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Molecular markers Implementation in plant breeding for identification and introgression of gene and gene pyramiding-a review
Get PDFThe application of DNA markers has been completed in the analysis of plant genetic diversity, gene mapping, gene inheritance, and in using molecular marker technology in the development of molecular breeding. Today, molecular markers are used for molecular characterization, gene transfer and pyramid formation especially for those which are agronomically essential genes. However, this new generation has little significance for polymorphically inherited traits. Despite the fast developments in plant molecular genetics, bioinformatics, genomics and the growth of interest to use new technology, there are many factors that hinder the application of latest technology in breeding practice. This evaluation article is especially focused on the use of marker-assisted technology instead of the conventional plant breeding which has many strengths and weaknesses
THE LIBERALIZATION OF STANDING REQUIREMENTS AND THE BROADENING OF GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS IN ETHIOPIA
Get PDFAdministrative agencies, including environmental agencies, need wide discretionary powers in order to realize their purposes efficiently and effectively. However, conferring such discretionary powers to the administrative body may lead to abuse of power, unless the law provides mechanisms to control such abuse or failure to carry out regulatory responsibilities. In environmental cases, abuse of power and failure to exercise regulatory power may go unchallenged despite the ‘‘diffused interest’’ that citizens can invoke to initiate judicial proceedings. It thus, becomes important to revisit the issue of standing with respect to the rights of citizens to bring court actions against violators of environmental laws and regulations as well as challenging the regulatory decisions. The liberalization of standing requirements and providing a broad legal basis for judicial review actions will be crucial measures in ensuring the effectiveness of environmental regulations especially in holding the relevant regulators accountable for their decisions in the manner that promotes administrative justice. The present article seeks to examine the adequacy of the legal framework put in place for the liberalization of standing to initiate judicial review to promote administrative justice in environmental matters in Ethiopia
An Evaluation of the Current Status of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) In Ethiopia
Get PDFThe foremost rationale of this article is to make an evaluation of the current standing of MFIs in Ethiopia. The appraisal was made against indicators included types of ownership of MFIs, duration the firm operation, number of employees in the head quarters of the sampled MFIs, mode of maintaining the records of MFIs, types of financial services offered, financers of MFIs, market segment of MFIs, geographical coverage of MFIs, size of MFIs, and the body that governs and supervise the MFIs. The article largely used primary data since such data is not available from secondary sources. And also the study made use of a self-developed questionnaire that was administered to the respondents by the researcher. In addition, the nature of the study rendered analysis techniques to employ descriptive statistics. The results of the analysis were presented in cross tabulation frequency tables to show the general phenomenon of variables being measured. SPSS statistics version 20.0 was used for descriptive statistics such as creating cross tabulation frequency tables. Based on the empirical evidence of this study, it was found out from the study that, considering the undertaken performance indicators, most of Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia have performed well from year to year during the period under review. Finally, the trend in performance of microfinance institutions during those years of operation was encouraging. Thus, the study recommends that Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia to be successful and sustainable, a successful economic development strategy must be crafted to compete and to thrive today’s global econom
DEBENTURES AND BONDS UNDER ETHIOPIAN LAW
Get PDFThe need to develop domestic security markets has increasingly attracted the attention of national and international policymakers following the recent international financial crises. The issue of debt management is intrinsically linked to security market development. The Ethiopian law recognizes debentures and bonds as debt instruments. Even though the Commercial Code of Ethiopia provides fairly advanced rules governing debentures, private companies have never issued debentures in Ethiopia. Bank- based financing of investments, which leads to a greater degree of control over the private sector by a relatively small group of agents, is still prevalent. So, there is a need for developing a security market as an alternative. There is no a comprehensive and vibrant law that regulates government bonds other than the proclamations (Government Bonds Proclamation No 172/1961, Negarit Gazeta, Year 20, No. 11 and Government Bonds Proclamation No 262/1969, Negarit Gazeta, Year 28, No. 12,) enacted during the Imperial Government. So far there is no law that repeals the 1969 Government Bonds proclamation. Some of the provisions of the proclamation do not, however, correspond with the present practical reality. As per the guidelines of the Grand Renaissance Dam Bond, the present FDRE government sets no maximum ceiling price for the bonds. This article is, therefore, designed to shed light on the legal aspects of debentures and bonds in the context of stock market development as envisaged under the Ethiopian law. It’s methodology is qualitative and it is conducted through: Analysis and assessment of the existing Ethiopian policies, laws and practices; Review of the studies available in Ethiopia: Literature study and consultation of the laws and regulatory practices of countries and Comparison of the Ethiopian policies, laws and practices with the policies, laws, practices and recommendations in the international experience
THE ETHIOPIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM: ISSUES AND RE
Get PDFIn modern democracy, parliamentary representatives need to be elected. However, this may not necessarily warrant all democratic virtues unless the electoral system which translates the votes into seats is crafted rightly to maintain and to encourage fair election, , legitimacy of the government, multipartism and interdependence among rival politicians and the groups they represent thereby promoting inclusive and trustworthy democracy. The latter benefits of democracy are highly demanded in diversified societies and societies with poor political culture of tolerance, like Ethiopia. In this regard, this article investigated the discontents of the Ethiopian electoral system, ‘first-past-the-post’ (FPFP) taking empirical data from the 2005, 2010 and 2015 general elections. To this end, Key informant interviews with the opposition and the incumbent parties were conducted. The author’s own observation together with the available literature was employed. The findings revealed that the FPTP electoral system is ill-designed to Ethiopia as it negatively affects fairness in representation, legitimacy of government, multipartism and the behavior of the political parties
SEVERITY OF THE FACTORS IMBEDING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF MFIs IN ETHIOPIA
