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O cálculo mental na escola primária: uma pesquisa socio-psicométrica nos estabelecimentos educativos públicos das Antilhas francesas
No full textInternational audienceSeveral research works have suggested that, in some postcolonial contexts (such as overseas France), the low achievement of students in the field of mathematics is correlated with the negative mental representations associated with this field of knowledge, produced by prejudices and stereotypes inherited from the colonial past. Following this hypothesis, this article presents the results of a study conducted in the French West Indies, with 2710 pupils of Martinique public primary school, using the Mathematical School Readiness Test, combined with a survey on mental representations of mathematics in which 86 children participated. The results confirmed the poor results of Martinique's pupils, while at the same time identifying avenues of analysis that would make it possible to devise more contextualized and effective teaching strategies.Diversos trabajos de investigación han sugerido que, en algunos contextos poscoloniales (como la Francia de ultramar), el bajo rendimiento de los estudiantes en el campo de las matemáticas está relacionado con las representaciones mentales negativas asociadas a este campo del conocimiento, producidas por prejuicios y estereotipos heredados del pasado colonial. Siguiendo esta hipótesis, este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado en las Antillas francesas con más de dos mil estudiantes de las escuelas primarias públicas, utilizando el Mathematical School Readiness Test asociado con una encuesta sociológica sobre las representaciones mentales en torno a las matemáticas, en la cual participaron más de ochenta niños. Los resultados obtenidos confirman el bajo rendimiento de los alumnos de Martinica y permiten identificar aristas de análisis que permitirían imaginar estrategias didácticas más contextualizadas y eficaces.Vários trabalhos de pesquisa têm sugerido que, em alguns contextos pós-coloniais (como a França ultramarina), o baixo desempenho dos alunos no campo da matemática está relacionado às representações mentais negativas associadas a esse campo do conhecimento, produzidas por preconceitos e estereótipos herdados do passado colonial. Seguindo esta hipótese, este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo realizado nas Antilhas Francesas com 2.710 alunos de escolas primárias públicas da Martinica, utilizando o Teste Mathematical School Readiness (Prontidão Escolar Matemática) associado a uma pesquisa sociológica sobre as representações mentais sobre a matemática, na qual participaram 86 crianças. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o baixo desempenho dos alunos da Martinica e permitem identificar arestas de análise que permitiriam imaginar estratégias de ensino mais contextualizadas e eficazes
Same calls, different meanings: Acoustic communication of Holocentridae
No full textInternational audienceThe literature on sound production behaviours in fish in the wild is quite sparse. In several taxa, associations between different sound types and given behaviours have been reported. In the Holocentridae, past nomenclature of the different sound types (knocks, growls, grunts, staccatos and thumps) has been confusing because it relies on the use of several terms that are not always based on fine descriptions. Our study aims to ascertain whether holocentrids can produce a variety of sounds in the wild and if these sounds are associated with specific behaviours. Additionally, we aim to determine whether sounds produced by hand-held specimens, a common methodology to record sounds in standardised conditions in fishes, could correspond to some sounds produced by free-swimming individuals in natural conditions. Our study shows that all holocentrid species are able to produce sounds in 6 behavioural contexts of both agonistic (conspecific and heterospecific chases, competition) and social signalling types (acceleration, broadcasting, body quivering), in addition to previously described mobbing towards moray eels and symbiotic interactions with cleaner wrasses. In holocentrids, acoustic communication is not only based on single calls but can also involve series of sounds of different types that are arranged randomly. The large amount of combinations within acoustical events for each behaviour, resulting from both the quantity of sounds and their diversity, supports the absence of stereotypy. This suggests that sounds are produced to reinforce visual communication during the day in this family. Our results also suggest that sounds recorded by hand-held fishes are produced naturally in the wild. Our study challenges past nomenclatures and demonstrates sound critical function in augmenting visual communication, advancing our comprehension of acoustic ecology in teleost species
Assouplissement ou dénaturation du principe de spécialité législative en Polynésie française ?
