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ABO and RH Blood Group Type Frequencies among Students from Different Ethnic Groups at Enchini Secondary School, West Shewa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Get PDFThe knowledge about ABO and Rh-D groups at individual and population levels is important for healthcare managements, clinical and genetic analyses. Ethiopia is working in archiving major events “Kunets” that have social and economic values. ABO blood groups and Rhfactor as biological characters and inheritance of genetic materials have major contributions to the “Kunets”. The study aimed to determine ABO and Rh-D blood groups distribution frequencies among 108 Amhara, 72 Gurage and 238 Oromo students at Enchini Secondary School. Each participant’s ABO and Rh-D blood types were determined by using agglutination reaction tests. In each study group, blood group O had the highest frequencies (38.39–41.18 %) whereas AB scored the least frequencies (6.30–10.18 %). Allele O scored the highest frequency (63.5‒64.2%) and allele B scored the least frequencies (17.0–18.2%). Rh+ had the higher frequencies (91.67‒94.12 %). The highest frequencies for O type (41.18%) and Rh+ (94.12%) were from Oromo students. The highest heterozygosity (54.65%) for ABO blood type was from Amhara students and the least (52.36%) was from Oromo students. All the differences between the observed and expected mean values of frequencies in the two blood system were not statistically significant at α = 0.05. The result would serve as a reference by lawyers in paternity suits, by police in forensic science, by anthropologists in the study of different populations, and for other studies and future utilities in health care planning and other needs or “Kunets” in the studied area
Determinants and Regional Differences in Under-Five Mortality in Ethiopia Using Multilevel Count Analysis
Get PDFUnder-five mortality is a leading indicator of child health and overall development. The underfive mortality rate is the probability of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinants and regional differences in under-five mortality in Ethiopia. The data for this study were obtained from the EDHS 2016, which was a nationally representative survey of children in the age group 0-5 years, and multi-level count regression analysis was used to analyze the data. 42.7% of the mothers have faced any at least one under five child death (U5CD) in their lifetime and 1.8% of them experienced at least five U5CD. The findings revealed that toilet facility, birth order, place of delivery, place of residence, source of drinking water, family size and sex of the household head were predictors of under-five mortality. The incidence rates are high in Amhara, Dire Dawa and SNNP, while lower rates are estimated in Addis Ababa, Harari and Oromia. The government and other concerned bodies should focus on the realization of access to safe water for all households and the community as a whole in Ethiopia, in order tominimize the under-five child mortality. Toilet facility plays an important role in child survival. The multilevel analysis further showed that there were substantial under-five death variations per mother among regions in Ethiopia, and were significant (random intercept variance = = 0.313, P- value <0.001)
Selective Synthesis and Biological Application of Flavonoids
Get PDFSecondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenols, and isoprenoids are produced by plants. From these, flavonoids are one of the most naturally found polyphenol organic compounds. Flavonoids have a wide range of biological uses such as anti-diabetic activity and anti-cancer activity as well as antioxidant properties. This review article presents the various chemical synthetic methods of flavonoids. Flavonoids are prepared from chalcones, coumarin, 1,3-diones, eugenol using cyclic oxidation, Wacker oxidation, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, and Knoevenagel condensation. Flavonoids can be divided into three main classes such as flavones, isoflavonoids and neoflavonoids (4-arylcoumarins). Flavones are successfully synthesized by Baker and Venkatraman synthesis and Claisen-Schmidt condensation method while Isoflavonoids are prepared using deoxybenzoin, Suzuki-reaction, oxidative rearrengement, and chalcone routes. Neoflavonoids are synthesized from coumarin using Suzuki-Miyaura reaction and Knoevenagel condensation system
Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Trees and Shrubs Used to Treat Human and Livestock Aliments in Metema District, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Get PDFIn Ethiopia, the use of traditional plant medicines has been practiced since ancient times and the bulk of the medicinal plants were collected from natural vegetations. However, the natural vegetation of the country are on the verge of disappearance due to environment degradation and overuses. To save the endangered indigenous medicinal plants, a study was carried out in Metema District with the objective of identifying and documenting trees and shrubs that have traditional medicinal values to the local people with the associated indigenous knowledge. Eight sample Kebeles were selected purposively based on vegetation and availability and access to key informants. Forty eight key informants and 80 general informants were selected purposively and randomly respectively. Ethnobotanical data were collected using semi structured interview questionnaires, guided field walks, market survey, direct observation and focus group discussion. Data were verified and analyzed using informant consensus, informant consensus factor, simple preference ranking, and fidelity level. Descriptive statistics was also used. A total of 40 traditional medicinal plants which are used to treat 52 human and livestock aliments were recorded. These plants are grouped under 31 general and 23 families. Out of these families, Fabaceae is the dominant family (17.5%) followed by Combretaceae (15%). Leaves were the main plant parts used for medicinal values, and their fresh forms are the most remedy preparation conditions. Crushing and dermal route were the major remedy preparation methods and administration ways respectively. In general, Metema District is rich with trees and shrubs that are used for many health care values to the local community. So, prior conservational practices should be conducted in the area, and there must be a great consensus between the traditional knowledge and the scientific world
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary and Middle School Children in Zigem Town, Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia
Get PDFIntestinal parasitic infections are globally the greatest cause of illness and disease. They are linked to lack of sanitation, lack of access to safe water, poor hygiene and poverty. Though all age groups are affected, children are most affected. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and determine associated risk factors among Zigem Primary School children in Awi zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted from January-August, 2018. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling from classroom rosters. Direct-wet mount and formal-ether concentration was used for the diagnosis of stool samples. A questionnaire-items format was used to collect sociodemographic characters and possible risk factors. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Logistic regression was used to assess the strengths of possible risk factors. Out of the total of 576 school children, 178 (30.9%) were infected by one or more parasites. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar 80(13.9%), Ascaris lumbricoides 46 (8%), Hymenolepis nana 3 (0.5%), Giardia lamblia 4 (0.7%) and Hookworm infection 2 (0.3%) were identified. Malestudents i.e., 99 (17.2%; p < 0.05) were more infected than female students i.e., 79 (13.7%). Students with the age range of 11-14 years were more affected than other age categories (p=0.024). Family size, hand washing habit and latrine usage were associated risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections. The findings obtained from this study indicate the need for strengthening the control of intestinal parasitic infections. Hence, there should be a regular deworming program and health education to school children
Physicochemical Properties and Levels of Selected Trace Metals in Honey from North Gondar, Ethiopia
Get PDFIn this study, physicochemical parameters and metal concentration of honey samples were collected from Beyeda, Dabat, Debark and Jan Amora Districts in North Gondar Administrative Zone and assessed. The mean values of physicochemical parameters were: moisture as 16.0‒22.9% (w/w), ash content 0.48-0.74%, the electrical conductivity (EC) as 0.33‒0.40 mS/cm and the pH as 3.59–4.65. Except the moisture content of honey from Beyeda and Debark districts which slightly exceeded the allowable limits, all quality parameters were found within the acceptable range given by Codex Alimentarius. For metal analysis, using flame atomic absorption spectrometer, honey samples were digested in HNO3 and H2O2 (1:1, v,v) at temperature of 220 oC for 1:40 h. The mean concentrations (μg/g) of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were in the range of 0.40‒1.62, 5.82‒15.31, 0.20‒1.41, 1.90‒6.75 and 3.30‒7.45, respectively. Among the physicochemical parameters investigated, a positive correlation was obtained between ash content, pH and EC. However, moisture content showed a negative correlation with ash content, pH, and EC. Copper, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn showed positive correlation to each other. Analysis of variance at 95% confidence level indicated that there were only significant variations for Cu and Zn
Modeling Time to Death using the application of Survival model among HIV/TB Co-infected Patients who are under ART Follow-up in Axsum-Hospital, Ethiopia.
