HAL Réunion (Univ- de la Réunion )
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Teaching Geography facing current and future challenges. Cross perspectives. Introduction
No full textInternational audienceThe teaching of Geography, like all other school subjects, changes in whole or in part according to the new challenges and issues that scientific Geography has to deal with (Bagoly-Simó, 2021; De Vecchis et al., 2020; Giorda, 2019; Shin and Bednarz, 2019; Legardez and Simonneaux, 2011). Despite this, national programmes or guidelines are sometimes lagging behind in transposing both the progress of the reference science and the issues arising from social, economic and political changes. And what about the transposition of these programmes into the proposals of school textbooks? (Charpentier and Fatichenti, 2023). This said, although “we are all geographical beings” as stated by Joublot-Ferré (2018, p. 10) and “Geography’s objective as a social science is to study the relationship between societies and the space around them” (Collectif, 2020), what kind of teaching do we want to offer to the students of today’s primary and middle schools? Should this teaching practice evolve? How and under what conditions? For what purposes? As a rule, in many countries school curricula are developed by joint committees. But what is the opinion of geographers in this regard, assuming they take part in these committees
Kali Yuga
No full textÉditions HardiesPour passer en revue la fin du monde.Échappée annuelle de création et survie menée par Sophie Nauleau et André Velter.Cycle 1, couverture d’Enki Bilal.Avec une trentaine d’inédits de grands auteurs du monde entier : Pascal Quignard, Altaf Tyrewala, Edith Bruck, Adonis, Rachel Eliza Griffiths, Eleonòra Stathopoùlou, Fumiko Hayashi, Atiq Rahimi, Elisa Díaz Castelo, René de Ceccatty, Anuradha Roy, Athina Papadaki, Mario Bellatin, Velina Minkoff, Franz Bartelt, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Dimitra Christodoùlou, Ludovic Janvier, Gilles Lapouge, Jean-Claude Perrier, Bartabas, Luis Felipe Fabre, Yànnis Stìggas, Ch’ôn Myônggwan, Antoni Casas Ros, Michel Houellebecq, Zéno Bianu, André Velter.Et deux portfolios signés Raghu Rai et Enki Bilal
Production and shipment of Wolbachia-infected eggs allow controlling Aedes albopictus through the Incompatible Insect Technique on a remote island
No full textInternational audienceClimate and land-use changes are accelerating the spread of the mosquito Aedes albopictus, a major arbovirus vector, leading to the emergence and autochthonous transmission of Dengue or Chikungunya viruses in temperate regions such as Italy and France. This situation is stimulating the development of innovative vector control strategies allowing to overcome the rapid selection of insecticide resistance. The Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) allows suppressing mosquito populations through inundative releases of arti cially Wolbachia infected males that sterilize local females through Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI). We carried out a six-month IIT suppression trial on a remote island located in the Western Indian Ocean. We used a recently constructed and optimized Aedes albopictus transinfected line sheltering a single Wolbachia infection and inducing bi-directional CI. This feature ensures that released males sterilize local females, while infected females resulting from accidental releases are also sterilized by wild-type males, thereby preventing population replacement, a key limitation of conventional IIT. The trial was conducted in operational conditions: mosquito populations were monitored during suppression and the number of released males was adjusted based on wild population density.Importantly, eggs were produced in a central insectary located over 1,000 km from the release area, transported via commercial ights to a satellite insectary for male production, and nally shipped by boat to the release site. Our results demonstrated that (i) over 95% suppression can be achieved within a few weeks of treatment, (ii) as expected the use of a mono-infected line prevented population replacement, (iii) large-scale shipment of eggs under operational conditions is both feasible and effective, supporting the scalability and industrial deployment of this environmental-friendly vector control strategy
Emergence and polyclonal dissemination of NDM-5/OXA-181 carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli in the French Indian Ocean territories
No full textInternational audienceAim : Located in the Southwest Indian Ocean area (SIOA), the two French overseas territories (FOTs) of Reunion and Mayotte islands are heavily impacted by antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate all cases of NDM-5 and OXA-181 carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli (CPEc) in these two FOTs between 2015 and 2020, to better understand the regional spread of these last-line treatment resistant bacteria.Methods : All E. coli isolates not susceptible to ertapenem from various public and private hospitals on Reunion and Mayotte islands were screened for carbapenemase production. Clinical and microbiological data were collected for each case. Genotypic analysis of the isolates was carried out using WGS to determine the clonality relationship between the isolates and the genetic support of the carbapenemase-encoding genes.Results : A total of 92 isolates of NDM-5 (n = 67) and OXA-181 (n = 25) CPEc was collected from Reunion (n = 55) and Mayotte (n = 37) islands. Whole-genome sequencing identified 4 majors STs (ST58, ST167, ST405 and ST410). Genotypic analysis demonstrated numerous intra-ST possible cross transmission events, including strains isolated in both islands. Finally, all isolates (100%) carried the bla NDM-5 or bla OXA-181 genes on plasmids (IncF2, IncX3), most of which were conserved and identified in various STs.Conclusion: We highlighted the dual dissemination of successful plasmids and the worrying circulation of highrisk clones via patients transfer between these two FOTs. It is therefore essential to effectively screen these patients for CPEc carriage on admission and to take these plasmids into account when investigating intra-or inter-hospital CPEc outbreaks