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Unifying Coral Reef States Through Space and Time Reveals a Changing Ecosystem
No full textWOS:001334311800001International audienceAim Ecological state shifts that alter the structure and function of entire ecosystems are a concerning consequence of human impact. Yet, when, where and why discrete ecological states emerge remains difficult to predict and monitor, especially in high-diversity systems. We sought to quantify state shifts and their drivers through space and time in the most ecologically complex marine ecosystem: tropical coral reefs. Location Worldwide. Time Period 1987–2019. Major Taxa Studied Coral reef communities. Methods Using a global dataset of 3375 coral reef surveys, along with 13 time series datasets ranging between 1987 and 2019, we applied a novel double-dichotomy approach to classify coral reefs into four simplified and discrete states based on the relative contributions of corals versus algae to benthic cover and small-bodied versus large-bodied fishes to fish standing stock. We then examined state shifts considering a range of spatial predictors and tested whether states have shifted directionally over time, and the nature of the most common transitions. Results We show that geographic, environmental and anthropogenic context fundamentally shapes coral reef states at the local scale, which explains disparities among case studies, and stakes out critical baseline expectations for regional management efforts. We also reveal clear multi-decadal state shifts on coral reefs: over time, systems dominated by reef-building corals and small-bodied, planktivorous fishes tend to have been replaced with reefs characterised by algae and larger-bodied fishes. Main Conclusions Our results suggest a previously unrecognised transition from systems that harness external subsidies through small-bodied consumers associated with structurally complex live corals, to herbivore-dominated systems with stronger bottom-up dynamics. Overall, the partitioning of complex reef ecosystems into a small suite of discrete ecological states suggests that spatial context-dependency, shifting baselines and changes in reef functioning are crucial considerations for coral reef management in the 21st century
Taxonomy and systematics of Emprostiotrema Cianferoni and Ceccolini, 2021 (Digenea: Emprostiotrematidae), parasites of rabbitfish (Siganidae) from the Indo-West Pacific marine region
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Emprostiotrema contains just 3 species: E. fusum , E. kuntzi and E. sigani . As adults, all 3 species infect rabbitfishes (Siganidae: Siganus ). New collections from 11 species of Siganus from northern Australia, Indonesia, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Palau and Japan enabled an exploration of species composition within this genus. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate a deep distinction between 2 major clades; clade 1 comprises most of the sequences of specimens from Australia as well as all of those from Japan, Palau and New Caledonia and clade 2 comprises all sequences of specimens from French Polynesia, 2 sequences from Australia and the single sequence from Bali. In all analyses, both major clades have genetic structuring leading to distinct geographic lineages. Morphologically, specimens relating to clades 1 and 2 differ but overlap in body shape, oral sucker and egg size. Principle component analysis shows a general (but not complete) separation between specimens relating to the 2 clades. We interpret the 2 clades as representing 2 species: clade 1 is identified as E. fusum and is reported in this study from 10 species of siganids from Australia, Japan, Palau and New Caledonia; clade 2 is described as E. gotozakiorum n. sp., for all specimens from French Polynesia and rare specimens from Australia and Indonesia. We recognize E. sigani as a junior synonym of E. fusum . Although species of Emprostiotrema occur widely in the tropical Indo-Pacific, they have not been detected from Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia), the southern Great Barrier Reef or Moreton Bay (southern Queensland)
Use of presence vs absence of symphyseal teeth in jaws for the forensic analysis of bites by large traumatogenic shark species
No full textInternational audienceIdentifying the species of shark responsible for a bite on humans is both complex and important for understanding and managing the shark risk. Depending on the species, tiny teeth may or may not be present in the symphyseal space at the junction of the upper and lower half-jaws. In the case of bites, these tiny teeth (if present) often leave specific marks that may enable species to be quickly and reliably distinguished. We first present the anatomo-morphological characteristics of the jaws of the three most traumatogenic species for humans which are the white, tiger, and bull sharks. The white shark has no symphyseal teeth, while the tiger and bull sharks do. On the basis of three confirmed real case studies involving those species, we then show that for the white shark, the wide symphyseal space between the first two teeth of each jaw usually leads to wounds including the presence of (quite) large flesh flaps, without any tooth imprint. Conversely, wounds following bites made by the tiger and bull sharks will generally leave characteristic small imprints of symphyseal teeth, especially in the case of incomplete or superficial bites. Although not systematic, this diagnostic approach provides fast, reliable, and clean results. The discrimination between two species with symphyseal teeth can then be made on the basis of complementary anatomic information such as jaw curvature and details linked to the anatomy of the teeth themselves, as well as the ecological context
