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PRODUCT LIABILITY UNDER UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (CISG) AND ETHIOPIAN LAW
Get PDFThis article explores product liability by analyzing its treatment under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and Ethiopian law, specifically focusing on claims related to property damage and personal injuries caused bydefective products. The study begins by outlining the theoretical frameworks of product liability to underscore its complexity and significance. A crucial distinction is made between the two legal frameworks: while the CISG addresses claims for property damage, it does not encompass personal injury claims, thereby creating gaps in consumer protection. The methodology employed in this analysis includes a descriptive approach, which allows for a thorough examination of each legal framework, alongside a comparative study to highlight differences and similarities between the CISG and Ethiopian law. The findings indicate that Ethiopian law provides a more comprehensive basis for addressing both types of harm, in contrast to the limited scope of the CISG. This limitation suggests a need for reform. The study advocates amending the CISG to explicitly cover personal injury claims, enhancing Ethiopia's product liability framework, and improving legal awareness among relevant stakeholders. Ultimately, this article aims to clarify legal ambiguities and strengthen product liability protections, thus benefiting businesses, consumers, and the global marketplace
Delaying Floral Senescence: Molecular Mechanisms and Ethylene Regulation
No full textFloral senescence the natural process leading to the decline and eventual death of flowers is a major factor influencing flower shelf-life and aesthetic value, especially within the floriculture sector where postharvest longevity holds economic importance. This review highlights current progress in deciphering the molecular pathways and hormonal signals that regulate this aging process, with a specific focus on ethylene. Ethylene, a central plant hormone, serves as a key modulator of floral aging by activating intricate signaling cascades and gene expression networks. It influences numerous transcription factors, notably the Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs), and modulates the activity of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), thereby accelerating the senescence process in flowers that are responsive to ethylene. This review provides a detailed examination of the physiological and molecular changes occurring during floral senescence, focusing on ethylene's effects on gene regulation, transcription factors such as RhWRKY33, and other key components of senescence pathways. The review further explores the genetic regulation of floral senescence, highlighting ethylene’s interaction with other plant hormones like auxin, cytokinins, polyamines, and abscisic acid. Recent research on gene regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways is discussed, alongside technological advancements like ethylene inhibitors and genetic engineering approaches aimed at mitigating floral senescence. The implications of ethylene’s role in gene regulation and its interaction with other phytohormones are examined in depth. We also analyze the feasibility of applying ethylene-related technologies from both an economic and practical perspective, including a comparison of hormone treatment costs and their impact on flower pricing and longevity in the floriculture market. Despite the focus on ethylene, other environmental and hormonal factors such as climate conditions, macronutrients, and ecosystem influences are also considered in relation to their simultaneous impact on floral senescence. This review concludes by offering future research directions to address existing gaps in our understanding and provide potential solutions for enhancing flower quality, longevity, and productivity
‘BEJIROND TEKLEHAWARIAT TEKLEMARIAM’ IN LEGAL THEORY: AN OBSERVATION ON HIS LECTURES
Get PDFBejirond Tekelehawariat Teklemariam’ was the drafter of the 1931 constitution of Ethiopia. In the following two years after the adoption of this constitution, he delivered lectures for members of the nobility/ruling class on the meaning and nature of the constitution and law. The meaning and nature of law have been a controversial issue that gave rise to different schools of thought, including the positivist and natural law legal theories. Tekelehawariat’s lectures will also trigger questions about which legal theory/ies are reflected therein. By employing doctrinal research methodology, this article aims to examine Tekelehawariat’s lectures in light of the positivist and natural law legal theories. Accordingly, this article argues that despite a few elements of natural law theory, Tekelehawariat’s lectures are dominantly in the positivist legal theory
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HOUSE OF FEDERATION TO RESPOND TO THE QUESTION OF THE WOLKAITE PEOPLES IDENTITY RECOGNITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RESTORATION