Risk factors for nosocomial meningitis in patients with external ventricular drainages
No full textInternational audienceBackground External ventricular drain (EVD)-associated infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Nosocomial meningitis (NM) poses diagnostic challenges, and its prognosis heavily relies on the timely initiation of treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of NM and risk factors in ICU patients. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective single-center cohort study of adult patients who received an EVD in a French ICU between 2018 and 2022. Patients were classified into those with NM or without meningitis based on biological and microbiological criteria. We assessed risk factors related to the patient, the device, and the primary pathology, treatment regimens, length of stay, and survival. ResultsOf 275 patients with EVD, 32 (11.6%) developed NM. Patients with meningitis had longer ICU stays (median 42.5 vs. 29 days; p = 0.019), though in-hospital mortality was similar between groups (29.5% vs. 21.9%; p = 0.668). A pathogen was identified in 75% of episodes. Significant risk factors associated with NM included CSF leakage at the insertion site (OR 3.47; 95% CI, 1.53-7.86; p = 0.002), longer drainage duration (OR 1.07 per day; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12; p < 0.001), β-lactam allergy (OR 6.83; 95% CI, 1.73-26.92; p = 0.002), and a cytochemical profile consistent with infection (leukocytes > 100/mm 3 , CSF-to-serum glucose ratio < 0.5, and protein > 1 g/) in the cerebrospinal fluid (OR 3.87; 95% CI 1.67-8.97; p < 0.001). We proposed a predictive model derived from these identified factors with an AUC-ROC curve of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83-0.94) with a negative predictive value of 96.8%. ConclusionKey risk factors included β-lactam allergy, CSF leakage, prolonged drainage, and cerebrospinal biological profile. This predictive model, derived from these factors, could be used for the early detection and treatment of NM.</div
Design and development of a Low-cost Sensor Network for indoor air quality and thermal insulation assessment
No full textInternational audienceThis study presents the development of a cost-effective sensor network (LCSN) for indoor environmental monitoring, with a focus on air quality and thermal insulation assessment. The system utilizes a Raspberry Pi equipped with sensors to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, temperature, humidity, and heat flux. The prototype integrates hardware components, including VOC and particulate matter sensors, along with heat flux sensors connected to an analog-to-digital converter. The software implementation employes C++ programming, cloud-based data storage using InfluxDB on Amazon Web Services, and real-time data visualization through Grafana. The primary objective is to evaluate the performance of biobased insulation materials and their impact on indoor air quality under real-world conditions. Key features of the system include low-cost components, open-source design, real-time data acquisition, and cloud-based storage, enabling long-term environmental monitoring in buildings. The study identifies challenges related to the accuracy of heat flux measurements in biobased materials but also outlines potential improvements and highlights the system's suitability for detailed evaluation of indoor environmental conditions
Les “Outre-mer” comme objet d’étude postcolonial et décolonial d’une analyse des discours médiatiques
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Urban heat island in the tropics: A review of advances, challenges, and future directions
No full textInternational audienceUrban Heat Islands (UHI), characterized by elevated temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural surroundings, represent a growing concern in the context of climate change, particularly in tropical regions. While UHI research has advanced significantly in temperate zones, tropical climates have received comparatively less systematic attention, despite their high vulnerability to global warming and rapid urbanization. This review systematically analyzes UHI studies conducted in tropical contexts between 2000 and 2024, using the PRISMA methodology. A total of 508 documents were identified through Dimensions.ai using search terms such as ''Urban Heat Island'' AND ''Tropical'' or ''Tropics''. After screening and eligibility assessment, 156 studies were included. The review covers experimental and numerical approaches, remote sensing methods, and solution-oriented strategies across multiple urban scales. The term "tropics" here encompasses regions located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, although considerable climatic, socioeconomic, and geographical diversity exists within this band. Our findings highlight a concentration of research in large metropolitan areas, with medium and smaller cities often overlooked. The lack of microclimate or neighborhood-scale and multiparameter analyses limits our understanding of localized UHI dynamics and the applicability of mitigation strategies. We identify the need for more holistic, interdisciplinary approaches that integrate diverse climate parameters and locally validated models tailored to the combined complexity of tropical climates and urban environments. Expanding UHI research in underrepresented regions and adopting multiscale strategies are crucial for advancing inclusive, climate-resilient urban planning in the tropics