Production of sounds by squirrelfish during symbiotic relationships with cleaner wrasses
No full textInternational audienceExamples of symbiotic relationships often include cleaning mutualisms, typically involving interactions between cleaner fish and other fish, called the clients. While these cleaners can cooperate by removing ectoparasites from their clients, they can also deceive by feeding on client mucus, a behavior usually referred to as "cheating behavior" that often leads to a discernible jolt from the client fish. Despite extensive studies of these interactions, most research has focused on the visual aspects of the communication. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of acoustic communication in the mutualistic relationship between cleaner fishes and nine holocentrid client species across four regions of the Indo-Pacific Ocean: French Polynesia, Guam, Seychelles, and the Philippines. Video cameras coupled with hydrophones were positioned at various locations on reefs housing Holocentridae fish to observe their acoustic behaviors during interactions. Our results indicate that all nine species of holocentrids can use acoustic signals to communicate to cleaner fish their refusal of the symbiotic interaction or their desire to terminate the cooperation. These sounds were predominantly observed during agonistic behavior and seem to support visual cues from the client. This study provides a novel example of acoustic communication during a symbiotic relationship in teleosts. Interestingly, these vocalizations often lacked a distinct pattern or structure. This contrasts with numerous other interspecific communication systems where clear and distinguishable signals are essential. This absence of a clear acoustic pattern may be because they are used in interspecific interactions to support visual behavior with no selective pressure for developing specific calls required in conspecific recognition. The different sound types produced could also be correlated with the severity of the client response. There is a need for further research into the effects of acoustic behaviors on the quality and dynamics of these mutualistic interactions
Conservation des droits à l'avancement lors d'un placement en disponibilité : application temporelle du dispositif et principe d'égalité
No full textInternational audienceObservations sous CE 5 juillet 2024, no 493568 (inédit au Lebon
Dispositif bilingue à parité horaire en Polynésie française : enjeux et effets sur les compétences langagières, la créativité et la satisfaction de vie d'élèves du CP au CE2
No full textInternational audienceTaking into account the results of international research on the benefits of bilingualism on children's academic success (Wright, Boun zamp; Garcia, 2015), the Ministry of Education of French Polynesia has been deploying since 2019 a bilingual educational system with French-Element Hourly Polynesian Languages (DBPH) in 20 schools and centres for young adolescents spread over all the archipelagos of this community. He asked the EASTCO laboratory and its scientific partners for an evaluative support of this device. CREN, a reference partner for psycholinguistic and psychological dimensions, conducts an evaluation of CP to CE2, on Tahitian, the Marquessian and the rurutu. The dimensions assessed are “fundamental” learning (French and mathematics), oral and written skills in Polynesian and French languages and two areas recognized as part of the skills to be developed for the 21st century (UNESCO, 2014): creativity and life satisfaction. The general assumption is that DBPH should reinforce these different dimensions. Family language practices will also be considered as a factor that can affect the expected benefits. This study will examine the cognitive and conative processes that contribute to harmonious bilingual development and the student's academic success when the local language is strengthened at school alongside French. The aim of the symposium will be to present, in four papers, the DBPH and the methodology for its evaluation, as well as the first results in the different dimensions evaluated.Tenant compte des résultats de la recherche internationale sur les avantages du bilinguisme sur la réussite scolaire des enfants (Wright, Boun & Garcia, 2015), le Ministère de l'éducation de la Polynésie française a déployé depuis 2019 un dispositif pédagogique bilingue à parité horaire français-langues polynésiennes (DBPH) dans 20 écoles et Centres des jeunes adolescents répartis sur l'ensemble des archipels de cette collectivité. Il a sollicité le laboratoire EASTCO et ses partenaires scientifiques pour un accompagnement évaluatif de ce dispositif. Le CREN, partenaire de référence pour les dimensions psycholinguistiques et psychologiques, mène une évaluation du CP au CE2, sur le tahitien, le marquisien et le rurutu. Les dimensions évaluées sont les apprentissages « fondamentaux » (français et mathématiques), les compétences orales et écrites en langues polynésiennes et en français et deux domaines reconnus comme faisant partie des compétences à développer pour le XXIème siècle (UNESCO, 2014) : la créativité et la satisfaction de vie. L'hypothèse générale est que le DBPH devrait renforcer ces différentes dimensions. Les pratiques linguistiques familiales seront également examinées comme facteur pouvant jouer sur les bénéfices escomptés. Cette étude permettra d'examiner les processus cognitifs et conatifs qui participent à un développement bilingue harmonieux et à la réussite scolaire de l'élève lorsque la langue locale est renforcée à l'école à côté du français. L'objectif de ce symposium sera de présenter, en quatre communications, le DBPH et la méthodologie de son évaluation, ainsi que les premiers résultats dans les différentes dimensions évaluées