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Mathematical Modeling of Typhoid Dynamics with Age Structure, Vaccination, and Treatment through Homotopy Perturbation Method
No full textThis research presents a mathematical model for understanding the dynamics of typhoid fever, incorporating age structure, vaccination, and treatment effects. The model captures the complexities of typhoid transmission by considering different age groups, which exhibit varying susceptibility and contact rates. The homotopy perturbation method is applied to solve the system of differential equations governing the disease dynamics. The model explores the impact of vaccination programs, treatment interventions, and age-specific factors on reducing transmission rates and controlling outbreaks. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify key parameters that influence disease progression, including the basic reproduction number. The results highlight the importance of targeting vaccination and treatment strategies toward specific age groups to enhance intervention efficacy. Numerical simulations demonstrate that increasing vaccination coverage and treatment rates significantly reduce the spread of typhoid fever. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing public health policies aimed at managing typhoid fever, particularly in regions with limited resources. This approach offers a robust framework for assessing the effectiveness of control measures and improving disease management
The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Role of Organizational Culture and Psychological Empowerment
No full textIn today’s rapidly evolving business environment, employee innovative behavior (IB) is essential for organizational resilience and sustained growth. While transformational leadership (TL) is widely recognized as a factor influencing innovation, the combined mediating roles of organizational culture (OC) and psychological empowerment (PE)—particularly in the aviation sector of developing economies—remain underexplored. This study examines how TL influences IB both directly and indirectly through OC and PE, using survey data from 371 Ethiopian Airlines employees, analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Study results indicate that TL significantly enhances IB, both directly and through two key mediation pathways: by fostering an innovation-supportive OC and by increasing employees’ PE. Additionally, OC positively influences PE, suggesting a cascading mechanism where leadership and culture jointly empower employees to innovate. The study recommends that Ethiopian Airlines and similar organizations should cultivate TL behaviors such as vision-setting, empowerment, and innovation support; institutionalize empowerment practices like participatory decision-making and task autonomy; and foster an open, collaborative, and risk-tolerant OC. Together, these strategies support the development of an integrated innovation ecosystem capable of sustaining competitive advantage. This study adds to the body of research on leadership and innovation literature by offering novel empirical insights from a leading African airline, illustrating how leadership style and organizational context synergistically promote employee innovation
ON (m, n)−ABSORBING IDEALS IN AN ALMOST DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICE
No full textThis paper explores the concept of (m, n)−absorbing ideals within an Almost Distributive Lattice (ADL). It also introduces and examines the notion of weakly (m, n)−absorbing ideals, a more generalized form of (m, n)− absorbing ideals. The primary focus is on establishing the relationships between (m, n)−absorbing ideals (and weakly (m, n)−absorbing ideals) and their counterparts, (m, n)−absorbing prime ideals (and weakly (m, n)−absorbing prime ideals), in an ADL. Additionally, the paper investigates the properties of homomorphic images and inverse images of (m, n)−absorbing ideals, demonstrating that these images retain the structure of (m, n)−absorbing ideals
AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19 ON PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS IN ETHIOPIA
No full textSince the first COVID-19 case was confirmed, the government of Ethiopia has taken measures to contain the spread of the virus, and thereby, ease the socio impact of the pandemic. Although these emergency measures were swift, over time, they remain short-lived due to various reasons. Businesses are forced, inter alia, to cut back production and service delivery, lay off employees temporarily, lack working capitalmaking it difficult to continue operating. Businesses are especially challenged to meet their contractual obligations and keep their commercial relations worthy. As a result, this article overviews the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance contractual obligations and shows the legal relief adopted in Ethiopian law to escape the liabilities of resulting damage. To that effect, the article employs a doctrinal research method and hence, assesses domestic laws, books, journal articles, web information, and foreign jurisprudence. Thus, it argues that the COVID-19 pandemic affects the performance of contractual obligations, but parties may use force majeure or, if not, vary contractual terms to save themselves from the pitfalls of the current pandemic
DIVERGENCE BETWEEN THE LAW AND THE PRACTICE ON THE RIGHT TO SELL OF RURAL HOUSES IN ETHIOPIA: EVIDENCE FROM THE AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
