HAL Réunion (Univ- de la Réunion )
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MAP-IO: an atmospheric and marine observatory program on board Marion Dufresne over the Southern Ocean
No full textInternational audienc
Effects of Three Different Distance/Elevation-Gain Ultra-Trail Races on Red Blood Cell Oxidative Stress and Senescence, and Blood Rheology
No full textInternational audiencePurpose Red blood cells (RBCs) senescence and blood rheology during ultra-endurance running events appear to be impacted differently depending on the race distance. The physiological mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly understood. Methods We investigated the effects of three different ultra-trail running races performed in La Reunion Island (Mascareignes, “the 70 km”, 70 km/4,000 m D+; Trail Du Bourbon, “the 100 km”, 100 km/6,090 m D+; Diagonale des Fous, “the 170 km”, 170 km/10,500 m D+) on RBC oxidative stress, RBC senescence and blood rheology in 66 finishers (18 “70 km”, 24 “100 km”, 24 “170 km”). Results We observed a decrease in RBC antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) positively related to the race distance, and an increase in RBC H 2 O 2 and isoprostane levels after the three races. However, RBC H 2 O 2 and isoprostane levels were found to be higher after the 70 km compared to the 170 km and the 100 km races. RBC phosphatidylserine externalization increased over baseline value after the 70 km only. Chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like activities of the RBC proteasome were decreased after all races compared to before. RBC-derived microparticles (RBC-MPs) were increased after the 170 km and the 70 km races. Despite increased RBC senescence markers, RBC deformability increased after the three races. Blood viscosity was differently impacted by the three races with a decrease at low shear rate after the two longest races (the 170 km and the 100 km), and an increase at high shear rate after the shortest one (the 70 km). Conclusions Our results confirm that ultra endurance running events differently impact on RBC senescence markers and blood viscosity depending on the race distance, and suggest that RBC oxidative stress could play a key role in the observed alterations
Le contrôle européen des aides d’État comme remède à la non-imposition internationale: A propos de l'arrêt CJUE, 10 sept. 2024, Commission c/ Irlande, Apple Sales International Ltd et Apple Operations International Ltd, C‑465/20 P
No full textInternational audienceAccording to the European Commission, Ireland had granted illegal State aid tothe Apple group through tax rulings relating to the tax treatment of profits derived fromApple’s activities outside the United States. The Court of Justice of the European Union held that the General Court, which had annulled the Commission’s decision, had erred in holding that the Commission had not sufficiently demonstrated that the IP licenses held by the Irish subsidiaries and the associated profits were to be allocated to their Irish branches. In particular, the General Court erred in holding that the Commission’s main argument was based on incorrect assessments of the normal taxation under Irish law. In particular, the CJEU confirmed the Commission’s approach that the activities of the Irish branches should be compared not with the activities of the parent company Apple Inc. but with those of the head offices of the Irish subsidiaries.Discussing the usefulness of EU State aid procedures for addressing competition distortions related with companies of non-EU countries, the article shows that the Court’s ruling has a limited scope and does not overturn the Court’s previous case-law in State aid matters. Meanwhile, it also suggests that the Court’s reasoning is based on a questionable use of the “Authorized OECD Approach” for the attribution of profits to permanent establishments, on an erroneous interpretation of the OECD principles and on an approach “by exclusion”, relaxing thereby the burden of proof in State aid procedures
Rezension zu: Linda Melvern. A People Betrayed. The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide
No full textLe Théâtre classique français en Europe : transferts, traductions, adaptations (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles)
No full textInternational audienc
Le Parlement et les engagements internationaux fiscaux