Get PDFThe relationship between Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) is complex, health problem resulting in the synergistic increases in patients’’ morbidity and mortality. The probability of being infected by both infections is attention seeking health issue worldwide. The application of combination of antiretroviral therapy (ARV) in 1996 has immense effect in extending the life span of infected patients by slowing the wasting period, and by boosting the CD4 cell count of an infected patient. This study aimed to identify factors that influence the survival status of HIV/TB co-infected patients who are under ART follow-up and to assess the effectiveness of Cox PH model compared to parametric models in modelling time-to-death. The resulting data set comprises 210 cases all of them HIV-infected TB patients who are above the age of 15 years, and who have started anti-TB treatment between the years 2011 and 2015. The Cox proportional hazard model used to compare parametric models in modelling time-to-death. A total 210 participants 169 (80.5%) were died due to the disease, and 41 (19.5%) were not presented to follow-up during the time of data collection. From the total 210 ART followers, 88 (41.9%) were male while the rest were female. The study showed that the WHO clinical stage III is 1.27 (p = 0.023) indicating that WHO clinical stage III has the tendency to prolong the survival time of HIV/TB co-infected patient compared to stage IV. The study also revealed that the Accelerated failure time model has the best predictive power compared to the Cox model based on the AIC values. The best fitted model for survival analysis is the Generalized Gamma Accelerated failure time model. Among the several prognostic factors Age, CD4 cell count, and WHO Clinical Stages II and III were identified as significant prognostic factors
Integrated Management of Garlic rust (Puccinia allii) disease using varieties and Fungicides at Gondar Zuria District in Central Gondar Administrative zone, North Western Ethiopia
Get PDFGarlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important spice crop which is belonged to the family Alliaceous, and which is widely grown in Ethiopia. The crop is currently challenged by biotic and abiotic factors. One of the biotic factors which affect garlic is garlic rust disease that is caused by Pucciniaallii Rudolphi. This garlic disease is the most affective biotic factor in all garlic producing areas of Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to find out a solution for garlic rust disease by applying the integrated use of garlic varieties and fungicides. Field experiment was conducted at Teda horticultural experimental site during 2019/2020 main cropping season in the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. The experiment was done in randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement of nine (9) treatments with combinations of varieties and fungicides at three replications. Two improved varieties (Tseday and Kuriftu) and one local variety combined with two fungicides (Tilt 250EC and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG). Untreated plots were also used as treatments. The plot’s size was 2.5m*1.8m (4.5m2) with a spacing of 0.5m between plots, 0.3m, between rows and 0.1m between plants. Data on disease incidence, percentage severity index, yield and yield component parameters were collected and analyzed. The highest (99.2%) local untreated and the lowest (3.51%) Tseday variety treated with Tilt percentage severity index were recorded. The lowest (8.01 t ha-1) yield was found variety while the highest (12.04 t ha-1) total bulb yield and high marginal rate of return were recorded from Tseday variety treated with Tilt 250 EC fungicide. Therefore, according to our research result, Tseday variety treated with Tilt fungicide was recommended as best management method among treatments on garlic rust disease.
 
Treatment and Characterization of Chromium from Tannery Industry Effluents by Electrocoagulation Process Using Aluminum Electrode
Get PDFThe performance of electrocoagulation using Aluminum electrodes for the treatment of chromiumfrom tannery effluent using fixed bed electrochemical batch reactor was studied. The efficiencyevaluation of electrocoagulation in removing chromium metal from Amhara region real industrialtannery wastewater, collected from Bahirdar, Debrebrihan, and Haik was investigated. The treatedand untreated samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emissionspectrometry. The effect of operational parameters such as applied current density, initial pH,initial metal concentration, temperature and Voltage was studied. The results indicated that Crremoved in all experiments with high removal percentages. The optimal results were obtained,regarding both cost and electrocoagulation efficiency with initial pH 3, concentration = 40 mg/L,electrolysis time = 30 min, current density = 40 mA/cm2and temperature of 25oC favoredchromium metal removal. The maximum removal percentages of chromium were 84.42% forHaik, 92.64% for Bahirdar and 94.90% for Debrebrihan. Hence, after the electrocoagulationprocess, chromium may be used again as a tanning agent in leather processing
Variations in Water Quality among the Different Municipal Supply Sources of Gondar City, Ethiopia
Get PDFGondar city is one of the highly populated cities in Ethiopia. Due to the recent rapid urbanization and the associated population growth, meeting the public demand for drinking water has become a critical challenge. To alleviate this problem, the city has started to use the different available sources including rivers, ground water and springs. The public however, has resentments on the poor quality of the supplied water and its frequently appeared bad taste. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the quality of water extracted from the different sources (Angereb reservoir, Angereb boreholes, Koladiba boreholes and springs), and to assess the water supply temporal variations. To achieve these objectives different physicochemical and biological water quality parameters were evaluated on a monthly basis for a year. Water supply from Koladiba boreholes was found to be significantly high in amount (p < 0.05) in Cl- (122‒163 mg/L), F- (0.74‒0.80 mg/L) and Ca (150‒193 mg/L) than water supply from the other sources. The high level of chloride requires its consideration during water chlorination treatment process. Water supply from Angereb reservoir was more turbid with higher concentrations of PO43- (27.7‒47.7 mg/L) and SO42- (31.1‒35.2 mg/L) as well as coliforms (18‒47 CFU per 100 mL). All of these water properties increased during the rainy seasons (June, July and August). This suggested that they originate mainly from surface run off water containing chemicals from the neighboring agricultural fields and urban domestic effluents. Hence, devising and implementing an effective management strategy to protect the reservoirs from the influence of the adjacent agricultural and urban residential areas is critical