Get PDFIn Ethiopia, rural landholders as well as practitioners are left with uncertainty regarding the right and freedom to sell properties they produced on their landholding for dwelling purposes and the like. The message conveyed by the FDRE Constitution and rural land legislations in this respect has not been clearly understood and applied. This paper aims to investigate the real content of the legal provisions and the practice concerning the sale of rural houses in Ethiopia by providing empirical evidence from Amhara National Regional State (ANRS). The research applied both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative method was used to analyze data collected through focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interviews. 5 FGDs were conducted with a total of 85 rural land-holders in each of the five selected weredas, and with nine judges selected from the Bahir Dar Area High Court and the Supreme Court of ANRS. To analyze relevant laws, I applied doctrinal analysis. I also applied the comparative law method to compare the Ethiopian land transfer regime with that of China and Vietnam. The quantitative method was applied to present data collected through a questionnaire. A questionnaire survey was applied to collect information from two groups of respondents: 50 rural land administration and use staff in the selected five woredas (districts) and a total of 30 Judges working in courts representing the five selected woredas. The data obtained was presented by a simple statistical tool using figures, tables, and percentages. The study has found that the law does not prevent the sale of rural houses in Ethiopia, as is the case in Vietnam and China. However, the study showed that the law has been understood by both the people and experts to prohibit the practice of sale of rural houses. The study suggests that a clearer and more complete legislative coverage, as well as an active and better-oriented staff in land administration and use offices and courts, should be ensured to enforce existing land policy properly
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE BY SOCIAL COURTS IN ETHIOPIA: NORMATIVE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Get PDFSocial courts have been grassroots judicial institutions for a long time, playing their role in ensuring justice concerning petty matters. Despite debates on their constitutionality, social courts are still operating as the judicial wing of the lower administrative unit. Theadministration of justice by a social court is one of the under-researched issues. To fill this gap, this study employed a combination of normative and empirical methods to examine the effectiveness of social courts and the challenges they faced. Normative approaches were used to comparatively study regional social court laws, while empirical approaches were employed to examine practices and challenges of social courts in the administration of justice. As the findings of the study revealed, despite its contribution to access to justice, the administration of justice by the social court is subject to multifaceted challenges attributable to the incompetence of judges, jurisdictional ambiguity, and lack of access to necessary facilities that negate its effectiveness and question its very existence. To overcome these challenges, this article recommends a comprehensive reform that includes revisiting the laws and implementing capacity-building programs. The study also calls for a nationwide study of the administration of justice by the social court to fill gaps and facilitate the transfer of good practices
Unraveling the Thermo-Physical Properties of MHD Heat and Mass Transfer of Nano-Fluid Flow over a Nonlinear Permeable Stretching Sheet
Get PDFInvestigating MHD Heat and mass transfer of nano-fluid over a permeable stretching sheet can lead to improved storage, handling and usage. This work therefore examined the significance of temperature-dependent viscosity and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity on MHD heat and mass transfer of nano-fluid over a nonlinear permeable stretching sheet. The governing partial differential equations describing the nanofluid flow are transformed and parameterized into a system of ordinary differential equations. The resulting mathematical model was solved numerically using the shooting technique with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Graphical analysis is conducted to investigate the impact of certain fluid parameters on the momentum, thermal and concentration equations. The results from the graphs showed that temperature-dependent viscosity and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity have appreciable effects on the model
Prevalence and Its Associated Factors of Musculoskeletal Injuries: In Case of South Gondar Zone Project and Club Volleyball Players, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
No full textIn recent years in Ethiopia, there is an increment of the number of participants in volleyball sport under clubs, projects, and recreational programs. However, athletes are highly vulnerable to injuries because of a lack of protective equipment, suitable playing areas, medical facilities, efficient injury surveillance systems, and skilled manpower. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and its associated factors of musculoskeletal injuries: in the case of South Gondar zone project and club volleyball players, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, 2021/22. The injury prevalence rate, severity, diagnosis, and anatomical location of injuries that occurred during Match and training were recorded retrospectively. A total of 360 volleyball players (195 project players and 165 club players) from South Gondar clubs and projects participated in the study. In the current study, the overall mean age of the players was 18.54±3.27 years. in terms of team type, the age of project players was 15.42±1.92 years and for club players, it was 20.34±2.78 years. During the period of the study the total sample (n = 360) reported 62 injuries. In terms of the rate of injuries, 45.16 % (28/62) were projects and 54.84 % ( 34/62) were clubs.298 players (82.78) did not sustain any injuries. The Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of the club injuries comparison project was 1.548(95% Cl: 0.8931 to 2.6831) p = 0.1194, the rate of injuries on clubs seemed more, but there is no significant difference between the project and clubs. The overall risk of injuries was higher for match play than for training. The probability of injury during the match was 12.78% and training 4.44% with a relative risk of 2.875(95%Cl: 1.6591 to 4.9821) p=0.0002. A significant difference was seen, and the players during the match were 2.9 times more likely to be injured than in training. According to the physician's diagnosis, the most common injury parts were ankles and fingers 56.45% (35/62) and 22.58% (14/62), respectively, followed by injuries in the shoulder 8.06% (5/62), thumb 6.54% (4/62) and knee and Achilles tendon 3.23% (2/62) each. In conclusion, the frequency of injury was high during the study period. 