Get PDFThis article looks at the identity recognition and geographic restoration question of Wolkaite people as Amharan. No studies of these people have been conducted on the question of identity recognition and geographic restoration. This study is, therefore, intended to investigate challenges faced in their response to identity recognition and geographical restoration. Hence, a qualitative research approach focusing on phenomenological design was employed. The respondents of the study were thirty-five, selected through a purposive sampling technique. Relevant and reliable data were gathered through structured questionnaires, in-depth informant interviews, focus group discussions, document analysis, and secondary sources. The article's main objective is to investigate why theWolkaite people's identity recognition and geographic restoration quest have not been responded to based on the FDRE constitutional framework. The findings of the study revealed that the main challenges to the issue of Wolkaite people's quest for the implementation of their constitutional rights were denied due to a lack of committed, efficient, and independent institutions being involved. This implies that the law and its practice are not matched in terms of the Wolkaite identity recognition. Therefore, to avoid the limitations of these institutions, reforming as well as empowering them at all levels would be a fruitful and productive solution to the question of identity matters
BALANCING PROPERTY RIGHTS AND REGULATORY INTERVENTIONS: ANALYZING EXCESSIVE BUT LAWFUL REGULATIONS UNDER THE FDRE CONSTITUTION: LESSON AND PERSPECTIVE
Get PDFDespite the constitutional protection of property rights, the FDRE Constitution permits two forms of property intrusion under Article 40 (1 and 8): police power and expropriation (eminent domain) respectively. While expropriation involves the taking of private property onaccount of a public purpose and against payment of adequate compensation, the police power allows the government to deprive property rights without compensation. However, the implications of such uncompensated limits through the state's police power should not be overlooked, especially when these regulations go beyond and substantially diminish the value or use of private property without outright expropriation. Without pretending to be a full comparative overview, the paper aims to assess other countries' experience in balancing property rights protection and excessive regulation and draw a lesson. Accordingly, the paper finds that: while some States employ an ‘invalidation’ approach, challenging the constitutionality of excessive regulations and deeming them non-compensable, others opt to “judicially transform” such regulations into “regulatory taking” or explicitly recognize it as“indirect or constructive expropriation,” making it compensable under the Constitution. Coming to the FDRE Constitution, arguably, excessive but otherwise regulation cannot be justified in either the police power or expropriation clause, rendering them noncompensable. In such cases, 'invalidation' becomes the likely outcome for such regulations. However, invalidation may not always be a practical option for regulations enacted for the public good. Further, the paper contends that while holding onto hope, neither judicial transformation nor explicit recognition of such regulation as regulatory taking appears feasible within the current constitutional context. Instead, the paper suggests the explicit recognition of regulatory taking through specific laws (excessive regulatory laws), which safeguard property rights while aligning with broader regulatory objectives. 
Optimization and Validation of a spectrophotometric Method for Trace Metal Quantification in Zarara Hill Ore, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Get PDFThis study is mainly concerned with applying an effective statistical tool to optimize the recovery of metal, namely Fe, Cu, Pb, and Zn present in polymetallic sulphide ore of Zarara Hill, using different concentrations of Hydrochloric acid. Another target was to optimize a multi-response recovery process by minimizing time, energy, and acid consumption during the leaching. Effective parameters and their levels, including acid molarity (0.5 – 9M), leaching time (5 – 120 min), temperature (28 – 80℃), and stirring speed (100 - 720 rpm), were optimized. A well-established statistical approach, response surface methodology (RSM), was employed to quantify and interpret the effects precisely. The smaller ‘P’ value for both Fe (0.0001), Cu (0.0003), Pb (0.0004), and Zn (0.0002) shows more significant coefficients. The R-squared values are 0.7434 (Fe), 0.9841 (Cu), 0.9945 (Pb), and 0.9858 (Zn), and the adjusted R-squared values are 0.6792 (Fe), 0.9471 (Cu), 0.9817 (Pb), and 0.9527 (Zn). It can be observed that all the R-squared values are close to one, and each of the adjusted R-squared values is close to its corresponding R-squared value. These confirm the adequacy of the developed model. Finally, an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for the quantification of Fe, Cu, Pb, and Zn was developed and validated
Unlocking leadership potential: A systematic literature review on exploring transformational and quantum leadership styles for effective program management
No full textNumerous studies have identified leadership styles for projects, but their alignment with programs lacks empirical evidence. This systematic literature review aims to bridge this gap by examining the resonance of transformational and quantum leadership styles with program management. The review synthesized 53 relevant studies, revealing valuable insights. Findings suggest that transformational and quantum leadership share communal characteristics with program management, and they have the potential to enhance program success. The review offers practical implications and advances program leadership knowledge by challenging the notion of managing programs solely with project management leadership derivatives
