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Evaluating the Status of Technologies Transferred to Users: Evidence at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia
Get PDFIncreasing demands but lack of adoption for technologies are the key challenges of technology transfer. The level of utilization with improved technologies and advanced systems are limited. The objective of this paper was to examine the status of transferred technologies and to evaluate determinants that influenced the functioning of transferred technologies. This study is conducted at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia. All 135 investigators who granted technology transfer projects between 2012 and 2021 were taken for the study. Participant observation, questionnaire, document review and focused group discussion were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, qualitative narrations, and Binary Logit econometric model were employed for data analysis. The study results revealed that 11% of principal investigators were females. About 87.4% and 12.6% investigators were 2nd and 3rd degree holders, respectively. The proportion of soft and hard system granted projects were 44.4% and 55.6%. About 34.1% and 29.6% of the technologies were transferred and utilized to end users. About 13.0% of the adopted technologies have possibility of making business or startups and some of them can be used for manufacturing industries. The model results indicated that college types, year of granting, type of technologies and transfer, implementation and technology users are positively influenced the functioning of technologies while age of college and field distance negatively affected the utilization of technologies. Therefore, adequate time and budget, and data-base management systems are suggested for effective functioning and sustainability of transferred technologies
Evaluation of interaction effect of Fungicides and Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) Varieties against Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans), Disease in Chilga District, Central Gondar, Ethiopia
No full textPotato is the fourth most important food crop in the world. Late blight potato disease is the major bottleneck problem in the Chilga district. This study was designed to find out the integrated use of potato varieties and fungicides for the management of late blight disease. Three improved varieties (Belete, Jalenie, Gudenie) and one local variety combined with two fungicides (Agro-Laxyle MZ 63.5WP, Cozaxyle 72% WP) were used as a treatment combination. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Data on first disease symptom appearance date, disease incidence, percentage severity index, and disease progress rate were recorded according to standard procedures. The highest (98.15%) percentage severity index and the lowest (4.53 t ha-1) marketable tuber yield were obtained from the highly susceptible local varieties untreated plots, while the lowest (22.59%) percentage severity index and the highest (41.63 t ha-1) marketable tuber yield were obtained from the relatively resistant Belete variety treated with Cozaxyle72% WP fungicide. This study showed the relatively resistant Belete variety treated with Cozaxyle 72% WP fungicide was more economical and feasible for the management of late blight potato disease and increased yield markedly
Mathematical Model of Tuberculosis Transmission Dynamics with Vaccination
No full textTuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria. It can spread via close contact with people who have active TB. To gain a better understanding of the disease spread and control, we develop a deterministic model for this purpose. The corresponding threshold quantity was discovered by looking at the qualitative behaviors of the model as it was presented. When the effective reproduction number is less than unity, the system's tuberculosis-free equilibrium is considered to be locally asymptotically stable; otherwise, it is unstable. Additionally, we looked at the model's stability analysis and sensitivity analysis. The theoretical findings were demonstrated and supported by a numerical simulation. The overall finding indicates that decreasing the contact rate with the susceptible person and increasing the rate of immunizing susceptible persons with highly efficient vaccines will lower the prevalence of tuberculosis in the population
L-fuzzy Prime and Maximal Congruences in Almost Distributive Lattices
No full textIn this paper, we define and describe the concept of L-fuzzy prime and maximal congruences in an Almost Distributive lattice (ADL) and discuss its characteristics. Mainly, we establish a one-to-one correspondence between prime (maximal) L-fuzzy congruences of an ADL and the pairs (P, α), where P is a prime (maximal) congruence of an ADL and α is a prime element (dual atom) in a frame, yields the prime (maximal) L-fuzzy congruences of all given ADL. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between prime (maximal) L-fuzzy congruence and L-fuzzy prime (maximal) congruence on an ADL, proving through counter examples that the converse is not true
The Estimating the Economic Wide Effect of Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Ethiopian Economy: A Recursive Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Approach
No full textThis paper examines the economy wide effect of Ethiopian renaissance dam on Ethiopian economy. The model is based on an updated Social Accounting Matrix for 2014/15 that takes into account the structural changes in the economy. Given the additional electricity generation capacity of Ethiopia, the model run a policy simulation in which the additional 6000MW that scheduled to come online near the future form renaissance dam. To analysis this policy option this paper outlined a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium approach and hence uses the change in real GDP, sectors production, investment, external sector, household income and consumption expenditures, and household’s welfare relative to the baseline, as an indicators of the economic wide effects of the renaissance dam. In opting for policy shock, the results of exercise showed that with an increment in power supply from renaissance dam the country can optimize the beneficial impacts on its economy. Specifically the simulation results show a spreading out effect in real GDP, sectors production, real investment, household income and household’s consumption expenditure. Results also showed improvement in the welfare for all the household categories. However; the shift in relative income across the household categories favors high income households. Overall, this paper suggests that Ethiopian economy will enjoy the largest improvement with additional power supply resulting from Ethiopian renaissance dam, therefore; concerned bodies should exerted maximum efforts to finalize the projects on time and resolve the age-long problems of the people so that the economy maintains its tremendous progress
Comparison of General Limit Equilibrium Methods for Slope Stability Analysis