Determinants of Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6-59 Months in the Case of Itang Special District, Gambella, Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
No full textNutritional status is one of the most important causes of improper physical and mental development in children. The study attempts to assess the factors affecting the severity status of children aged 6-59 months’ malnutrition based on the weight-for-age anthropometric index (z-score) and examine between-kebeles-level differences in determinants of the nutritional status of children. A community-based, cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 12 to November 12, 2022. A sample of 397 children aged 6-59 months primary data by applying multi–stage clustered sampling technique was used by considering their heterogeneity. The data were entered by SPSS and analyzed by using R version 3.4.0 and STATA 14.2 statistical software package using a multilevel ordinal logistic regression model was used at a 5% significance level. The results show that birth interval >= 24 months (OR =1.431, 95% CI =1.221-1.676, P-value = 0.008), economic status of households medium (OR = 16.215, 95% CI = 1.221-1.424, P-value = 0.000), economic status of households rich (OR = 223.285, 95% CI = 1.343- 2.582, P-value = 0.000), employment status of the mother unemployed (OR = 0.229, 95% CI = 0.053- 0.997, P-value = 0.049), No toilet facility (bush field) (OR = 0.316, 95% CI = 0.183- 0.548, P-value = 0.000), number of household members (OR = 0.910, 95% CI = 0.831-0.997, P-value = 0.042), breastfeeding < 12 months (OR = 0.538, 95% CI = 0.322-0.898, P-value = 0.018), educational level of father Primary (OR = 4.602, 95% CI = 1.758-2.221, P-value = 0.000), educational level of father Secondary above (OR = 99.652, 95% CI = 2.533-4.789, P-value = 0.000) and geographical area (kebeles) were found to be important factors that affect a child's nutritional status between 6 and 59 months. Fifteen percent of the overall variation is attributable to the Kebeles level, according to two-level multilevel ordinal logistic regressions with estimates of the variation attributable to the Kebeles level equal to 0.569 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.15. Due to the nature of the response variable random intercept model with random coefficients fitted the data adequately in predicting the severity status of children aged 6-59 months’ malnutrition for the multilevel ordinal logistic regression model analysis. So, the researcher recommended implementing primary health care and nutrition programs that would fit each kebeles’ features in Itang Special Woreda to safeguard children from nutritional deficiency
The Impact of foreign aid on economic growth of sub-Saharan African countries
No full textThis paper was aimed at presenting a synthesized empirical literature on the effectiveness of foreign aid on bringing economic growth to recipient sub-Saharan African countries. This is done by extensively reviewing both theoretical and empirical literatures on the impact and effectiveness of official development assistance (ODA) or foreign aid on economic growth of LDCs. Dozens of studies produced over the past few decades have assessed the relationship between foreign aid and growth through econometric analysis of cross-country (or “macro”) data relating the two variables. These studies have consistently turned up inconclusive or contradictory results. In our current empirical review focusing on recent studies, we came to know the conflict in on the effectiveness of foreign aid is still there. While majority of the current literatures works find positive effect of foreign aid on growth, others studies recognize an inhibiting role of foreign aid in economic growth. Still others support neither positive nor negative impact of foreign aid on growth. On the other hand, studies conducted exclusively in Ethiopia found the foreign aid has positive and significant effect o economic growth of the country while found negative relationship between foreign aid and economic growth of the country. Non-econometrics indicators of aid effectiveness used by the World Bank such as maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, incidence of tuberculosis, prevalence of HIV aids show declining trend and thereby indicates aid effectiveness in Ethiopia. Evidence backed by the empirical results, established that good economic policies and quality of institutional factors are found essential for aid effectiveness in bringing economic growth in most of the study that found positive relationship between aid and growth implying that governments and aid agencies should consider these essential factors when it comes to improve aid effectivenes