Get PDFThis paper aimed to study and identify the factors affecting the Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions operating in Ethiopia. The findings of this study revealed that educational level of clients, lack of information about customer, client focus (delivering what clients need), and integration were the factors that highly affected the sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia. Also, the finding indicated that both the loan payment/default risk/ and inflation are among the operational factors that cause the lack of sustainability and eventual failure of such operational schemes. Furthermore, the study found that out of the strategic trait of sustainability factors, technology was found to be the foremost which influences the sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia. The study also established that availability of capital to lend to clients was found to be the regulatory feature which typically affects the sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia. Thus, based on the findings, the study recommends that Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia to be successful and sustainable, a successful economic development strategy must be crafted which should focus on improving the skills of the staff/workforce/management skills/, reducing the cost of doing their business especially high transaction costs related with increasing outreach, and making available the capital to lend institution needs to compete and thrive today’s global economy
IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES OF UN AGENCIES IN ETHIOPIA: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE REMEDIES
Get PDFEthiopia is a host country for more than a hundred diplomatic missions, including United Nations agencies and the African Union headquarters. The missions and their staff are accorded the immunities and privileges under international law or through agreements entered into by the Ethiopian government. As a result, domestic courts are barred from exercising judicial jurisdiction in disputes involving diplomats and officials enjoying immunities. Lack of judicial jurisdiction of persons with immunities and privileges resulted in abuses of the rights of Ethiopian citizens. This creates a vacuum of legal remedy available for individuals seeking justice against unlawful acts committed by persons enjoying immunity. This gave room for unscrupulous officials and staff to engage in unlawful activities to promote their private and personal interests. There has been a rise in the number of incidents involving abuse of rights of persons enjoying immunities and privileges in these missions. The present article deals with abuses of the immunities and privileges of UN agencies and suggests remedies to be undertaken
POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS OF DOUBLE TAXATION AVOIDANCE TREATIES IN ETHIOPIA: FLAWS IN THE MAKING
Get PDFCountries enter into bilateral agreements for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital. Such agreements are commonly referred to as Double Taxation Treaties (DTTs). The history of double taxation treaties in Ethiopia can be traced back to 1971 when Ethiopia entered into a double taxation avoidance treaty with Italy for income from commercial air transport. Since then, Ethiopia has entered into various tax treaties with many developed, developing and even least developed countries (LDCs). The present article is devoted to analyse the policy and legal framework of double taxation avoidance treaties to which Ethiopia is a party. It employs a qualitative research methodology in identifying the policy and legal framework of Ethiopia’s double taxation treaties. The article argues that the existing general policy and legal framework are limited in scope and is not well organized as is the case with the Ethiopian tax system in general. Hence, the need to have a comprehensive, stand-alone and well-organized policy and legal framework for double taxation issues
THE EFFECT OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT PRACTICE ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS: A CASE STUDY OF DASHEN BREWERY SHARE COMPANY GONDAR, ETHIOPIA
Get PDF In today’s highly competitive business environment, organizations are striving to achieve effectiveness, cost efficiencies and economies of scale. Most of these organizations perform various logistical operations so as to meet their customers’ needs. However, managing these operations in order to achieve their objectives has posed a great challenge to the firms. Many firms have not yet established how much to invest in logistics and the right balance between responsiveness and efficiency. The main purpose of the study is to determine the effect of logistics management practice on organizational competitiveness. The study employed explanatory research design and used purposive sampling technique to select 125 samples. Primary data were collected through survey questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by using (SPSS) version 22. The result of the study has shown that transportation management practice, inventory management practice, supply management practice and warehouse management have positive and significant effect on organizational competitiveness; however, customer service management and information flow management have insignificant effect on organizational competitiveness. The study suggested that the management should accurately understand and meet customer needs by addressing customer service strategies through integration, adaptation, logistical precision and provision of standard service level. It also suggested that information flow management should be addressed through the implementation of different application systems like system for order entry, order processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), vehicle routing, scheduling and inventory replenishment system and other new technological applications
GLOBALIZATION, SOVEREIGNTY AND ETHIOPIA IN THE AGE OF IP CREATIVE JURISPRUDENCE
Get PDFIntellectual property (IP), trade, national language (lingua franca), sports and other socio-cultural interventions could be an agency for economic and national unity. This short communication analyses the intersection of contemporary IP international regimes and socio-economic development of a developing economy, using Ethiopia as a case study. The research further analyses the intersection of IP systems of laws and other socio-economic concepts like globalization, human rights, and legal education. Human rights and intellectual property have become a current subject of legal scholarship as evidenced in the recent Marrakesh Treaty signed by more than eighty countries. Recently, Ethiopia entered a multilateral agreement to participate in an e-commerce platform. The implication for Ethiopians could range from exposures to digital creative jurisprudence to full participation in the creative culture of the networked digital era. However, Ethiopia currently does not belong to any major Internet Treaty or intellectual property (IP) Treaty, and this paper seeks to explore the implications for its economic and developmental innovation and creativity policies. Multilateral economic and investment Treaties in this millennium represent manifestations of the impacts of globalization. Sovereign and political rights proponents have raised concerns about the derogation of political and economic capacities of nation-states because of globalization. The protagonists of national sovereignty and constitutional order demand the renegotiation of most of the international socio-economic Treaties. This paper will suggest ways of allaying the suspicions of sovereign dilution, which may be part of raison d'etre for the skepticism towards international economic and developmental Treaty regimes. As a starting point Ethiopia should use the template of its human-rights Treaty recognition to sign or accede to international IP Treaties