures.ContexteLes échouages constituent une source d’informations importante pour estimer la biodiversité des mammifères marins, en particulier dans les bassins océaniques pour lesquels les données sont rares, comme l’OcéanieObjectifNous présentons ici les connaissances acquises à partir de 218 échouages enregistrés dans les eaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie (1877–2022).MéthodesNous avons étudié la distribution spatio-temporelle, les signatures isotopiques, les éléments traces, les mesures biométriques, la diversité génétique et le régime alimentaire des quatre taxons les plus fréquemment échoués (dugongs, 35% des échouages; cachalots, 19%; Delphinidae, 18% ; cachalots pygmées et nains, 14%).Principaux résultatsÀ partir de 1991, les signalements d’échouages ont augmenté (183 événements, 322 individus, 20 espèces de sept familles: Dugongidae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae, Balaenopteridae, Otariidae), avec des points chauds identifiés sur la côte ouest de la Grande Terre (Bourail, Ouano, Nouméa) et dans la Baie de Prony. Les causes de décès n’ont pas été déterminées pour 84% des échouages, mais elles ont été identifiées dans la majorité des autopsies réalisées par des vétérinaires (24 des 29 individus de 10 espèces). Des informations précieuses concernant l’impact des activités anthropiques ont été recueillies pour certaines espèces préoccupantes, telles que le dugong, une espèce en voie de disparition (28% des échouages d’origine humaine). Depuis 2016, des formations et des activités de sensibilisation ont été dispensées aux gardes nature, aux vétérinaires et à divers agents publics pour soutenir leur engagement dans la surveillance scientifique des échouages de mammifères marins. Un site Web (www.rescue.ird.nc) a été développé pour faciliter la collecte et le stockage de données standardisées et pour fournir un accès public aux enregistrements d’échouages.ConclusionBien que le nombre d’individus signalés échoués ici reste modeste, cette étude apporte de nouvelles informations sur des espèces peu documentées en Nouvelle-Calédonie.ImplicationsLa surveillance à long terme des échouages peut aider à concevoir des mesures de conservation efficaces
La Polynésie française : dernier bastion de l’“ invention de la tradition ” ?: Quand le champ scientifique adresse une fin de non-recevoir aux renaissances culturelles.
No full textInternational audienceWhile the actors of cultural renaissances in French Polynesia do not hesitate to mobilize historical, archeological or anthropological research work as means of knowing the precolonial past, the scientific field, especially the French-speaking researchers, continue to overlook and discredit this cultural enunciation. The historicity of the practices and the aims pursued within the framework of these renaissances are thus questioned, revealing the still decisive influence of a theory that has nevertheless been undermined elsewhere in the Pacific: the invention of tradition.Alors que les actrices et les acteurs des renaissances culturelles en Polynésie française n’hésitent pas à mobiliser des travaux de recherche (historique, archéologique, anthropologique, etc.) comme moyens de connaître le passé précolonial, le champ scientifique continue d’adresser à cette énonciation culturelle une fin de non-recevoir. L’historicité des pratiques et les finalités poursuivies dans le cadre de ces renaissances sont ainsi mises en cause, révélant l’influence toujours décisive d’une théorie pourtant battue en brèche ailleurs dans le Pacifique : l’invention de la tradition
Education in plurilingual and pluricultural environments
No full textInternational audienceThe French overseas territories mentioned in this book extend over geographically dispersed island environments and possess plurilingual and pluricultural identities as well as distinct social realities and expectations. Yet local educational programmes, with the exception of minor adaptations, use the French national curriculum designed on the basis of the needs and realities of metropolitan France. This edited volume, based on the research of seventeen contributors, sets out to explore how education in these environments can be made more relevant. By first attempting to grasp the reality of these territories and understand their inalienable originality, it suggests and explores solutions, offering contextualised educational opportunities
Provisioning ecotourism does not increase tiger shark site fidelity
No full textInternational audienceAbstract A perennial criticism of provisioning ecotourism is that it alters the natural behavior and ecology of the target species by providing an artificial food source. Here we evaluate its impact on the long-term site fidelity patterns of tiger sharks in French Polynesia. We hypothesized that a significant impact of provisioning would lead to (1) increases in individual site fidelity over time, and (2) an increase in the number of resident individuals over time. Of 53 individuals photo-identified and monitored during > 500 dives over five years, 10 individuals accounted for > 75% of all sightings, whereas 35 sharks were sighted very infrequently. Even the most frequently observed tiger sharks exhibited overall low fidelity at the site and showed no increase in site fidelity over time. Furthermore, the number of tiger sharks sighted during each dive did not increase. The observed patterns of tiger shark sightings were best explained by natural movements, including general roaming within home ranges along the coastline and seasonal migrations. Despite the apparent lack of impact of provisioning ecotourism on tiger shark ecology in Tahitian waters, it would be prudent to implement a strict code of conduct during any future provisioning activities to maximize the safety of participants and animals involved
Cultures, savoirs et identités. Questions vives en anthropologie de l’éducation
No full textInternational audienceL’éducation, dans sa configuration la plus simple, est un processus de transmission de savoirs : une dynamique qui concerne à la fois notre nature d’Homo sapiens, notre appartenance à une communauté sociale et notre identité culturelle. Comment s’imbriquent ces différents niveaux et comment interagissent-ils ? Cet essai veut répondre à ces questions vives en proposant un cadre conceptuel à la découverte de certaines notions (la culture, les savoirs scolaires, l’identité, l’ethnicité, l’autochtonie et le multiculturalisme) tout en procédant à l’examen critique des théories et courants de pensée par le biais desquels l’éducation est appréhendée en tant que fait social. L’approche transdisciplinaire choisie par l’auteur permet un dialogue polyphonique entre les disciplines socio-anthropologiques, les sciences de l’éducation et les sciences politiques, avec l’ambition de relativiser et de déconstruire les nombreux stéréotypes et préjugés liés à l’éducation des autres et à la supériorité ou infériorité supposée de certains systèmes éducatifs
Cooperation and cheating orchestrate Vibrio assemblages and polymicrobial synergy in oysters infected with OsHV-1 virus
No full textA utilisé MicroScope PlateformInternational audiencePolymicrobial infections threaten the health of humans and animals but remain understudied in natural systems. We recently described the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS), a polymicrobial disease affecting oyster production worldwide. In the French Atlantic coast, the disease involves coinfection with ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and virulent Vibrio . However, it is unknown whether consistent Vibrio populations are associated with POMS in different regions, how Vibrio contribute to POMS, and how they interact with OsHV-1 during pathogenesis. By connecting field-based approaches in a Mediterranean ecosystem, laboratory infection assays and functional genomics, we uncovered a web of interdependencies that shape the structure and function of the POMS pathobiota. We show that Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio rotiferianus are predominant in OsHV-1-diseased oysters and that OsHV-1 drives the partition of the Vibrio community observed in the field. However only V. harveyi synergizes with OsHV-1 by promoting mutual growth and accelerating oyster death. V. harveyi shows high-virulence potential and dampens oyster cellular defenses through a type 3 secretion system, making oysters a more favorable niche for microbe colonization. In addition, V. harveyi produces a key siderophore called vibrioferrin. This important resource promotes the growth of V. rotiferianus , which cooccurs with V. harveyi in diseased oysters, and behaves as a cheater by benefiting from V. harveyi metabolite sharing. Our data show that cooperative behaviors contribute to synergy between bacterial and viral coinfecting partners. Additional cheating behaviors further shape the polymicrobial consortium. Controlling cooperative behaviors or countering their effects opens avenues for mitigating polymicrobial diseases