Riviste Online SApienza - R.O.SA - 2 (Sapienza University of Rome)
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The Military Revolution in Hungary and Transylvania in the 16th and 17th Centuries
Get PDFThis paper examines the impact of the military revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary and in the Principality of Transylvania specifically in areas where the transformation is as evident as in the Western European countries: the introduction of the new system in designing defensive fortifications; the proliferation of firearms; closely related to the latter, the transformation of the various military forces and especially that of the infantry; and, finally, the issue of the standing army.
The Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania were in a very special situation, partly because of the Ottoman threat and partly because of the division of the Kingdom of Hungary into three parts – challenges the like of which no Western European country had to face. Consequently, the effects of the military revolution were felt somewhat differently here than elsewhere. In fact, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania adopted almost all the elements of the phenomenon known as the Military revolution. In some cases the former was demonstrably not an adopter but the actual starting point. The question may be raised whether the profound military changes of the period had any elements at all that could be observed in the Carpathian Basin in a form identical to what is seen in Western Europe, or, alternatively, whether the aforementioned divergences and, occasionally, opposing trends even justify the application of the very categories that Western European military historians use in discussing these changes in military affairs
Phosphorus concentration mechanisms and phosphorite formation, case study: the formation of francolite in Akashat Phosphorite of Eastern Tethys, Iraqi Western Desert
No full textThe increasing in P2O5 content from 70 ppb in seawater to more than 30 wt% in marine phosphorites is a multi-stage process, which includes: the biological trapping of P from the sea, the enrichment of P by decay, the reverse fluxing of P to seawater, the upwelling currents, the formation of phosphatic phases, the early and late diagenetic processes (lithification, mechanical, chemical and biological) which lead to the formation and discrimination of the phosphatic grains (peloids, coprolites, ooides, cortoides, and fish teeth and bone remnants…etc.). The final stage represents the redistribution of phosphatic facies in depositional environments along the continental shelf. Depending upon the suggested views, one can describe the general mechanism as the biogenic – diagenetic phosphorite formations. Akashat phosphorites have mainly consisted of francolite, which depends on the chemical composition of interstitial water. P, Ca and Sr are related to the organic activity of the decay by bacteria in the interstitial water within the upper part of the sea floor mud. The organic material contributes in the collection of some elements like V, Pb, As and HREE from seawater and fixed them on phosphatic grains during the accumulative growth of the phosphatic grains., whereas Na, S, U, Y, and LREE reflect the chemical properties of the seawater in the shallow continental shelf. This environment represents the Francolite formation area which is exposed to partial isolation from the open sea by the local submarine bars, reflected by a slight increase in salinity and alkalinity. The mole/formula of carbonate in Francolite related to the multi diagentic processes toward the more stable phase (fluorapatite). In addition to the association of positive and negative anomalies of Ce and Eu, respectively, which indicated non-oxidizing conditions and without sub-marine volcanic activity through francolite formation. Both roles of primary formation and the diagenetic process play similar effects on the crystal chemistry of francolite
Ad-hoc devised phototraps unravel Cerambyx miles diel activity in the wild (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Get PDFLonghorn beetles are often categorized as diurnal, crepuscular or nocturnal depending on the diel (day-night) time window at which adults are active. A precise knowledge of the diel activity pattern in these species is essential to understand the selective forces involved in, and the adaptations resulting from, the evolution of circadian rhythms. The genus Cerambyx includes both diurnal and crepuscular/nocturnal species. In the case of Cerambyx miles Bonelli, 1812, a usually scarce and localised species, diel activity remains poorly understood. While for some authors this longhorn is diurnal, for others it is crepuscular/nocturnal. In order to resolve this historical discrepancy, we studied the diel activity of C. miles in the wild in 2020 and 2021 using ad hoc devised phototraps (with and without capture) and we examine to what extent our field results conformed to literature. Our data (n = 139 captures/sightings) show that about 94% of the activity of C. miles is diurnal, 5% crepuscular, and less than 1% nocturnal. Diel activity started at dawn, raised progressively during the morning, peaked in the late afternoon (17.00-20.00 h) and declined abruptly just before dusk. Our field results were not consistent with literature data (n = 103 diel activity records retrieved from 79 references), in which diel activity was scored as 60% diurnal, 26% crepuscular and 14% nocturnal. We argue possible causes involved in the literature bias and we discuss the diel activity of C. miles from a behavioural, ecological and evolutionary perspective