No full textSlope failure becomes one of the most critical problems in geotechnical works, which results in damages to engineering structures, farmlands, and loss of lives. Therefore, slope stability analysis is very important to reduce damages due to slope failure. Soil samples on threeselected slope sections were taken and determined the internal friction angle, cohesiveness, and unit weight of soils in the laboratory test. Then, a factor of safety for three slope sections was calculated using different general limit equilibrium methods (GLEMs) under dry and wet slope conditions. The result showed a factor of safety less than one for slope section 1, which is unstable whereas the factor of safety for slope sections 2 and 3 under dry and wet slope conditions is greater than one that is stable. The results of a factor of safety for all GLEMs were computed and compared. Although Corps Engineering 1 and 2, Bishop, and L-KM showed a little factor of safety difference compared to the Sarma method (SM), Spencer method (SPM), and Morgenstern price method (MPM), all methods except the ordinary method, showed similar potential to slope stability analysis. However, SM, MPM, and SPM are good at satisfying all equations of statics and provide a factor of safety vs lambda graph which is impossible in other GLEMs
Unraveling the Spread and Control Nexus with Knowledge, Treatment, and Reinfection in Tuberculosis Dynamics
Get PDFThe study provides stability assessment both locally and globally and analyzes how the fundamental reproduction number impacts the spread of disease. The tuberculosis control through awareness, early detection, and treatment improves cure rates and reduces transmission. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters of basic reproduction number reveals critical to tuberculosis dynamics. By using the homotopy perturbation method in a novel way, the research integrates rigorous mathematical analyses with numerical simulations to provide a deep understanding of the intricate interactions between treatment techniques, knowledge distribution, and reinfection dynamics in tuberculosis. The result shows that treatment through vaccination combined with early detection and patient monitoring, improves cure rates and reduces transmission, highlighting the need for focus, and efficient control methods in the global eradication of tuberculosi
Residual levels and potential health risk assessment of heavy metals in varieties of teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) using ICP-OES from Becho District, Ethiopia
Get PDFThis study determined the levels of heavy metals and associated health risks from frequently consumed red, mixed, and white teff grown in Ethiopia's Becho area. The sample was wetdigested and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Further data acquisition and analysis, such as spike experiments, were conducted to validate the method's performance. The levels of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cd ranged from 83.67 to 330.10, 157.02 to 299.16, 25.88 to 44.60, 2.84 to 8.03, 0.0014 to 2.50, 0.024 to 0.35, 0.0012 to 19.73, 0.0022 to 0.40, and 0.022 to 0.34 mg/kg in all teff varieties, respectively. The percentage recovery of the examined metals in the spiked samples ranged from 88.65 to 118.80%, showing the good validity of the optimized digested procedures. Non-carcinogenic health risks to exposed adults were also assessed. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values of Fe and Mn in red teff and Mn and Ni in mixed teff were greater than unity, indicating that the consumption of red and mixed teff may cause possible non-carcinogenic health risks to exposed adults. The values of hazard index (HI) for white, red, and mixed teff were 3.95, 8.302, and 8.84, respectively, indicating that exposure of the population to heavy metals leads to potential adverse health risks. The target cancer risk (TCR) values of Ni and Cr in mixed teff showed high cancer risk, with Cd indicating a moderate effect, and the values of Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr in red teff; Pb in mixed teff; and Cd, Cr, and Ni in white teff showed low cancer risks in the exposed adult population in the area
The Determinants and Challenges in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Service Performance at Public Health Facilities in Central Gondar Zone, Amara Regional State, Ethiopia
No full textPharmaceutical supply chain service revolves around product selection, quantification, procurement inventory management distribution and use in public health facilities. This study is aimed at exploring the determinants and challenges of pharmaceutical supply chain service performance in Central Gondar zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. To collect the required data, both qualitative and quantitative instruments were used. Both descriptive and econometric analyses have been employed. Over all, the descriptive results showed that aggregate pharmaceutical service performance in Central Gondar zone is 60% which is significantly lower than the Logistic system Assessment Tool score cut-off point for good performance (75%). Component-wise, product selection, inventory management, forecasting as well as warehousing and storage practices are relatively better with average scores surpassing overall aggregate performance. The worst scores were observed in product use, distribution, and procurement practices. The logistic regression results suggested that the information variable is the only determinant with statistically significant effect on pharmaceutical supply chain service performance. The most common pharmaceutical supply chain challenges include shortage of skilled man power, lack of competency among existing staff, budget constraints, supplier reliability problems, and poor infrastructure, and inflation, and transportation costs. Improving information use and systems would raise pharmaceutical service performance. In addition, it is vital to resolve infrastructure bottlenecks and human capital constraints to strengthen the drug supply service performance in the study area
Analysis of Farm Households’ Price Efficiency in Production of Maize: The case of Bilo Nopa District, Illu Ababor Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: An application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Dual Cost approach
No full textEven though agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy, its performance is unsatisfactory and food production is very low as compared with population growth. As the possibility to improve production by bringing extra resources into use became more and more restricted, the efficiency with which the farmers use existing resources has received the utmost attention to block the gap between supply and demand of food. This study was carried out to analyze productivity and price efficiency of smallholderfarmers in maize production in Bilo Nopa district. To meet the objectives of the study, secondary data were used in addition to primary data. The Primary data was gathered via structured questionnaires from randomly selected 152 sample households during the 2020/21 production year as well as secondary data was collected from different sources. Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to analyze the productivity where as Tobit Model is used to estimate farm households’ price efficiency. The mean price efficiency was 70.9%. Thus, there exist considerable levels of price inefficiencies in production of maize in the study area. The Tobit model results revealed that livestock holding, frequency of extension contact, land fragmentation and off/non farm activity had a considerable effect on price efficiency. The result of the study shows that there exists an opportunity to boost the efficiency of maize producers in the study area. In addition, policy measures derived from the results of the study include: increasing the livestock production, strengthening the extension services, promote off/non farm activity and raising theresettlement programs in the study area