The Human Capital-Innovation Nexus in Large Manufacturing Firms: A Dual Mediation Analysis of Relational and Structural Capital
No full textThis study fills a significant gap in the literature on emerging economies by examining the dual mediating roles of relational and structural capital in the human capital-innovation nexus within Ethiopia's large manufacturing firms. Based on the Resource-Based View and Social Capital Theory, the study analyzes survey data from 264 firms using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM). The results show that while human capital has a significant direct impact on innovation (β = 0.16, p = 0.024), relational capital (indirect effect = 0.05, p< 0.001) and structural capital (indirect effect = 0.06, p < 0.001) significantly increase the impact of human capital. The stronger mediator, structural capital (β = 0.27, p = 0.003), emphasizes the role of institutionalized knowledge systems and technology infrastructure in converting skilled workforces into innovation outcomes. Although relationship capital is essential for external cooperation, its impact is relatively small (β = 0.15, p = 0.016), which is indicative of Ethiopia's disjointed industrial ecosystems and undeveloped stakeholder networks. By illustrating the conditional efficacy of human capital in resource-constrained environments, where relational and structural mechanisms serve as complementary enablers, this study moves the focus of RBV from isolated resources to dynamic capability configurations by putting forth the concept of configurational capital, which is the context-dependent synergy of HC, SC, and RC. Practical ramifications highlight integrated approaches: in order to lower the costs of collaboration, policymakers should prioritize investments in digital infrastructure (such as ERP systems and R&D databases) while encouraging industry clusters. To maintain innovation, managers must coordinate staff training with external collaborations and knowledge-sharing procedures
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF OROMIA COURTS IN ADDIS ABABA CITY: THE IMPEDES
Get PDFThis commentary aims to provide a snapshot of the establishment of Oromia National Regional State’s (ONRS) Courts in Addis Ababa City (AAC) and its impediments through a desktop archives review. As the FDRE Constitution under article 49 provides, the residents of AAC shall have a full measure of self-government, but the administration shall be responsible to the Federal Government, the Constitution also acknowledges the special interest of the ONRS in Addis Ababa for the notion of the Capital City being located within the State of Oromia. However, recently, practical steps have been taken to establish all levels of ONRS courts in Addis Ababa, this is unconstitutional and lacks the political participation of the City’s residents. Despite this, the Federal Government has sent a Draft Criminal Procedure and Evidence Law for approval to the House of People’s Representatives, which seems to be granted recognition for the act of ONRS. As the City is a home of various ethnicities, the act of ONRS and the Federal Government to establish courts for a region established based on ethnicity may result in unintended consequences, such as igniting violence and driving the country's politics to widespread unrest
Charging Ahead: Key Drivers and Barriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption in Africa – A Bibliometric Analysis
No full textElectric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being acknowledged worldwide for their environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, and positive impact on health. However, their adoption in Africa remains underexplored, with significant gaps in understanding the factors driving and hindering their uptake. This bibliometric analysis reviews 1,058 articles published from 2004 to 2023 in the Web of Science database, focusing on EV adoption trends in Africa. The findings show a significant increase in publications post-2014 with over 300 articles published annually, though Africa's research output lags behind global averages. Moreover, several gaps remain, particularly in geographic coverage, longitudinal analyses, consumer behavior, comparative studies, and the integration of renewable energy. Key research themes identified include charging infrastructure, policy frameworks and consumer behavior. The study underscores the essential for inclusive policies which support infrastructure progress and consumer incentives to overcome barriers such as range anxiety and high costs. In addition to the most frequently researched topics, the study examined distinguished writers, journals, and nations related to EVs adoption in Africa. Depending on only the Web of Science database may be missing some pertinent publications, which is taken as limitation of this study. By including other data bases in the future, comparative studies between African countries and other developing regions could provide valuable lessons and best practices and also explore socio-economic and cultural factors influencing EV adoption