No full textInternational audienceLe rôle du Parlement en matière d’engagements internationaux fiscaux se conçoit dans les interstices de l’action du pouvoir exécutif.Dans la phase de formation des engagements, le Parlement peut être sollicité via le vote d’une loi d’autorisation, en particulier lorsque l’accord touche au domaine de la loi ou engage les finances de l’Etat. La jurisprudence et la pratique administrative ont toutefois retenu une interprétation restrictive de ces notions, écartant du champ de l’article 53 de la Constitution différents accords d’intérêt fiscal. En outre, l’impossibilité pour le Parlement d’amender les dispositions conventionnelles, la rareté du rejet des projet de loi autorisant l’approbation et la faiblesse des études d’impact privent le Parlement d’une participation substantielle.Concernant la phase d’exécution, l’ordre juridique français, de tradition moniste, confère aux engagements internationaux régulièrement ratifiés une autorité supérieure à celle des lois. Le Parlement demeure néanmoins extérieur à l’application effective de la norme internationale conventionnelle, sauf à intervenir dans leur transposition législative lorsque celle-ci est requise. La comparaison avec d’autres systèmes juridiques (Etats-Unis, Allemagne, Royaume-Uni, Suisse) fait ressortir diverses modalités de réception du droit international fiscal conventionnel dans l’ordre juridique interne, oscillant entre primauté, égalité ou subordination à la norme législative. Enfin, en matière d’extinction des engagements, en l’absence de disposition constitutionnelle explicite, la dénonciation relève du domaine réservé du pouvoir exécutif. Certains systèmes étrangers (Russie, Danemark, Suède) imposent cependant une autorisation parlementaire pour mettre fin à un traité, traduisant un souci de parallélisme des formes dans la formation et l’extinction des engagements et de respect du principe démocratique
Fake news il y a 100 ans – décryptage aujourd’hui : histoire de l’enseignement du colonialisme allemand
No full textInternational audienceDans le Fonds Polényk conservé à l’Université de La Réunion, plusieurs dizaines d'ouvrages portant sur les colonies allemandes ont été publiés après la fin de l’empire colonial allemand, invitant à s’interroger sur les relations entre les colonies allemandes perdues et une jeunesse allemande qui ne les a jamais connues. Comment la pensée coloniale a-t-elle été diffusée auprès de la jeunesse allemande peu après le traité de Versailles ? Et comment, cent ans plus tard, la question du « colonialisme sans colonies » du siècle dernier peut-elle être abordée avec les étudiants français et allemands d’aujourd’hui ?Si le Fonds Polényk présente plusieurs exemples extrêmes de manipulation et de propagande qui étaient encore à l’oeuvre il y a quelques décennies, il invite également à en décrypter les mécanismes et à fournir à la jeunesse du XXIe siècle les outils critiques dont les générations précédentes ont été sciemment privées. Dans le cadre des cours du Département d’allemand, étudiants allemands et français décodent désormais ensemble le fonctionnement des « fake news » du siècle dernier afin de mieux se prémunir de celles qui circulent aujourd’hui
Zones d’hivernage protégées: stabilité des populations et conservation des limicoles migrateurs à l’île Europa, Océan Indien occidental
No full textInternational audienceThe tropical western Indian Ocean islands are at the southern limit of the East Africa–West Asia Flyway, but their importance for wintering and conservation of Palearctic waders remains poorly understood. Europa Island, a remote coralline island in the southern Mozambique Channel, is a Ramsar site administered since 2005 and managed since 2007 by the Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (TAAF). Although the island is best known for its important seabird assemblages, its importance as a major breeding site for green turtles, and for its native vegetation and undisturbed coral reefs, it also supports a variety of migratory waders from the Palearctic. However, their abundance, seasonal changes in numbers, and trends are poorly documented. This study, conducted from 2016 to 2024, presents the results of monthly and bimonthly wader censuses. Twenty-one species of waders were observed during this period, where the Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres, Eurasian Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola, Greater Sand Plover Anarhynchus leschenaultii and Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia were the most abundant. Peak numbers averaged 667 ± 103 individuals (range: 557–850) annually, with the central lagoon serving as the principal habitat (593 birds on average during peak months with a range of 194–885). The airstrip was the second most important site, with an average of 443 birds (range: 317–646), the most abundant species being the Ruddy Turnstone, with an average of 432 ± 110 individuals during peak periods. The wintering period of most species was between September and March, with some interspecific variations. Trend analysis indicated stable wader populations over the study period. Furthermore, the average numbers were comparable to counts made in the early 1990s, suggesting a long-term stability. These findings highlight the importance of Europa as a wintering site for palearctic waders in the western Indian Ocean despite its small size and remoteness