Five new species of the genus Griburius Haldeman from Central America (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)
No full textFive new species of Griburius Haldeman, 1849 are described from Central America. The new taxa have been named: Griburius febriculosus sp. nov. from Mexico; Griburius gracilis sp. nov. from Mexico; Griburius mokaya sp. nov. from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Panama; Griburius puncturatus sp. nov. from Mexico; Griburius textus sp. nov. from Belize and Mexico. Besides, two further species of the same genus, i. e. Griburius gamma (Jacoby, 1889) from Mexico and Griburius equestris (Olivier, 1808) from the South of the U.S.A. have been redescribed and revised to make suitable comparisons possible. The lectotype of Griburius gamma and a neotype of Griburius equestris have been designated
Mylabrini diversity and host plants in a Saharan oasis ecosystem with an updated checklist of Meloidae from Algeria (Coleoptera)
Get PDFThe Mylabrini and Lyttini species (Meloidae family) of the oasis of Ouled Djellal were recorded: Croscherichia litigiosa (Chevrolat, 1840), C. gilvipes (Chevrolat, 1840), and Mylabris impressa Chevrolat, 1840, Alosimus cfr. viridissimus (Lucas, 1846). The host plants feed by these species are recorded. Moreover, an updated checklist of the blister beetles from Algeria is published
Steps towards a revision of the Perla bipunctata Pictet, 1833 species complex (Plecoptera: Perlidae)
Get PDFThe traditional view of the species Perla bipunctata Pictet, 1833 and Perla grandis Rambur, 1842 as widely distributed taxa in the West Palaearctic does not stand up to a more thoroughgoing taxonomical examination. In the present study, we demonstrate that these taxa belong to unresolved species complexes, whose members are disjunctly distributed over different, often isolated, geographical areas and mountain ranges. In the first part of this study, based upon the review of specimens labelled Perla bipunctata, Perla grandis and (obsolete) Perla maxima (Scopoli, 1763), collected by the Italian plecopterologists Elisabetta Ravizza Dematteis and Carlalberto Ravizza, between 1970 and 1994 in rivers Nure, Staffora, Stura di Demonte, Stura di Ala, Soana and Tanaro, we show, by a morphological analysis of the penial armature and the sclerotized aedeagus of adult males, that these taxa fall into three distinct groups : a taxon found in the upper course of these rivers, then a second one present in their middle section and finally a third one living only in the very low reaches. The taxonomical problems related to the identification of these three alpine taxa are discussed, and a new species, named Perla ravizzaorum, is described. This same tripartite species cluster within the Perla grandis / bipunctata species group is then shown to be replicated also in other alpine and perialpine regions, and only in these. Putative specimens of Perla bipunctata or Perla grandis collected in extra-alpine regions, such as the British-Irish Isles, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Baetic System, and North Africa, are established as taxa belonging to different species, which are in need to be re-described and renamed. Two new species, Perla andalusiaca, from Andalusia, and Perla pyrenaica, from the Pyrenees, are described from adults and nymphs. The species name Perla carlukiana Klapálek, 1907, 1923 is re-instated for specimens from the British-Irish Isles
Conoscere, consigliare, curare: la medicina nelle lettere di Cristina di Lorena alla figlia
Get PDFThrough the critical use of gender categories, new research perspectives have allowed the history of medicine to open up to a gender dimension, highlighting the important role of women in health care, not only in what is commonly defined as domestic medicine. Starting from reflections of this type, this study, through the examination of the letters exchanged between the Grand Duchess of Tuscany Christine of Lorraine and her daughter Caterina de’ Medici Gonzaga, Duchess of Mantua, in the years between 1617 and 1629, recently published by Beatrice Biagioli and Elisabetta Stumpo, analyzes the interests and knowledge of the Grand Duchess, highlighting unexpected skills in the medical field. Furthermore, the exchange of information, advice and knowledge in this area helps to enrich the reconstruction of a complex and intimate mother-daughter relationship