Parcours de soin et suivi en médecine générale des patients allophones bénéficiaires de l'Aide Médicale d'État
No full textObjective : This study aims to explore the primary care pathways of non-French-speaking patients receiving State Medical Aid (AME), highlighting the challenges encountered and the adaptive strategies implemented. Methods : A qualitative study was conducted with eleven participants through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach inspired by grounded theory, with thematic coding of verbatim transcripts. Results : Participants reported linguistic and administrative difficulties when entering the healthcare system, often mitigated by the involvement of hospital-based services (PASS) and social workers. When accessible, the general practitioner plays a key role in coordinating care and providing support. The therapeutic relationship was generally viewed positively. Nevertheless, disparities in access remain, particularly due to the limited acceptance or understanding of AME by some healthcare providers. Conclusion : Findings highlight the critical role of social mediation mechanisms, institutional recognition of AME, and relational continuity in general practice to improve healthcare access for patients facing linguistic and administrative vulnerability.Objectif : Cette étude vise à analyser les parcours de soins en médecine générale de patients allophones bénéficiaires de l’Aide Médicale de l’État (AME), en mettant en évidence les obstacles rencontrés et les stratégies d’adaptation déployées.Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude qualitative conduite auprès de onze patients, à l’aide d’entretiens semi-directifs. Les données ont été analysées selon une approche inductive inspirée de la théorisation ancrée, avec un codage thématique des verbatim.Résultats : Les participants décrivent des difficultés linguistiques et administratives à l’entrée dans le système de soins, souvent compensées par l’intervention de structures hospitalières (PASS) ou d’acteurs sociaux. Le médecin généraliste, lorsqu’il est accessible, joue un rôle central de coordination et de soutien. La relation de soin est globalement perçue positivement. Des disparités d’accès subsistent cependant, notamment liées à la méconnaissance ou au refus de l’AME par certains professionnels de santé.Conclusion : Les résultats soulignent l’importance des dispositifs de médiation sociale, de la reconnaissance institutionnelle de l’AME, et de la continuité relationnelle en médecine générale pour améliorer la prise en charge des patients en situation de grande précarité linguistique et administrative
Evidence for Subtropical Dynamical Changes in Reunion Ozone Trends (1998-2021)
No full textInternational audienceWe provide trend estimates for total, stratospheric, and tropospheric ozone columns over Reunion (21.1° S, 55.5° E) from 1998 to 2021, using only Syst`eme d’Analyse par Observation Z´enithale (SAOZ) and Southern Hemisphere Additional OZonesonde (SHADOZ) observations. Trends are derived using Trend-Run, a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, and a dynamic linear model (DLM) to identify potential turning points. Overall, total ozone shows signs of recovery (3.0 ± 1.5 DU/decade), with increases in both stratospheric (1.1 ± 1.6 DU/decade) and tropospheric ozone (2.2 ± 1.0 DU/decade). DLM identifies a turning point in stratospheric ozone in 2008, with a clear decrease in stratospheric ozone before this point and an increase afterward. We also determined changes in the lapse rate tropopause (LRT), the subtropical barrier position, and ERA5 wind and geopotential fields during the same period to investigate possible links between mid-tropospheric ozone increase and transport-related perturbations. Although trends in LRT height and temperature are barely significant, they suggest a recent deepening of the troposphere, indicative of climate change. Intensification of the anticyclonic gyre over Southern Africa and a weakening of the Mascarene anticyclone are found. This suggests that, independent of possible changes in ozone precursor emissions over Africa or South America, dynamics are driving increases of ozone and ozone precursors over Reunion from 1998 to 2021. Furthermore, the rate of Reunion’s free tropospheric trends exceeds that observed at all other southern hemisphere ozonesonde stations, including those in tropical, subtropical and mid-latitude regions